array:24 [
  "pii" => "S0213911105713947"
  "issn" => "02139111"
  "doi" => "10.1016/S0213-9111(05)71394-7"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2005-11-01"
  "aid" => "71394"
  "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Salud Pública y Administración Sanitaria"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2005"
  "documento" => "article"
  "crossmark" => 0
  "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"
  "subdocumento" => "fla"
  "cita" => "Gac Sanit. 2005;19:440-7"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => true
    "ES2" => true
    "LATM" => true
  ]
  "gratuito" => true
  "lecturas" => array:2 [
    "total" => 3737
    "formatos" => array:3 [
      "EPUB" => 131
      "HTML" => 3122
      "PDF" => 484
    ]
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [
    "pii" => "S0213911105713959"
    "issn" => "02139111"
    "doi" => "10.1016/S0213-9111(05)71395-9"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2005-11-01"
    "aid" => "71395"
    "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Salud Pública y Administración Sanitaria"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Gac Sanit. 2005;19:448-55"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 2166
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 128
        "HTML" => 1593
        "PDF" => 445
      ]
    ]
    "es" => array:11 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Originales</span>"
      "titulo" => "Variaciones del consumo de recursos ambulatorios en la atenci&#243;n especializada de salud mental a ni&#241;os y adolescentes"
      "tienePdf" => "es"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "es"
        1 => "en"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "448"
          "paginaFinal" => "455"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "en" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Variability in outpatient resource use in mental health services for children and adolescents"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "es" => true
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "es" => true
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Juan Alday, Virginia Alonso, Bel&#233;n Fern&#225;ndez-Calatrava, Raquel Garc&#237;a-Bar&#243;, Carlos Gonz&#225;lez-Ju&#225;rez, Esther P&#233;rez-P&#233;rez, Alfonso Poza"
          "autores" => array:7 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Juan"
              "apellidos" => "Alday"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Virginia"
              "apellidos" => "Alonso"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Bel&#233;n"
              "apellidos" => "Fern&#225;ndez-Calatrava"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Raquel"
              "apellidos" => "Garc&#237;a-Bar&#243;"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Carlos"
              "apellidos" => "Gonz&#225;lez-Ju&#225;rez"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Esther"
              "apellidos" => "P&#233;rez-P&#233;rez"
            ]
            6 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Alfonso"
              "apellidos" => "Poza"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0213911105713959?idApp=WGSE"
    "url" => "/02139111/0000001900000006/v2_201302051753/S0213911105713959/v2_201302051753/es/main.assets"
  ]
  "itemAnterior" => array:19 [
    "pii" => "S0213911105713935"
    "issn" => "02139111"
    "doi" => "10.1016/S0213-9111(05)71393-5"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2005-11-01"
    "aid" => "71393"
    "copyright" => "Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Salud P&#250;blica y Administraci&#243;n Sanitaria"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Gac Sanit. 2005;19:433-9"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 2888
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 137
        "HTML" => 2231
        "PDF" => 520
      ]
    ]
    "en" => array:11 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Originales</span>"
      "titulo" => "Comparison between telephone and self-administration of Short Form Health Survey Questionnaire &#40;SF-36&#41;"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "en"
        1 => "es"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "433"
          "paginaFinal" => "439"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "es" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Estudio comparativo entre la encuesta telef&#243;nica y la autoaplicada del cuestionario de salud SF-36"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "en" => true
        "es" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Mar&#237;a Garc&#237;a, Izabella Rohlfs, Joan Vila, Joan Sala, Araceli Pena, Rafael Masi&#225;, Jaume Marrugat"
          "autores" => array:8 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Mar&#237;a"
              "apellidos" => "Garc&#237;a"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Izabella"
              "apellidos" => "Rohlfs"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Joan"
              "apellidos" => "Vila"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Joan"
              "apellidos" => "Sala"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Araceli"
              "apellidos" => "Pena"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Rafael"
              "apellidos" => "Masi&#225;"
            ]
            6 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Jaume"
              "apellidos" => "Marrugat"
            ]
            7 => array:1 [
              "colaborador" => "the REGICOR Investigators"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0213911105713935?idApp=WGSE"
    "url" => "/02139111/0000001900000006/v2_201302051753/S0213911105713935/v2_201302051753/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "es" => array:15 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Originales</span>"
    "titulo" => "Factores predictores del inicio y consolidaci&#243;n del consumo de tabaco en adolescentes"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0
    "paginas" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "paginaInicial" => "440"
        "paginaFinal" => "447"
      ]
    ]
    "autores" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "autoresLista" => "Araceli Caballero-Hidalgo, Beatriz Gonz&#225;lez, Jaime Pinilla, Patricia Barber"
        "autores" => array:4 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "nombre" => "Araceli"
            "apellidos" => "Caballero-Hidalgo"
            "email" => array:1 [
              0 => "acabhid&#64;gobiernodecanarias&#46;org"
            ]
            "referencia" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff1"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span>"
                "identificador" => "cor1"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Beatriz"
            "apellidos" => "Gonz&#225;lez"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff2"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Jaime"
            "apellidos" => "Pinilla"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff2"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          3 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Patricia"
