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Vol. 8. Núm. 41.
Páginas 85-93 (marzo - abril 1994)
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Vol. 8. Núm. 41.
Páginas 85-93 (marzo - abril 1994)
Open Access
Estudios de mortalidad proporcional: criterios de elección de los grupos participantes
Proportional Mortality Studies: Election Criteria For Participating Groups
Visitas
5977
Miguel Delgado Rodríguez1,2,*, María Sillero Arenas3, Ramón Gálvez Vargas1
1 Cátedra de Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina de Granada.
2 Hospital “Virgen de las Nieves”, Granada.
3 Delegación Provincial de Salud, Jaén.
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Resumen

Los estudios de mortalidad proporcional son una herramienta de uso común en epidemiología laboral. En esta revisión se discuten los principales sesgos que afectan a estos diseños, sobre todo el efecto del trabajador sano. Dentro del análisis, se realiza un recuerdo de las diferentes opciones: el análisis de mortalidad proporcional, la razón de mortalidad estandarizada y la razón de ventaja, y las condiciones que han de reunir para que la inferencia sea válida. Dentro de los criterios de selección, el empleo de sujetos muertos en una investigación condiciona la presencia de varios inconvenientes. Tomando como base un recuerdo breve de los hechos más destacados en el análisis de un estudio de mortalidad proporcional, se establece un primer criterio para la selección de los grupos participantes: ausencia de relación entre la exposición y las enfermedades productoras de muerte del grupo de referencia, un hecho compartido con los estudios de casos y controles. A continuación, tomando como base la relación existente entre las tasas de mortalidad y las de incidencia, se ofrecen los criterios generales a seguir en la elección de las enfermedades candidatas a ser estudiadas por este tipo de diseños sin afectar la inferencia. Este tipo de diseños no introducen error cuando la enfermedad de los casos es rara e irreversible y el sesgo es negativo cuando el factor que se estudia acorta la duración del proceso. En otras circunstancias el sesgo es variable, aunque normalmente es también negativo.

Palabras clave:
Métodos epidemiológicos
Epidemiología labora
Estudios de mortalidad proporcional
Summary

Proportional mortality designs are used widespread in occupational epidemiology. In this review those biases which can affect them, mainly the healthy worker bias, are discussed. Several options for their analysis and the assumptions to be accomplished for validity are reviewed: proportionate mortality analysis, stardardized mortality ratio, and odds ratio. The Inclusion of dead participants in a research exhibits several drawbacks. Starting out from the analysis of this sort of designs, the first criterium to select diseases is similar to case-control studies: the reference group must not include diseases related with the exposure under study. Analyzing the relationship between mortallity and incidence rates, criteria to select diseases to be investigated by proportional mortality studies are offered. These designs yield a valid inference when the disease is rare and irreversible. If the exposure shortens duration of disease, atoward-the-null bias is introduced. The direction of bias is variable under other circumstances, although it shows a trend to be negative.

Key Words:
Epidemiologic methods
Occupational epidemiology
Proportional mortality studies
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Copyright © 1994. Sociedad Española de Salud Pública y Administración Sanitaria
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