array:24 [
  "pii" => "S0213911104720324"
  "issn" => "02139111"
  "doi" => "10.1016/S0213-9111(04)72032-4"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2004-11-01"
  "aid" => "72032"
  "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Salud Pública y Administración Sanitaria"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2004"
  "documento" => "article"
  "crossmark" => 0
  "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"
  "subdocumento" => "fla"
  "cita" => "Gac Sanit. 2004;18:451-7"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => true
    "ES2" => true
    "LATM" => true
  ]
  "gratuito" => true
  "lecturas" => array:2 [
    "total" => 6211
    "formatos" => array:3 [
      "EPUB" => 527
      "HTML" => 4238
      "PDF" => 1446
    ]
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [
    "pii" => "S0213911104720336"
    "issn" => "02139111"
    "doi" => "10.1016/S0213-9111(04)72033-6"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2004-11-01"
    "aid" => "72033"
    "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Salud Pública y Administración Sanitaria"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Gac Sanit. 2004;18:458-63"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 4651
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 535
        "HTML" => 2782
        "PDF" => 1334
      ]
    ]
    "es" => array:10 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "titulo" => "Acuerdo diagnóstico entre equipos de emergencias y servicios hospitalarios"
      "tienePdf" => "es"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "es"
        1 => "en"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "458"
          "paginaFinal" => "463"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "en" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Diagnostic agreement between emergency teams and hospital services"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "es" => true
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "es" => true
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "José M. Fernández-Cotrina, Antonio J. García-Ruiz, Mercedes Márquez-Castilla, Olga Jiménez-Guerrero, Eduardo Reina-Caballero, Ana Bocanegra-Pérez, Felipe Sánchez de la Cuesta"
          "autores" => array:7 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "José M."
              "apellidos" => "Fernández-Cotrina"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Antonio J."
              "apellidos" => "García-Ruiz"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Mercedes"
              "apellidos" => "Márquez-Castilla"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Olga"
              "apellidos" => "Jiménez-Guerrero"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Eduardo"
              "apellidos" => "Reina-Caballero"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Ana"
              "apellidos" => "Bocanegra-Pérez"
            ]
            6 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Felipe"
              "apellidos" => "Sánchez de la Cuesta"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0213911104720336?idApp=WGSE"
    "url" => "/02139111/0000001800000006/v1_201310251459/S0213911104720336/v1_201310251459/es/main.assets"
  ]
  "itemAnterior" => array:19 [
    "pii" => "S0213911104720312"
    "issn" => "02139111"
    "doi" => "10.1016/S0213-9111(04)72031-2"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2004-11-01"
    "aid" => "72031"
    "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Salud Pública y Administración Sanitaria"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Gac Sanit. 2004;18:440-50"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 5055
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 530
        "HTML" => 3214
        "PDF" => 1311
      ]
    ]
    "es" => array:10 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "titulo" => "Comparación entre encuestas telefónicas y encuestas «cara a cara» domiciliarias en la estimación de hábitos de salud y prácticas preventivas"
      "tienePdf" => "es"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "es"
        1 => "en"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "440"
          "paginaFinal" => "450"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "en" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Telephone versus face-to-face household interviews in the assessment of health behaviors and preventive practices"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "es" => true
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "es" => true
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Iñaki Galán, Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo, Belén Zorrilla"
          "autores" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Iñaki"
              "apellidos" => "Galán"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Fernando"
              "apellidos" => "Rodríguez-Artalejo"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Belén"
              "apellidos" => "Zorrilla"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0213911104720312?idApp=WGSE"
    "url" => "/02139111/0000001800000006/v1_201310251459/S0213911104720312/v1_201310251459/es/main.assets"
  ]
  "es" => array:15 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "titulo" => "Medición de la exposición al humo ambiental de tabaco en centros de enseñanza, centros sanitarios, medios de transporte y lugares de ocio"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0
    "paginas" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "paginaInicial" => "451"
        "paginaFinal" => "457"
      ]
    ]
    "autores" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "autoresLista" => "María J. López, Manel Nebot, Juan Sallésb, Eulàlia Serrahima, Francesc Centrich, Olga Juárez, Carles Ariza"
        "autores" => array:7 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "nombre" => "María J."
            "apellidos" => "López"
            "email" => array:1 [
              0 => "mjlopez@imsb.bcn.es"
            ]
            "referencia" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span>"
                "identificador" => "cor0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Manel"
            "apellidos" => "Nebot"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Juan"
            "apellidos" => "Sall&#233;sb"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0010"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          3 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Eul&#224;lia"
            "apellidos" => "Serrahima"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0010"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          4 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Francesc"