            "apellidos" => "Barber"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff2"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:2 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Unidad de Investigaci&#243;n&#46; Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr&#46; Negr&#237;n&#44; Las Palmas de Gran Canaria&#46; Espa&#241;a"
            "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
            "identificador" => "aff1"
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Departamento de M&#233;todos Cuantitativos en Econom&#237;a y Gesti&#243;n&#46; Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria&#46; Las Palmas de Gran Canaria&#46; Espa&#241;a"
            "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
            "identificador" => "aff2"
          ]
        ]
        "correspondencia" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "cor1"
            "etiqueta" => "&#8270;"
            "correspondencia" => "Correspondencia&#58; Araceli Caballero-Hidalgo&#46; Unidad de Investigaci&#243;n&#46; Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr&#46; Negr&#237;n&#46; Plaza Barranco de la Balllena&#44; s&#47;n&#44;35012 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria&#46; Espa&#241;a&#46;"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        "titulo" => "Analysis of factors related to smoking initiation and continued smoking in young adolescents"
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2004-11-26"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2005-05-06"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec16879"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Consumo de tabaco"
            1 => "Adolescentes &#243;venes"
            2 => "Influencia del grupo de amigos"
            3 => "Datos longitudinales"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Key words"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec16878"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Tobacco consumption"
            1 => "Young adolescents"
            2 => "Peergroup effect"
            3 => "Longitudinal data"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivo</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analizar los factores que determinan la adquisici&#243;n y posterior consolidaci&#243;n del consumo de tabaco en los j&#243;venes adolescentes&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Material y m&#233;todo</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio longitudinal de 3 a&#241;os de duraci&#243;n &#40;2000-2002&#41; sobre j&#243;venes estudiantes de ense&#241;anza obligatoria&#44; con una edad al inicio del estudio de 13-14 a&#241;os&#46; Los datos fueron recogidos mediante encuesta individual&#44; cuyo &#225;mbito de estudio era la isla de Gran Canaria&#44; con una muestra final de 745 individuos&#46; Se estimaron modelos de elecci&#243;n binaria condicional de efectos fijos para datos longitudinales&#44; para determinar la probabilidad de probar por primera vez el tabaco &#40;&#171;modelo de inicio&#187;&#41;&#44; as&#237; como sobre la probabilidad de ser fumador occasional o habitual &#40;&#171;modelo de experimentaci&#243;n&#187;&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En el &#250;ltimo a&#241;o&#44; el 57&#37; de los adolescents encuestados ha tenido contacto con el tabaco alguna vez&#44; un 25&#37; m&#225;s que en el primer a&#241;o&#44; algunos de ellos &#40;el 9&#37;&#41; de forma diaria&#46; En el &#171;modelo de inicio&#187; los determinantes del consumo de tabaco son el inter&#233;s por el colegio &#40;odds ratio &#91;OR&#93;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;27&#59; intervalo de confianza &#91;IC&#93; del 95&#37;&#44; 0&#44;08-0&#44;87&#44; y OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;14&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#44; 0&#44;03-0&#44;58 para los que manifestaron bastante y mucho inter&#233;s por el colegio&#44; respectivamente&#41;&#44; el consumo de tabaco por parte del mejor amigo &#40;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;44&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#44; 2&#44;59-21&#44;4&#41;&#44; el consumo de alcohol &#40;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#44;82&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#44; 4&#44;96-28&#44;2&#44; y OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#44;42&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#44; 4&#44;68-50&#44;7 para los que beben alcohol de manera ocasional o frecuente&#44; respectivamente&#41;&#44; y el dinero disponible &#40;euros semanales&#41; &#40;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;13&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#44; 1&#44;07-1&#44;19&#41;&#46; Para el &#171;modelo de experimentaci&#243;n&#187;&#44; el consumo de tabaco por parte del mejor amigo &#40;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44;01&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#44; 2&#44;96-16&#44;5&#41;&#44; el consumo de alcohol &#40;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#44;71&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#44; 1&#44;98-16&#44;4&#44; y OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#44;22&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#44; 1&#44;56-17&#44;5 para los que beben alcohol de manera ocasional o frecuente&#44; respectivamente&#41; y los a&#241;os que lleva como fumador &#40;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;44&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#44; 1&#44;11-&#44;86&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El estudio destaca&#44; principalmente&#44; los efectos del grupo de amigos&#44; el consumo de bebidas alcoh&#243;licas y el poco inter&#233;s por los estudios como factores asociados al consumo de tabaco&#46;</p>"
      ]
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objective</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To analyse the determining of the acquisition and later consolidation of the tobacco consumption in young adolescents&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Material and method</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Longitudinal study of three years of duration &#40;2000-2002&#41;&#46; Subjects were students of secondary education between 13 and 14 years old at the beginning of the study&#46; The research was performed in Gran Canaria Island with a final sample of 745 subjects&#46; Models of conditional binary election were considered for longitudinal data where the dependent variable reflects decisions of the adolescents through time&#44; with regard to the probability of beginning to smoke&#44; &#171;beginning model&#187;&#44; and the probability of being occasional or habitual smoker&#44; &#171;experimentation model&#187;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In the last year&#44; 57&#37; of the young teenagers surveyed use tobacco&#44; a 25&#37; more than in the first year&#44; some of them&#44; 9&#37; on a daily basis&#46; In the &#171;beginning model&#187; the determining of the tobacco consumption are interest in studies &#40;odds ratio &#91;OR&#93;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;27&#59; 95&#37; confidence interval &#40;CI&#41;&#44; 0&#46;08-0&#46;87 and OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;14&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;03-0&#46;58 for the students having enough and much interest in studies&#44; respectively&#41;&#44; to have a smoker as the best friend &#40;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;44&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 2&#46;59-21&#46;4&#41;&#44; the alcohol consumption &#40;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#46;82&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 4&#46;96-28&#46;2 and OR&#61;15&#46;42&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 4&#46;68-50&#46;7 for youngs who drink alcohol occasionally or frequently&#41; and having more pocket money &#40;euros per week&#41; &#40;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 1&#46;07-1&#46;19&#41;&#46; For the &#171;experimentation model&#187;&#44; to have a smoker as the best friend &#40;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;01&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 2&#46;96-16&#46;5&#41;&#44; the alcohol consumption &#40;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;71&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 1&#46;98-16&#46;4 and OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;22&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; the 1&#46;56-17&#46;5 for youngs who drink alcohol occasionally or frequently&#41; and the number of years since the student started smoking &#40;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;44&#59; 95&#37; IC&#44; 1&#46;11-1&#46;86&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Our study emphasizes&#44; peer group effect&#44; drinking alcoholic beverages and lack of interest in studies as factors associated to the tobacco consumption&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:1 [
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:36 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib1"
              "etiqueta" => "1&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Office of National Statistics for the Dept of Health"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:3 [
                          "colaboracion" => "Smoking among secondary school children in 1996&#58; England"
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "L&#46; Jarvis"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "editorial" => "The Stationery Office"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "London"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib2"
              "etiqueta" => "2&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Reducing the prevalence of smoking in youth in Western Countries&#58; an international review"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "D&#46;J&#46; Reid"
                            1 => "A&#46;D&#46; McNeill"
                            2 => "T&#46;J&#46; Glynn"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Tob Control"
                        "fecha" => "1995"
                        "volumen" => "4"
                        "paginaInicial" => "266"
                        "paginaFinal" => "277"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib3"
              "etiqueta" => "3&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Tobacco control&#58; a losing battle&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "D&#46;J&#46; Reid"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:2 [
                        "titulo" => "Perspectives in public health"
                        "serieFecha" => "1999"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib4"
              "etiqueta" => "4&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A meta-analysis of adolescent smoking prevention programs"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "W&#46;H&#46; Bruvold"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Pub Health"
                        "fecha" => "1993"
                        "volumen" => "83"
                        "paginaInicial" => "872"
                        "paginaFinal" => "880"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib5"
              "etiqueta" => "5&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Why children start smoking"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "E&#46; Goddard"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "1990"
                        "editorial" => "HMSO"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "London"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib6"
              "etiqueta" => "6&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A longitudinal study of reasons for smoking in adolescence"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "R&#46; McGee"
                            1 => "Wr&#46; Stanton"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Addiction"
                        "fecha" => "1993"
                        "volumen" => "88"
                        "paginaInicial" => "265"
                        "paginaFinal" => "271"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8220064"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib7"
              "etiqueta" => "7&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Conditional inference and models for measuring"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "E&#46;B&#46; Andersen"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "1973"
                        "editorial" => "Mentalhygiejnisk Forsknings Institut"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Copenhagen"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib8"
              "etiqueta" => "8&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Analysis of covariance with qualitative data"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "G&#46; Chamberlain"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Economic Studies"
                        "fecha" => "1980"
                        "volumen" => "47"
                        "paginaInicial" => "225"
                        "paginaFinal" => "238"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib9"
              "etiqueta" => "9&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "El inicio del consumo de tabaco en escolares&#58; estudio transversal y longitudinal de los factores predictivos"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "E&#46; D&#237;az"
                            1 => "J&#46;R&#46; Villalb&#237;"
                            2 => "M&#46; Nebot"
                            3 => "J&#46; Aub&#225;"
                            4 => "F&#46; Sanz"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Med Clin &#40;Barc&#41;"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "110"
                        "paginaInicial" => "334"
                        "paginaFinal" => "339"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib10"
              "etiqueta" => "10&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Factores asociados con el inicio del tabaquismo&#58; seguimiento a los 3 a&#241;os de una cohorte de escolares"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Nebot"
