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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las intervenciones p&#250;blicas dirigidas a ayudar a los fumadores que desean cesar en el h&#225;bito tab&#225;quico consisten principalmente en el consejo m&#233;dico y la terapia de grupo&#46; Actualmente&#44; existen varios tratamientos farmacol&#243;gicos que reducen la adicci&#243;n al tabaco&#46; Uno de ellos&#44; el bupropi&#243;n&#44; tiene una destacada eficacia &#40;30&#37; en un a&#241;o&#41; en comparaci&#243;n con las terapias sustitutivas de nicotina &#40;chicles &#91;8&#37;&#93; y parches &#91;17&#37;&#93; en un a&#241;o&#41;&#46; El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la eficiencia del empleo de farmacoterapias para la cesaci&#243;n en el consumo del tabaco&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Para ello&#44; partimos de la situaci&#243;n actual en Espa&#241;a en cuanto a los m&#233;todos utilizados por los fumadores que desean dejar el h&#225;bito tab&#225;quico&#44; que consiste en una mezcla del consejo m&#233;dico&#44; la terapia de grupo y la fuerza de voluntad&#44; combinada con el uso de f&#225;rmacos en una proporci&#243;n reducida&#46; Dicha situaci&#243;n se compara con tres escenarios en los cuales&#44; alternativamente&#44; se ampl&#237;a &#40;hasta el 10&#37;&#41; el uso durante un a&#241;o de las distintas farmacoterapias disponibles&#44; realizando un an&#225;lisis de coste-efectividad para calcular el coste por muerte evitada y por a&#241;o de vida ganado en cada uno de ellos&#46; Este an&#225;lisis contempla un horizonte temporal de 20 a&#241;os y se basa en una adaptaci&#243;n del modelo HECOS&#44; promovido por WHO-Euro&#44; que permite comparar distintas farmacoterapias&#46; Los datos epidemiol&#243;gicos empleados proceden de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud &#40;1997&#41; y del Instituto Nacional de Estad&#237;stica &#40;1999&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La estrategia basada en el empleo de bupropi&#243;n como m&#233;todo de cesaci&#243;n tiene una ratio coste-efectividad de 70&#46;939 euros por muerte evitada y 37&#46;305 euros por a&#241;o de vida ganado&#44; transcurridos 5 a&#241;os&#46; Cuando el horizonte temporal se ampl&#237;a a 20 a&#241;os&#44; estos resultados se tornan en beneficios netos de 28&#46;166 y 3&#46;265 euros&#44; respectivamente&#46; Tanto los parches como los chicles de nicotina tienen unos cocientes de coste-efectividad superiores a la anterior estrategia&#58; 171&#46;834 euros por muerte evitada y 90&#46;362 euros por a&#241;o de vida ganado para los parches&#44; y 513&#46;004 euros por muerte evitada y 269&#46;772 euros por a&#241;o de vida ganado para los chicles&#44; en el quinto a&#241;o&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; la intervenci&#243;n basada en el tratamiento con bupropi&#243;n en un a&#241;o evitar&#237;a un mayor n&#250;mero de muertes que las estrategias alternativas &#40;alrededor de 3&#46;000 muertes en un horizonte temporal de 20 a&#241;os&#41; debido al mayor descenso en el n&#250;mero de fumadores que produce&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Algunos m&#233;todos de cesaci&#243;n tienen bajos costes &#8211;como el consejo m&#233;dico y la terapia de grupo&#8211; pero tambi&#233;n una eficacia reducida&#46; Los nuevos tratamientos farmacol&#243;gicos incrementan tanto los costes como la ratio de eficacia&#46; Cuando se eval&#250;an las distintas intervenciones&#44; la que incluye bupropi&#243;n en una mayor proporci&#243;n genera un ahorro neto en los costes sanitarios del tabaquismo&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introduction</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Public policies for smoking cessation are mainly based on advice from the primary care physician and group therapy&#46; Several pharmacological treatments to reduce tobacco addiction are currently available&#46; One of these treatments&#44; bupropion&#44; has remarkable efficacy &#40;30&#37; over 1 year&#41; compared with nicotine replacement therapies &#40;chewing gum 8&#37;&#44; patches 17&#37; over 1 year&#41;&#46; The objective of this study was to assess the efficiency of three smoking cessation strategies based on pharmacotherapies in Spain&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The current situation of methods for smoking cessation in Spain includes a mixture of primary care physician advice&#44; group therapy and willpower&#44; combined with the use of drugs in a small proportion of individuals&#46; This situation was compared with three scenarios in which the use of the available pharmacotherapies was increased &#40;by up to 10&#37;&#41; for 1 year&#46; A cost-effectiveness evaluation was used to calculate the cost per death prevented and per year of life saved in each scenario&#46; The analysis used a time horizon of 20 years and was based on an adaptation of the HECOS model&#44; sponsored by WHO-Euro&#44; which enables comparison of distinct pharmacotherapy interventions&#46; Epidemiological data were based on the National Health Survey &#40;1997&#41; and the National Institute of Statistics &#40;1999&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The cost-effectiveness ratio of bupropion at 5 years was 70&#44;939 euros per death prevented and was 37&#44;305 euros per year of life saved&#46; When the time horizon was increased to 20 years&#44; these figures became net savings of 28&#44;166 and 3&#44;265 euros&#44; respectively&#46; The cost-effectiveness ratios for both nicotine gums and patches were higher than that for bupropion&#58; 171&#44;834 euros per death prevented at 5 years and 90&#44;362 euros per year of life saved for patches and 513&#44;004 euros per death prevented and 269&#44;772 euros per year of life saved at 5 years&#46; Furthermore&#44; bupropion treatment for 1 year would prevent a greater number of deaths than the alternative strategies &#40;approximately 3&#44;000 deaths in a time horizon of 20 years&#41; due to the decrease in the number of smokers&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The cost of some tobacco cessation methods&#44; such as primary care physician advice and group therapy&#44; is low but their efficacy is also low&#46; New drug treatments increase costs and also achieve higher efficacy rates&#46; When assessing interventions and their costs economic evaluation shows that in the long run greater use of bupropion generates net savings in tobacco-related health costs&#46;</p>"
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Vol. 17. Núm. 5.
Páginas 393-403 (septiembre - octubre 2003)
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Vol. 17. Núm. 5.
Páginas 393-403 (septiembre - octubre 2003)
Open Access
Evaluación económica del empleo de terapias farmacológicas para la cesación en el hábito tabáquico
Economic evaluation of pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation
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F. Antoñanzas
Autor para correspondencia
fernando.antonanzas@dee.unirioja.es

