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Vol. 16. Núm. 1.
Páginas 5-17 (enero - febrero 2002)
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Vol. 16. Núm. 1.
Páginas 5-17 (enero - febrero 2002)
Open Access
Retos para los sistemas sanitarios de Latinoamérica: ¿qué puede aprenderse de la experiencia europea?
Challenges to Latin-American health systems: what can be learned from the European experience?
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J. Figuerasa,
Autor para correspondencia
observatory@who.dk

Correspondencia: Dr. J. Figueras. WHO Regional Office for Europe. Shefirgsvej, 8. Copenhague 2100. Dinamarca.
, P. Musgroveb, G. Carrinc, A. Duránd
a Director del Observatorio Europeo sobre Sistemas Santiarios. OMS. Oficina Regional Europea.
b Economista de Salud Principal. Health, Nutrition and Population. Banco Mundial.
c Economista de Salud Principal. OMS/Department of Health Financing and Stewardship. Ginebra, Suiza.
d Consultor de la OMS/Oficina Regional Europea. Director de Técnicas de Salud. España.
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Este artículo compara los retos de los sistemas sanitarios latinoamericanos y la experiencia en Europa. El marco conceptual se centra en cuatro funciones: a) generar recursos; b) producir intervenciones; c) financiar, y d) «ejercer rectoría». Es a este nivel donde los actores pueden influir sobre el desempeño del sistema.

Se identifican cinco retos para Latinoamérica: a) extender (prepago y solidaridad) la protección financiera; b) estabilizar en el tiempo dicha protección para épocas de crisis; c) equilibrar los recursos coherentemente con la capacidad de financiar servicios, d) aumentar la eficiencia ubicativa y técnica al producir servicios, y e) mejorar la función de rectoría de las demás funciones en los sectores público y privado (el más difícil y más importante reto hoy para los sistemas latinoamericanos).

Se analiza luego la experiencia de reforma en Europa, presentando: a) experiencias sobre protección financiera en los sistemas tipo Beveridge y Bismarck; b) estabilidad en tiempos de crisis refrendada recientemente (Oeste) y con graves obstáculos (Este); c) el esfuerzo por equilibrar camas hospitalarias y profesionales sanitarios combinando regulación e incentivos; d) un aumento de la eficiencia en la producción de servicios priorizando más expresamente, dando voz a los pacientes, descentralizando la gestión y con incentivos de mercado, y e) una mejora de la rectoría no regulando menos sino mejor (y en algunos casos, más).

Tres áreas de la experiencia europea sobresalen: a) combinar solidaridad con sostenibilidad financiera; b) introducir mesuradamente incentivos de mercado pero manteniendo un claro papel rector del Estado, y c) adoptar innovaciones en la organizacíon y producción de servicios.

Pese a las dificultades metodológicas, la convergencia de los retos y las «soluciones» adoptadas justifica este análisis, pero las enseñanzas deben contemplarse desde cada contexto nacional. Un futuro artículo abordará las lecciones ofrecidas por las reformas de los sistemas latinoamericanos a las reformas europeas.

Palabras clave:
Sistemas sanitarios
Reformas
Latinoamérica
Europa
Retos
Lecciones
Comparación
Abstract

This article compares the challenges of health systems in Latin America and the experience in Europe. The framework is the analysis of four functions: a) to generate resources; b) to produce activities; c) to finance, and d) to exercise stewardship. It is at this level where actors can influence health system responsiveness.

Five challenges are identified in Latin America: a) to extend (prepayment and solidarity) financial protection; b) to stabilise that protection for crisis times; c) to equilibrate resources in accordance to capacity for financing services; d) to increase efficiency (technical and of placement) to produce services, and e) to improve the stewardship function in public and private sectors (the most important and difficult challenge Lati-American systems have nowadays).

The experience of reform in Europe is analysed, showing: a) experiences about financial protection in Beveridge and Bismarck systems; b) stability in crisis times, recently confirm (West) and with important obstacles (East); c) efforts to equilibrate hospital beds and health care professionals, combining regulation and incentives; d) increase of efficiency in services production, with more express prioritisation, empowering patients, decentralising management and with market incentives, and e) improvement of stewardship with better (not less, sometimes even more) regulation.

Three areas of European experience stand out: a) to combine solidarity with financial sustainability; b) to introduce market incentives in a measured way, but maintaining a clear stewardship role for the state, and c) to adopt innovations in organising and producing services.

In spite of methodological difficulties, convergence of challenges and adopted solutions justify this analysis, but learning must be seen in each national context. A future article will analyse lessons offered by reform in Latin-American systems for European reforms.

Key words:
Health care systems
Health reforms
Latin American
Europe
Challenges
Lessons
Comparison
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