                            1 => "Z&#46; Tom&#225;s"
                            2 => "Z&#46; Ariza"
                            3 => "S&#46; Valmayor"
                            4 => "M&#46;J&#46; L&#243;pez"
                            5 => "O&#46; Ju&#225;rez"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Bronconeumol"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "40"
                        "paginaInicial" => "495"
                        "paginaFinal" => "501"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15530341"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib11"
              "etiqueta" => "11&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Sex differences in nicotine versus onnicotine reinforcements as determinants of tobacco smoking"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "K&#46;A&#46; Perkins"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Exp Clin Psychopharmacol"
                        "fecha" => "1996"
                        "volumen" => "4"
                        "paginaInicial" => "166"
                        "paginaFinal" => "177"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib12"
              "etiqueta" => "12&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "How long Hill today&#39;s new adolescent smoker be addicted to cigarettes&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "J&#46;P&#46; Pierce"
                            1 => "E&#46; Gilpin"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Public Health"
                        "fecha" => "1996"
                        "volumen" => "86"
                        "paginaInicial" => "253"
                        "paginaFinal" => "256"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8633747"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            12 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib13"
              "etiqueta" => "13&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "El consumo de tabaco&#44; alcohol y otras drogas en los adolescents escolarizados espa&#241;oles"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "R&#46; Mendoza"
                            1 => "J&#46;M&#46; Batista"
                            2 => "M&#46; S&#225;nchez"
                            3 => "A&#46;M&#46; Carrasco"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Gac Sanit"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "12"
                        "paginaInicial" => "263"
                        "paginaFinal" => "271"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9972034"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            13 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib14"
              "etiqueta" => "14&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Profile of the population of Spain with respect to the smoking habit&#44; period 1993-1997"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Pinilla"
                            1 => "B&#46; Gonz&#225;lez"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Public Health"
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "volumen" => "11"
                        "paginaInicial" => "346"
                        "paginaFinal" => "352"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11582618"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            14 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib15"
              "etiqueta" => "15&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Predictores de la iniciaci&#243;n al onsumo de tabaco en escolares de ense&#241;anza secundaria de Barcelona y Lleida"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Ariza"
                            1 => "M&#46; Nebot"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Esp Salud P&#250;blica"
                        "fecha" => "2002"
                        "volumen" => "76"
                        "paginaInicial" => "227"
                        "paginaFinal" => "238"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12092469"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            15 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib16"
              "etiqueta" => "16&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Factores asociados con la intenci&#243;n de fumar y el inicio del h&#225;bito tab&#225;quico en escolares&#58; resultados del estudio ESFA en Barcelona"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Nebot"
                            1 => "Z&#46; Tom&#225;s"
                            2 => "C&#46; Ariza"
                            3 => "S&#46; Valmayor"
                            4 => "A&#46; Mudde"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Gac Sanit"
                        "fecha" => "2002"
                        "volumen" => "16"
                        "paginaInicial" => "131"
                        "paginaFinal" => "138"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11958749"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            16 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib17"
              "etiqueta" => "17&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Peer influence on smoking initiation during early adolescence&#58; a compari-sion of group members and group outsiders"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "P&#46;A&#46; Aloise-Young"
                            1 => "J&#46;W&#46; Graham"
                            2 => "W&#46;B&#46; Hansen"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Appl Psychol"
                        "fecha" => "1994"
                        "volumen" => "79"
                        "paginaInicial" => "281"
                        "paginaFinal" => "287"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8206817"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            17 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib18"
              "etiqueta" => "18&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The complementarity of teen smoking and drink"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "T&#46;S&#46; Dee"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Health Econ"
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "volumen" => "18"
                        "paginaInicial" => "769"
                        "paginaFinal" => "793"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10847934"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            18 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib19"
              "etiqueta" => "19&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Predicting Adolescent Smoking&#58; A Prospective Study of Personality Variables"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "R&#46;D&#46; Burt"
                            1 => "K&#46;T&#46; Dinh"
                            2 => "A&#46;V&#46; Peterson Jr"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Prev Med"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "volumen" => "30"
                        "paginaInicial" => "134"
                        "paginaFinal" => "145"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            19 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib20"
