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Vol. 10. Núm. 57.
Páginas 282-292 (noviembre - diciembre 1996)
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Vol. 10. Núm. 57.
Páginas 282-292 (noviembre - diciembre 1996)
Open Access
Estrés y tensión laboral en enfermeras y auxiliares de clínica de hospital
Stress and Job Strain in Hospital Nurses and Nurse Aids
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4918
L. Artazcoz Lazcano1,*, J.L. Cruz i Cubells1, S. Moneada i Liuís1,2, A. Sánchez Miguel1
1 Centre de Salut Laboral (Institut Municipal de la Salut, Ajuntament de Barcelona)
2 Institut de Salut Pública de Catalunya
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Objetivo

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la contribución de la tensión laboral, entendida según el modelo demanda-control de Karasek, en la satisfacción laboral y trastornos psicosomáticos relacionados con el estrés en enfermeras y auxiliares de clínica de unidades asistenciales de un hospital público de Barcelona, independientemente de otros aspectos del entorno laboral y del extralaboral.

Métodos

El diseño fue de tipo transversal y la recogida de datos se realizó a través de un cuestionario autocontestado al que respondieron 273 enfermeras y auxiliares de clínica de unidades asistenciales de un hospital público de Barcelona (tasa de respuesta 81%). La tensión laboral que clasifica a las trabajadoras en cuatro grupos, baja tensión, alta tensión, trabajos pasivos y activos, se midió a través de las preguntas sobre demandas y control del cuestionario de 'Contenido del trabajo™ adaptado para este estudio. Se analizaron la satisfacción laboral y dos tipos de trastornos psicológicos, de carácter ansioso y de carácter psicosomàtico, primero a nivel bivariado y después a nivel multivariado mediante el ajuste de modelos de regresión logística en los que se incluyeron variables del entorno laboral y del extralaboral.

Resultados

Las tres variables dependientes presentaron asociaciones estadísticamente significativas con la tensión laboral, de modo que lacategoría más saludablefue la de baja tensión y la más negativa la de alta tensión. Las odds ratio ajustadas (OR) de esta categoría en relación a la primera fueron 0,20 (IC 95%= 0,08-0,45) para la satisfacción laboral, 3,45 (IC 95%=1,63-7,33) para los trastornos de carácter ansioso y 3,72 (IC 95%= 1,65-8,38) para los de tipo psicosomàtico. Los trabajos pasivos y los activos presentaron riesgos intermedios. Además, otras variables del entorno laboral y del extralaboral se asociaron a los tres aspectos estudiados.

Conclusión

Este estudio pone de manifiesto la relación de la tensión laboral con la satisfacción laboral y los trastornos psicosomáticos en el colectivo estudiado, aun después de ajustar por otras variables del entorno laboral y extralaboral. Este hallazgo remarca la importancia de considerar, además de los riesgos laborales clásicos, los relacionados con el entorno psicosocial al elaborar estrategias para mejorar la salud y el bienestar del personal de enfermería.

Palabras clave:
Estrés
Satisfacción laboral
Tensión laboral
Personal
Actividades de ocio
Trabajo doméstico
Summary
Objective

The objective of this study is to assess the contribution of job strain, according to the Karasek's demand-control model, on the job satisfaction and stress-related psychological symptoms in nurses and nurse aids of caring units of a public hospital of Barcelona, independently of other aspects of both the work and the outside of work environment.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was designed and data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire that was answered by 273 people of caring units of a public hospital of Barcelona (response rate 81%). Job strain that classifies workers into four groups, low strain, high strain, active jobs, and passive jobs, was measured through the items of the 'Job Content™ questionnaire about demands and control adapted for this study. Job satisfaction and two types of psychological symptoms, anxious and somatic symptoms were analyzed first at the bivariate level and then by adjusting logistic regression models that included both work and nonwork variables.

Results

The three outcomes were significantly associated with job strain, being the low strain situation the most positive one and the high strain the most negative one. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) of the high strain jobs versus the low strain jobs were 0,20 (Cl 95%= 0.05-0.45) for job satisfaction, 3.45 (Cl 95%=1.63-7.33) for anxious symptoms and 3.72 (Cl 95%= 1.65-8.38) for the psychosomatic symptoms. Passive and active jobs fell in between these extremes. Other variables both from the work environment and from the outside of work environment were associated with these outcomes.

Conclusion

This study shows the importance of job strain on the job satisfaction and stress- related psychological symptoms of this group of workers, even after adjusting by other variables of the work and of the outside of work environment. This finding underscores the importance of considering, jointly with the classical work hazards, those related with the psychosocial work environment in implementing strategies for improving health and welfare among nurses.

Key words:
Stress
Job satisfaction
Job strain
Personnel
Leisure activities
Domestic work
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Copyright © 1996. Sociedad Española de Salud Pública y Administración Sanitaria
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