            "apellidos" => "Centrich"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0010"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          5 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Olga"
            "apellidos" => "Ju&#225;rez"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          6 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Carles"
            "apellidos" => "Ariza"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:2 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Servei de Promoci&#243; de la Salut&#46; Ag&#232;ncia de Salut P&#250;blica de Barcelona&#46; Barcelona"
            "etiqueta" => "a"
            "identificador" => "aff0005"
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Laboratori de Qu&#237;mica&#46; Ag&#232;ncia de Salut P&#250;blica de Barcelona&#46; Barcelona&#46; Espa&#241;a"
            "etiqueta" => "b"
            "identificador" => "aff0010"
          ]
        ]
        "correspondencia" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "cor0005"
            "etiqueta" => "&#42;"
            "correspondencia" => "Correspondencia&#58; Servei de Promoci&#243; de la Salut&#46; Ag&#232;ncia de Salut P&#250;blica de Barcelona&#46; Pza&#46; Lesseps&#44; 1&#46; 08015 Barcelona&#46; Espa&#241;a&#46;"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        "titulo" => "Measurement of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in education centers&#44; health centers&#44; transport facilities and leisure places"
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2004-04-02"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2004-08-24"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec268567"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Humo ambiental de tabaco"
            1 => "Tabaquismo pasivo"
            2 => "Nicotina"
            3 => "Lugares p&#250;blicos"
            4 => "Aire contaminado por el humo del tabaco"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Key words"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec268568"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Environmental tobacco smoke"
            1 => "Passive smoking"
            2 => "Nicotine"
            3 => "Public places"
            4 => "Second-hand smoke"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Describir los niveles de exposicion al humo ambiental de tabaco &#40;HAT&#41; a los que esta expuesta la poblacion en diferentes espacios publicos en Barcelona&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Material y metodo</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La nicotina en fase vapor se midio mediante monitores pasivos que contenian un filtro de 37 mm de diametro tratado con bisulfato sodico en su interior&#46; Se tomaron muestras en colegios de primaria y secundaria&#44; hospitales&#44; centros de atencion primaria&#44; estaciones de tren&#44; transportes metropolitanos&#44; universidades&#44; aeropuerto&#44; restaurantes y discotecas&#46; Resultados&#58; Los centros de ensenanza &#40;primaria y secundaria&#41; y los centros sanitarios presentan los niveles de exposicion al HAT mas bajos y en todos ellos la concentracion media es &#60; 1 &#956;g&#47;m3&#46; En transportes y universidades los valores medios encontrados fueron&#58; 2&#44;16 &#956;g&#47;m3 en las estaciones de tren&#44; 3&#44;30 &#956;g&#47;m3 en el metro&#44; 4&#44;30 &#956;g&#47;m3 en los aeropuertos y 4&#44;97 &#956;g&#47;m3 en las universidades&#46; Los restaurantes y las discotecas son los lugares en los que la concentracion es mas alta&#44; con valores medios de 12&#44;36 &#956;g&#47;m3 en los restaurantes y 130&#44;65 &#956;g&#47;m3 en las discotecas&#46; En el caso de los centros de ensenanza primaria y secundaria&#44; en el aeropuerto&#44; en el metro y en restaurantes y discotecas todas las muestras tomadas revelan presencia de HAT&#46; Asimismo&#44; se encontro presencia de HAT en el 90&#37; de las muestras tomadas en las estaciones de tren y en el 96&#37; de las muestras de universidades&#46; En hospitales se revela presencia de HAT en un 79&#37; de las muestras tomadas&#44; y en el caso de centros de atencion primaria&#44; en el 58&#37;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los resultados confirman que el tabaquismo pasivo es un problema de salud publica que merece una especial atencion en nuestro medio y ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de reforzar la implantacion y especialmente el cumplimiento de politicas sin humo en lugares publicos y de trabajo&#46;</p>"
      ]
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objectives</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To describe levels of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke &#40;ETS&#41; in various public places in Barcelona &#40;Spain&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Material and method</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Vapor-phase nicotine was measured with passive samplers containing a sodium bisulfate treated filter with a 37 mm diameter&#46; The places sampled were primary and secondary schools&#44; hospitals&#44; primary care centers&#44; train stations&#44; subways&#44; universities&#44; airports&#44; restaurants and discotheques&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Primary and secondary schools and health centers had the lowest levels of ETS exposure&#44; with mean concentrations of less than 1 &#236;g&#47;m3&#46; The mean values found in transport and universities were 2&#46;16 &#236;g&#47;m3 in train stations&#44; 3&#46;30 &#236;g&#47;m3 in subways&#44; 4&#46;30 &#236;g&#47;m3 in airports and 4&#46;97 &#236;g&#47;m3 in universities&#46; The highest concentrations were found in restaurants and discotheques&#44; with mean values of 12&#46;36 &#236;g&#47;m3 in restaurants and 130&#46;65 &#236;g&#47;m3 in discotheques&#46; All samples taken from primary and secondary schools&#44; airports&#44; subways&#44; restaurants and discotheques contained ETS&#46; Likewise&#44; 90&#37; of the samples taken from train stations and 96&#37; of those from universities contained ETS&#46; Seventy-nine percent of the samples from hospitals and 58&#37; of those from primary care centers contained ETS&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The results confirm that passive smoking is an important public health problem in Spain and that greater efforts are needed to enforce smoke-free policies in public spaces and workplaces&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:1 [