              "etiqueta" => "20&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Tendencias en el consumo de tabaco&#44; alcohol y Cannabis de los escolares de Barcelona &#40;1987-1999&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Ariza"
                            1 => "M&#46; Nebot"
                            2 => "J&#46;R&#46; Villalb&#237;"
                            3 => "E&#46; D&#237;ez"
                            4 => "Z&#46; Tom&#225;s"
                            5 => "S&#46; Valmayor"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Gac Sanit"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "17"
                        "paginaInicial" => "190"
                        "paginaFinal" => "195"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12841980"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            20 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib21"
              "etiqueta" => "21&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Current changes in smoking attitudes and behaviours among adolescents in Wales&#44; 1986-92"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "C&#46;H&#46; Smith"
                            1 => "D&#46; Nutbeam"
                            2 => "L&#46; Moore"
                            3 => "C&#46; Roberts"
                            4 => "J&#46; Catford"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Public Health Med"
                        "fecha" => "1994"
                        "volumen" => "16"
                        "paginaInicial" => "165"
                        "paginaFinal" => "171"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7946490"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            21 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib22"
              "etiqueta" => "22&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Stages of change model for smoking prevention and cessation in schools"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "J&#46;O&#46; ProchasKa"
                            1 => "P&#46; Averyard"
                            2 => "K&#46;K&#46; Cheng"
                            3 => "T&#46; Lawrence"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "BMJ"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "volumen" => "320"
                        "paginaInicial" => "447"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10712039"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            22 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib23"
              "etiqueta" => "23&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Effect of restrictions on smoking at home&#44; at school&#44; and in public places on teenage smoking&#58; cross sectional study"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46;A&#46; Wakefield"
                            1 => "F&#46;J&#46; Chaloupka"
                            2 => "N&#46;J&#46; Kaufman"
                            3 => "C&#46;T&#46; rleans"
                            4 => "D&#46;C&#46; Barker"
                            5 => "E&#46;E&#46; Ruel"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "BMJ"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "volumen" => "321"
                        "paginaInicial" => "333"
                        "paginaFinal" => "337"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10926588"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            23 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib24"
              "etiqueta" => "24&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Factors associated with smoking progression among Spanish adolescents"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Ariza"
                            1 => "M&#46; Nebot"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Health Educ Res"
                        "fecha" => "2002"
                        "volumen" => "17"
                        "paginaInicial" => "750"
                        "paginaFinal" => "760"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12507350"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            24 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib25"
              "etiqueta" => "25&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Price tobacco control polices and smoking among young adults"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "F&#46;J&#46; Chaloupka"
                            1 => "H&#46; Wechsler"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Health Econ"
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "volumen" => "16"
                        "paginaInicial" => "359"
                        "paginaFinal" => "373"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10169306"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            25 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib26"
              "etiqueta" => "26&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Youth smoking in US&#58; evidence and implications"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Gruber"
                            1 => "J&#46; Zinman"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:3 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "NBER Working Paper"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "paginaInicial" => "7780W"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            26 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib27"
              "etiqueta" => "27&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The role of peer affiliations&#44; social&#44; family and individual factors in continuities in cigarette smoking between childhood and adolescence"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "D&#46;M&#46; Fergusson"
                            1 => "M&#46;T&#46; Lynskey"
                            2 => "L&#46;J&#46; Horwood"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Addiction"
                        "fecha" => "1995"
                        "volumen" => "90"
                        "paginaInicial" => "647"
                        "paginaFinal" => "659"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7795501"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            27 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib28"
              "etiqueta" => "28&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Steven R&#46; School-based peer effects and juvenile behaviour"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Gaviria"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Econ Stat"
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "volumen" => "83"
                        "paginaInicial" => "257"
                        "paginaFinal" => "268"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            28 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib29"
              "etiqueta" => "29&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Smoking in young adolescents&#58; an approach with multilevel discrete choice models"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Pinilla"
                            1 => "B&#46; Gonz&#225;lez"
                            2 => "P&#46; Barber"