Correspondencia: Departamento de Economía y Empresa. Universidad de La Rioja. Cigüeña, 60. 26004 Logroño. España.
, F. Portillo
Universidad de La Rioja. Logroño. España
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Resumen
Introducción

Las intervenciones públicas dirigidas a ayudar a los fumadores que desean cesar en el hábito tabáquico consisten principalmente en el consejo médico y la terapia de grupo. Actualmente, existen varios tratamientos farmacológicos que reducen la adicción al tabaco. Uno de ellos, el bupropión, tiene una destacada eficacia (30% en un año) en comparación con las terapias sustitutivas de nicotina (chicles [8%] y parches [17%] en un año). El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la eficiencia del empleo de farmacoterapias para la cesación en el consumo del tabaco.

Material y métodos

Para ello, partimos de la situación actual en España en cuanto a los métodos utilizados por los fumadores que desean dejar el hábito tabáquico, que consiste en una mezcla del consejo médico, la terapia de grupo y la fuerza de voluntad, combinada con el uso de fármacos en una proporción reducida. Dicha situación se compara con tres escenarios en los cuales, alternativamente, se amplía (hasta el 10%) el uso durante un año de las distintas farmacoterapias disponibles, realizando un análisis de coste-efectividad para calcular el coste por muerte evitada y por año de vida ganado en cada uno de ellos. Este análisis contempla un horizonte temporal de 20 años y se basa en una adaptación del modelo HECOS, promovido por WHO-Euro, que permite comparar distintas farmacoterapias. Los datos epidemiológicos empleados proceden de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (1997) y del Instituto Nacional de Estadística (1999).