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Este estudio ha sido financiado por la Comisi&#243;n Europea &#40;project n&#46; o S12&#46;324433&#47;2001CVG2-008&#41; y por la Red de Centros de Epidemiolog&#237;a y Salud P&#250;blica &#40;RCESP&#44; CO3&#47;09&#41;&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:27 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib1"
              "etiqueta" => "1&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Health Canada&#46; Smoking and Indoor Air Quality 2002 &#91;consultado 30&#47;7&#47;2004&#93;&#46; Disponible en&#58; <a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hecssesc/tobacco/facts/ets.html">www&#46;hc-sc&#46;gc&#46;ca&#47;hecssesc&#47;tobacco&#47;facts&#47;ets&#46;html</a>&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib2"
              "etiqueta" => "2&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "titulo" => "Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking&#46; Vol&#46; 28"
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:1 [
                        "serieFecha" => "2002"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib3"
              "etiqueta" => "3&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The accumulated evidence on lung cancer and environmental tobacco smoke"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "A&#46;K&#46; Hackshaw"
                            1 => "M&#46;R&#46; Law"
                            2 => "N&#46;J&#46; Wald"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "BMJ"
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "volumen" => "315"
                        "paginaInicial" => "980"
                        "paginaFinal" => "988"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9365295"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib4"
              "etiqueta" => "4&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Health effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke&#58; the report of the California Environmental Protection Agency&#46; Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph n&#46;&#176; 10&#46; NIH Pub&#46; No&#46; 99-4645"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "colaboracion" => "National Cancer Institute"
                          "etal" => false
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:1 [
                        "serieFecha" => "1999"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib5"
              "etiqueta" => "5&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Occupational exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and health risk assessment"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "M&#46;S&#46; Jaakkola"
                            1 => "J&#46;M&#46; Samet"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Environ Health Perspect"
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "volumen" => "107"
                        "numero" => "Suppl 6"
                        "paginaInicial" => "829"
                        "paginaFinal" => "835"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10592138"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib6"
              "etiqueta" => "6&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and ischaemic heart disease&#58; an evaluation of the evidence"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "M&#46;R&#46; Law"
                            1 => "J&#46;K&#46; Morris"
                            2 => "N&#46;J&#46; Wald"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "BMJ"
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "volumen" => "315"
                        "paginaInicial" => "973"
                        "paginaFinal" => "980"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9365294"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib7"
              "etiqueta" => "7&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "EPA&#46; Respiratory health effects of passive smoking&#46; Report of the California Environmental Protection Agency&#46; USEPA EPA&#47;600&#47;6-90&#47;006F&#44; 1 de diciembre de 1992&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib8"
              "etiqueta" => "8&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Borr&#225;s JM&#46; Epidemiolog&#237;a del tabaquismo en Europa"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "E&#46; Fern&#225;ndez"
                            1 => "A&#46; Schiaffino"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Salud P&#250;blica de M&#233;xico"
                        "fecha" => "2002"
                        "volumen" => "44"
                        "numero" => "Supl 1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "S11"
                        "paginaFinal" => "S19"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12055733"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib9"
              "etiqueta" => "9&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "El tabaco en el transporte metropolitano de Barcelona&#58; un estudio observacional"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Nebot"
                            1 => "R&#46; Puig"
                            2 => "M&#46; Ballest&#237;n"
                            3 => "M&#46; Albericci"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Aten Primaria"
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "volumen" => "28"
                        "paginaInicial" => "50"
                        "paginaFinal" => "52"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11412578"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib10"
              "etiqueta" => "10&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Employee and public responses to simulated violations of no-smoking regulations in Spain"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "X&#46; Bonfill"
                            1 => "C&#46; Serra"
                            2 => "V&#46; L&#243;pez"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Public Health"
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "volumen" => "87"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1035"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1037"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9224192"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib11"
              "etiqueta" => "11&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Burney P&#59; European Community Respiratory Health Survey&#46; Effect of passive smoking on respiratory symptoms&#44; bronchial responsiveness&#44; lung function&#44; and total serum IgE in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey&#58; a cross-sectional study"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Janson"
                            1 => "S&#46; Chinn"
                            2 => "D&#46; Jarvis"
                            3 => "J&#46;P&#46; Zock"