                            3 => "Y&#46; Santana"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Epidemiol Community Health"
                        "fecha" => "2002"
                        "volumen" => "56"
                        "paginaInicial" => "227"
                        "paginaFinal" => "232"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11854347"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            29 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib30"
              "etiqueta" => "30&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Does parental disapproval of smoking prevent adolescents from becoming established smokers&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "J&#46;D&#46; Sargent"
                            1 => "M&#46; Dalton"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pediatrics"
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "volumen" => "108"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1256"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1262"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11731645"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            30 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib31"
              "etiqueta" => "31&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Effect of cigarette promotions on smoking uptake among adolescents"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46;D&#46; Sargent"
                            1 => "M&#46; Dalton"
                            2 => "M&#46; Beach"
                            3 => "A&#46; Bernhardt"
                            4 => "T&#46; eatherton"
                            5 => "M&#46; Stevens"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1006/pmed.1999.0629"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Prev Med"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "volumen" => "30"
                        "paginaInicial" => "320"
                        "paginaFinal" => "327"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731461"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            31 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib32"
              "etiqueta" => "32&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Young adolescents&#44; tobacco advertising&#44; and smoking"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "Y&#46; Santana"
                            1 => "B&#46; Gonz&#225;lez"
                            2 => "J&#46; Pinilla"
                            3 => "J&#46;R&#46; Calvo"
                            4 => "P&#46; Barber"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Drug Educ"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "33"
                        "paginaInicial" => "427"
                        "paginaFinal" => "444"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15237867"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            32 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib33"
              "etiqueta" => "33&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "La publicidad del tabaco&#44; &#191;incrementa el h&#225;bito de fumar entre los adolescentes&#63; Datos desde California"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "J&#46;P&#46; Pierce"
                            1 => "M&#46; Garc&#237;a"
                            2 => "E&#46; Salt&#243;"
                            3 => "A&#46; Schiaffino"
                            4 => "E&#46; ern&#225;ndez"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Gac Sanit"
                        "fecha" => "2002"
                        "volumen" => "16"
                        "numero" => "Supl 2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "69"
                        "paginaFinal" => "76"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            33 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib34"
              "etiqueta" => "34&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Attitudes of teenagers towards cigarettes and smoking initiation"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "P&#46; Barber"
                            1 => "B&#46; Gonz&#225;lez L&#243;pez-Valc&#225;rcel"
                            2 => "J&#46; Pinilla"
                            3 => "Y&#46; Santana"
                            4 => "J&#46;R&#46; Calvo"
                            5 => "A&#46; L&#243;pez"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Substance Use Misuse"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "40"
                        "paginaInicial" => "625"
                        "paginaFinal" => "643"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15887594"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            34 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib35"
              "etiqueta" => "35&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The incidence and context of tobacco use in popular movies from 1988 to 1997"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46;A&#46; Dalton"
                            1 => "J&#46;J&#46; Tickle"
                            2 => "J&#46;D&#46; Sargent"
                            3 => "M&#46;L&#46; Beach"
                            4 => "M&#46;B&#46; Ahrens"
                            5 => "T&#46;F&#46; Heatherton"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1006/pmed.2002.1013"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Prev Med"
                        "fecha" => "2002"
                        "volumen" => "34"
                        "paginaInicial" => "516"
                        "paginaFinal" => "523"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11969352"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            35 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib36"
              "etiqueta" => "36&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Tobacco point of sale advertising increases positive brand user imagery"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "R&#46;J&#46; Donovan"
                            1 => "J&#46; Jancey"
                            2 => "S&#46; Jones"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Tob Control"
                        "fecha" => "2002"
                        "volumen" => "11"
                        "paginaInicial" => "191"
                        "paginaFinal" => "244"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12198267"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
  "url" => "/02139111/0000001900000006/v2_201302051753/S0213911105713947/v2_201302051753/es/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => array:4 [
    "identificador" => "764"
    "tipo" => "SECCION"
    "es" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Originales"
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
  ]
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/02139111/0000001900000006/v2_201302051753/S0213911105713947/v2_201302051753/es/main.pdf?idApp=WGSE&text.app=https://gacetasanitaria.org/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0213911105713947?idApp=WGSE"
]
Compartir
Publique en esta revista
Información de la revista
Vol. 19. Núm. 6.