Resultados

La estrategia basada en el empleo de bupropión como método de cesación tiene una ratio coste-efectividad de 70.939 euros por muerte evitada y 37.305 euros por año de vida ganado, transcurridos 5 años. Cuando el horizonte temporal se amplía a 20 años, estos resultados se tornan en beneficios netos de 28.166 y 3.265 euros, respectivamente. Tanto los parches como los chicles de nicotina tienen unos cocientes de coste-efectividad superiores a la anterior estrategia: 171.834 euros por muerte evitada y 90.362 euros por año de vida ganado para los parches, y 513.004 euros por muerte evitada y 269.772 euros por año de vida ganado para los chicles, en el quinto año. Además, la intervención basada en el tratamiento con bupropión en un año evitaría un mayor número de muertes que las estrategias alternativas (alrededor de 3.000 muertes en un horizonte temporal de 20 años) debido al mayor descenso en el número de fumadores que produce.

Conclusiones

Algunos métodos de cesación tienen bajos costes –como el consejo médico y la terapia de grupo– pero también una eficacia reducida. Los nuevos tratamientos farmacológicos incrementan tanto los costes como la ratio de eficacia. Cuando se evalúan las distintas intervenciones, la que incluye bupropión en una mayor proporción genera un ahorro neto en los costes sanitarios del tabaquismo.

Palabras clave:
Farmacoterapias antitabáquicas
Coste-efectividad
Promoción de la salud
Abstract
Introduction

Public policies for smoking cessation are mainly based on advice from the primary care physician and group therapy. Several pharmacological treatments to reduce tobacco addiction are currently available. One of these treatments, bupropion, has remarkable efficacy (30% over 1 year) compared with nicotine replacement therapies (chewing gum 8%, patches 17% over 1 year). The objective of this study was to assess the efficiency of three smoking cessation strategies based on pharmacotherapies in Spain.

Material and methods

The current situation of methods for smoking cessation in Spain includes a mixture of primary care physician advice, group therapy and willpower, combined with the use of drugs in a small proportion of individuals. This situation was compared with three scenarios in which the use of the available pharmacotherapies was increased (by up to 10%) for 1 year. A cost-effectiveness evaluation was used to calculate the cost per death prevented and per year of life saved in each scenario. The analysis used a time horizon of 20 years and was based on an adaptation of the HECOS model, sponsored by WHO-Euro, which enables comparison of distinct pharmacotherapy interventions. Epidemiological data were based on the National Health Survey (1997) and the National Institute of Statistics (1999).

Results

The cost-effectiveness ratio of bupropion at 5 years was 70,939 euros per death prevented and was 37,305 euros per year of life saved. When the time horizon was increased to 20 years, these figures became net savings of 28,166 and 3,265 euros, respectively. The cost-effectiveness ratios for both nicotine gums and patches were higher than that for bupropion: 171,834 euros per death prevented at 5 years and 90,362 euros per year of life saved for patches and 513,004 euros per death prevented and 269,772 euros per year of life saved at 5 years. Furthermore, bupropion treatment for 1 year would prevent a greater number of deaths than the alternative strategies (approximately 3,000 deaths in a time horizon of 20 years) due to the decrease in the number of smokers.

Conclusions

The cost of some tobacco cessation methods, such as primary care physician advice and group therapy, is low but their efficacy is also low. New drug treatments increase costs and also achieve higher efficacy rates. When assessing interventions and their costs economic evaluation shows that in the long run greater use of bupropion generates net savings in tobacco-related health costs.

Key words:
Smoking cessation pharmacotherapies
Cost-effectiveness
Health promotion
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