                            4 => "K&#46; Toren"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/S0140-6736(01)07214-2"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Lancet"
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "volumen" => "358"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2103"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2109"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11784622"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib12"
              "etiqueta" => "12&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Villalb&#237; JR&#46; Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at work and at home&#58; a population based survey"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Nebot"
                            1 => "M&#46;J&#46; L&#243;pez"
                            2 => "Z&#46; Tom&#225;s"
                            3 => "C&#46; Ariza"
                            4 => "C&#46; Borrell"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Tob Control"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "13"
                        "paginaInicial" => "95"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14985607"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            12 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib13"
              "etiqueta" => "13&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Tabaquismo en adolescentes&#44; valores de cotinina en saliva y enfermedad respiratoria"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "R&#46;G&#46; Su&#225;rez"
                            1 => "C&#46; Galv&#225;n"
                            2 => "C&#46; Oliva"
                            3 => "E&#46; Dom&#233;nech"
                            4 => "F&#46; Barroso"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "An Esp Pediatr"
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "volumen" => "54"
                        "paginaInicial" => "114"
                        "paginaFinal" => "119"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11181206"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            13 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib14"
              "etiqueta" => "14&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in nonsmoking pregnant women in relation to birth weight"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Rebagliato"
                            1 => "V&#46; Florey Cdu"
                            2 => "F&#46; Bolumar"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Epidemiol"
                        "fecha" => "1995"
                        "volumen" => "142"
                        "paginaInicial" => "531"
                        "paginaFinal" => "537"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7677132"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            14 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib15"
              "etiqueta" => "15&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "La medici&#243;n de la nicotina como marcador a&#233;reo del humo ambiental de tabaco"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "M&#46;J&#46; L&#243;pez"
                            1 => "M&#46; Nebot"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:8 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Gac Sanit"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "17"
                        "numero" => "Supl 3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "15"
                        "paginaFinal" => "22"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14980183"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
                          "pii" => "S0140673602075979"
                          "estado" => "S300"
                          "issn" => "01406736"
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            15 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib16"
              "etiqueta" => "16&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Assessment of air quality in Barcelona by personal monitoring of nonsmokers for respirable suspended particles and environmental tobacco smoke"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "K&#46; Phillips"
                            1 => "M&#46; Bentley"
                            2 => "D&#46; Howard"
                            3 => "G&#46; Alvan"
                            4 => "A&#46; Huici"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Environ Int"
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "volumen" => "23"
                        "paginaInicial" => "173"
                        "paginaFinal" => "196"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            16 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib17"
              "etiqueta" => "17&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in several public places of Barcelona"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Jan&#233;"
                            1 => "M&#46; Nebot"
                            2 => "X&#46; Rojano"
                            3 => "L&#46; Artazcoz"
                            4 => "J&#46; Sunyer"
                            5 => "E&#46; Fern&#225;ndez"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Tob Control"
                        "fecha" => "2002"
                        "volumen" => "11"
                        "paginaInicial" => "83"
                        "paginaFinal" => "84"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11891377"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            17 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib18"
              "etiqueta" => "18&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "and ETS Workgroup&#46; Oral presentation&#58; ETS exposure in a sample of European cities"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "M&#46;J&#46; L&#243;pez"
                            1 => "M&#46; Nebot"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:2 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "12th World Conference on Tobacco or Health"
                        "fecha" => "agosto 2003"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            18 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib19"
              "etiqueta" => "19&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "An enforceable indoor air quality standard for Environmental Tobacco Smoke in the workplace"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "J&#46;L&#46; Repace"
                            1 => "A&#46;H&#46; Lowrey"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Risk Analysis"
                        "fecha" => "1993"
                        "volumen" => "13"
                        "paginaInicial" => "463"
                        "paginaFinal" => "475"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8234955"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            19 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib20"
              "etiqueta" => "20&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Evaluating exposure to environmental tobacco smoke&#46; Sampling and analysis of airbone pollutants"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "K&#46; Hammond"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:3 [
                        "paginaInicial" => "319"
                        "paginaFinal" => "337"
                        "serieFecha" => "1993"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            20 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib21"
              "etiqueta" => "21&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Collection and analysis of nicotine as a marker for environmental tobacco smoke"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "K&#46; Hammond"
                            1 => "B&#46; Leaderer"
                            2 => "A&#46; Roche"
                            3 => "M&#46; Schenker"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Atmospheric Environment"
                        "fecha" => "1987"
                        "volumen" => "21"
                        "paginaInicial" => "457"
                        "paginaFinal" => "462"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            21 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib22"
              "etiqueta" => "22&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Impact of &#171;designated smoking area&#187; policy on nicotine vapor and particle concentrations in a modern office building"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "W&#46;M&#46; Vaughan"
                            1 => "S&#46;K&#46; Hammond"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Air Waste Manage Assoc"
                        "fecha" => "1990"
                        "volumen" => "40"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1012"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1017"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2378740"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            22 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib23"
              "etiqueta" => "23&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Occupational exposure to environmental tobacco smoke"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "S&#46;K&#46; Hammond"
                            1 => "G&#46; Sorensens"
                            2 => "R&#46; Youngstrom"
                            3 => "J&#46;K&#46; Ockene"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "JAMA"
                        "fecha" => "1995"
                        "volumen" => "274"
                        "paginaInicial" => "956"
                        "paginaFinal" => "960"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7674526"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            23 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib24"
              "etiqueta" => "24&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Exposure of US workers to environmental tobacco smoke"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "S&#46;K&#46; Hammond"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Environ Health Perspect"
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "volumen" => "107"
                        "numero" => "Suppl 2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "329"
                        "paginaFinal" => "340"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10350518"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            24 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib25"
              "etiqueta" => "25&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Llei 20&#47;1985&#44; de 25 de juliol&#44; de prevenci&#243; i assist&#232;ncia en mat&#232;ria de subst&#224;ncies que poden generar depend&#232;ncia&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            25 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib26"
              "etiqueta" => "26&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Risk characterization handbook"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Fowle"
                            1 => "K&#46; Dearfield"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:1 [
                        "serieFecha" => "2000"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            26 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib27"
              "etiqueta" => "27&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Plan Nacional de Prevenci&#243;n y control del tabaquismo"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "I&#46; Saiz"
                            1 => "J&#46; Rubio"
                            2 => "I&#46; Espiga"
                            3 => "B&#46; Alonso"
                            4 => "J&#46; Blanco"
                            5 => "M&#46; Cort&#233;s"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Esp Salud P&#250;blica"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "77"
                        "paginaInicial" => "441"
                        "paginaFinal" => "473"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12945131"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
  "url" => "/02139111/0000001800000006/v1_201310251459/S0213911104720324/v1_201310251459/es/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => array:4 [
    "identificador" => "18705"
    "tipo" => "SECCION"
    "es" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Originales"
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
  ]
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/02139111/0000001800000006/v1_201310251459/S0213911104720324/v1_201310251459/es/main.pdf?idApp=WGSE&text.app=https://gacetasanitaria.org/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0213911104720324?idApp=WGSE"
]
Compartir
Publique en esta revista
Información de la revista
Vol. 18. Núm. 6.
Páginas 451-457 (noviembre - diciembre 2004)
Respuestas rápidas
Compartir
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Vol. 18. Núm. 6.
Páginas 451-457 (noviembre - diciembre 2004)
Open Access
Medición de la exposición al humo ambiental de tabaco en centros de enseñanza, centros sanitarios, medios de transporte y lugares de ocio
Measurement of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in education centers, health centers, transport facilities and leisure places
Visitas
8734
María J. Lópeza,
Autor para correspondencia
mjlopez@imsb.bcn.es

Correspondencia: Servei de Promoció de la Salut. Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona. Pza. Lesseps, 1. 08015 Barcelona. España.
, Manel Nebota, Juan Sallésbb, Eulàlia Serrahimab, Francesc Centrichb, Olga Juáreza, Carles Arizaa
a Servei de Promoció de la Salut. Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona. Barcelona
b Laboratori de Química. Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona. Barcelona. España
Este artículo ha recibido

Under a Creative Commons license
Información del artículo
Resumen
Bibliografía
Descargar PDF
Estadísticas
Resumen
Objetivos

Describir los niveles de exposicion al humo ambiental de tabaco (HAT) a los que esta expuesta la poblacion en diferentes espacios publicos en Barcelona.

Material y metodo

La nicotina en fase vapor se midio mediante monitores pasivos que contenian un filtro de 37 mm de diametro tratado con bisulfato sodico en su interior. Se tomaron muestras en colegios de primaria y secundaria, hospitales, centros de atencion primaria, estaciones de tren, transportes metropolitanos, universidades, aeropuerto, restaurantes y discotecas. Resultados: Los centros de ensenanza (primaria y secundaria) y los centros sanitarios presentan los niveles de exposicion al HAT mas bajos y en todos ellos la concentracion media es < 1 μg/m3. En transportes y universidades los valores medios encontrados fueron: 2,16 μg/m3 en las estaciones de tren, 3,30 μg/m3 en el metro, 4,30 μg/m3 en los aeropuertos y 4,97 μg/m3 en las universidades. Los restaurantes y las discotecas son los lugares en los que la concentracion es mas alta, con valores medios de 12,36 μg/m3 en los restaurantes y 130,65 μg/m3 en las discotecas. En el caso de los centros de ensenanza primaria y secundaria, en el aeropuerto, en el metro y en restaurantes y discotecas todas las muestras tomadas revelan presencia de HAT. Asimismo, se encontro presencia de HAT en el 90% de las muestras tomadas en las estaciones de tren y en el 96% de las muestras de universidades. En hospitales se revela presencia de HAT en un 79% de las muestras tomadas, y en el caso de centros de atencion primaria, en el 58%.

Conclusiones

Los resultados confirman que el tabaquismo pasivo es un problema de salud publica que merece una especial atencion en nuestro medio y ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de reforzar la implantacion y especialmente el cumplimiento de politicas sin humo en lugares publicos y de trabajo.

Palabras clave:
Humo ambiental de tabaco
Tabaquismo pasivo
Nicotina
Lugares públicos
Aire contaminado por el humo del tabaco
Abstract
Objectives

To describe levels of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in various public places in Barcelona (Spain).

Material and method

Vapor-phase nicotine was measured with passive samplers containing a sodium bisulfate treated filter with a 37 mm diameter. The places sampled were primary and secondary schools, hospitals, primary care centers, train stations, subways, universities, airports, restaurants and discotheques.

Results

Primary and secondary schools and health centers had the lowest levels of ETS exposure, with mean concentrations of less than 1 ìg/m3. The mean values found in transport and universities were 2.16 ìg/m3 in train stations, 3.30 ìg/m3 in subways, 4.30 ìg/m3 in airports and 4.97 ìg/m3 in universities. The highest concentrations were found in restaurants and discotheques, with mean values of 12.36 ìg/m3 in restaurants and 130.65 ìg/m3 in discotheques. All samples taken from primary and secondary schools, airports, subways, restaurants and discotheques contained ETS. Likewise, 90% of the samples taken from train stations and 96% of those from universities contained ETS. Seventy-nine percent of the samples from hospitals and 58% of those from primary care centers contained ETS.

Conclusions

The results confirm that passive smoking is an important public health problem in Spain and that greater efforts are needed to enforce smoke-free policies in public spaces and workplaces.

Key words:
Environmental tobacco smoke
Passive smoking
Nicotine
Public places
Second-hand smoke
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
Health Canada. Smoking and Indoor Air Quality 2002 [consultado 30/7/2004]. Disponible en: www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hecssesc/tobacco/facts/ets.html.
[2.]
Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking. Vol. 28.
[3.]
A.K. Hackshaw, M.R. Law, N.J. Wald.
The accumulated evidence on lung cancer and environmental tobacco smoke.
BMJ, 315 (1997), pp. 980-988
[4.]
National Cancer Institute.
Health effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke: the report of the California Environmental Protection Agency. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph n.° 10. NIH Pub. No. 99-4645.
[5.]
M.S. Jaakkola, J.M. Samet.
Occupational exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and health risk assessment.
Environ Health Perspect, 107 (1999), pp. 829-835
[6.]
M.R. Law, J.K. Morris, N.J. Wald.
Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and ischaemic heart disease: an evaluation of the evidence.
BMJ, 315 (1997), pp. 973-980
[7.]
EPA. Respiratory health effects of passive smoking. Report of the California Environmental Protection Agency. USEPA EPA/600/6-90/006F, 1 de diciembre de 1992.
[8.]
E. Fernández, A. Schiaffino.
Borrás JM. Epidemiología del tabaquismo en Europa.
Salud Pública de México, 44 (2002), pp. S11-S19
[9.]
M. Nebot, R. Puig, M. Ballestín, M. Albericci.
El tabaco en el transporte metropolitano de Barcelona: un estudio observacional.
Aten Primaria, 28 (2001), pp. 50-52
[10.]
X. Bonfill, C. Serra, V. López.
Employee and public responses to simulated violations of no-smoking regulations in Spain.
Am J Public Health, 87 (1997), pp. 1035-1037
[11.]
C. Janson, S. Chinn, D. Jarvis, J.P. Zock, K. Toren.
Burney P; European Community Respiratory Health Survey. Effect of passive smoking on respiratory symptoms, bronchial responsiveness, lung function, and total serum IgE in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey: a cross-sectional study.
Lancet, 358 (2001), pp. 2103-2109
[12.]
M. Nebot, M.J. López, Z. Tomás, C. Ariza, C. Borrell.
Villalbí JR. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at work and at home: a population based survey.
Tob Control, 13 (2004), pp. 95
[13.]
R.G. Suárez, C. Galván, C. Oliva, E. Doménech, F. Barroso.
Tabaquismo en adolescentes, valores de cotinina en saliva y enfermedad respiratoria.
An Esp Pediatr, 54 (2001), pp. 114-119
[14.]
M. Rebagliato, V. Florey Cdu, F. Bolumar.
Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in nonsmoking pregnant women in relation to birth weight.
Am J Epidemiol, 142 (1995), pp. 531-537
[15.]
M.J. López, M. Nebot.
La medición de la nicotina como marcador aéreo del humo ambiental de tabaco.
Gac Sanit, 17 (2003), pp. 15-22
[16.]
K. Phillips, M. Bentley, D. Howard, G. Alvan, A. Huici.
Assessment of air quality in Barcelona by personal monitoring of nonsmokers for respirable suspended particles and environmental tobacco smoke.
Environ Int, 23 (1997), pp. 173-196
[17.]
M. Jané, M. Nebot, X. Rojano, L. Artazcoz, J. Sunyer, E. Fernández, et al.
Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in several public places of Barcelona.
Tob Control, 11 (2002), pp. 83-84
[18.]
M.J. López, M. Nebot.
and ETS Workgroup. Oral presentation: ETS exposure in a sample of European cities.
12th World Conference on Tobacco or Health, (agosto 2003),
[19.]
J.L. Repace, A.H. Lowrey.
An enforceable indoor air quality standard for Environmental Tobacco Smoke in the workplace.
Risk Analysis, 13 (1993), pp. 463-475
[20.]
K. Hammond.
Evaluating exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Sampling and analysis of airbone pollutants.
pp. 319-337
[21.]
K. Hammond, B. Leaderer, A. Roche, M. Schenker.
Collection and analysis of nicotine as a marker for environmental tobacco smoke.
Atmospheric Environment, 21 (1987), pp. 457-462
[22.]
W.M. Vaughan, S.K. Hammond.
Impact of «designated smoking area» policy on nicotine vapor and particle concentrations in a modern office building.
J Air Waste Manage Assoc, 40 (1990), pp. 1012-1017
[23.]
S.K. Hammond, G. Sorensens, R. Youngstrom, J.K. Ockene.
Occupational exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.
JAMA, 274 (1995), pp. 956-960
[24.]
S.K. Hammond.
Exposure of US workers to environmental tobacco smoke.
Environ Health Perspect, 107 (1999), pp. 329-340
[25.]
Llei 20/1985, de 25 de juliol, de prevenció i assistència en matèria de substàncies que poden generar dependència.
[26.]
J. Fowle, K. Dearfield.
Risk characterization handbook.
[27.]
I. Saiz, J. Rubio, I. Espiga, B. Alonso, J. Blanco, M. Cortés, et al.
Plan Nacional de Prevención y control del tabaquismo.
Rev Esp Salud Pública, 77 (2003), pp. 441-473

Este estudio ha sido financiado por la Comisión Europea (project n. o S12.324433/2001CVG2-008) y por la Red de Centros de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (RCESP, CO3/09).

Copyright © 2004. Sociedad Española de Salud Pública y Administración Sanitaria
Descargar PDF
Idiomas
Gaceta Sanitaria
Opciones de artículo
Herramientas
es en

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?