Páginas 440-447 (noviembre - diciembre 2005)
Respuestas rápidas
Compartir
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Vol. 19. Núm. 6.
Páginas 440-447 (noviembre - diciembre 2005)
Originales
Open Access
Factores predictores del inicio y consolidación del consumo de tabaco en adolescentes
Analysis of factors related to smoking initiation and continued smoking in young adolescents
Visitas
1310
Araceli Caballero-Hidalgoa,
Autor para correspondencia
acabhid@gobiernodecanarias.org

Correspondencia: Araceli Caballero-Hidalgo. Unidad de Investigación. Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín. Plaza Barranco de la Balllena, s/n,35012 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. España.
, Beatriz Gonzálezb, Jaime Pinillab, Patricia Barberb
a Unidad de Investigación. Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. España
b Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos en Economía y Gestión. Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. España
Este artículo ha recibido

Under a Creative Commons license
Información del artículo
Resumen
Bibliografía
Descargar PDF
Estadísticas
Resumen
Objetivo

Analizar los factores que determinan la adquisición y posterior consolidación del consumo de tabaco en los jóvenes adolescentes.

Material y método

Estudio longitudinal de 3 años de duración (2000-2002) sobre jóvenes estudiantes de enseñanza obligatoria, con una edad al inicio del estudio de 13-14 años. Los datos fueron recogidos mediante encuesta individual, cuyo ámbito de estudio era la isla de Gran Canaria, con una muestra final de 745 individuos. Se estimaron modelos de elección binaria condicional de efectos fijos para datos longitudinales, para determinar la probabilidad de probar por primera vez el tabaco («modelo de inicio»), así como sobre la probabilidad de ser fumador occasional o habitual («modelo de experimentación»).

Resultados

En el último año, el 57% de los adolescents encuestados ha tenido contacto con el tabaco alguna vez, un 25% más que en el primer año, algunos de ellos (el 9%) de forma diaria. En el «modelo de inicio» los determinantes del consumo de tabaco son el interés por el colegio (odds ratio [OR]=0,27; intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 0,08-0,87, y OR=0,14; IC del 95%, 0,03-0,58 para los que manifestaron bastante y mucho interés por el colegio, respectivamente), el consumo de tabaco por parte del mejor amigo (OR=7,44; IC del 95%, 2,59-21,4), el consumo de alcohol (OR=11,82; IC del 95%, 4,96-28,2, y OR=15,42; IC del 95%, 4,68-50,7 para los que beben alcohol de manera ocasional o frecuente, respectivamente), y el dinero disponible (euros semanales) (OR=1,13; IC del 95%, 1,07-1,19). Para el «modelo de experimentación», el consumo de tabaco por parte del mejor amigo (OR=7,01; IC del 95%, 2,96-16,5), el consumo de alcohol (OR=5,71; IC del 95%, 1,98-16,4, y OR=5,22; IC del 95%, 1,56-17,5 para los que beben alcohol de manera ocasional o frecuente, respectivamente) y los años que lleva como fumador (OR=1,44; IC del 95%, 1,11-,86).

Conclusiones

El estudio destaca, principalmente, los efectos del grupo de amigos, el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas y el poco interés por los estudios como factores asociados al consumo de tabaco.

Palabras clave:
Consumo de tabaco
Adolescentes óvenes
Influencia del grupo de amigos
Datos longitudinales
Abstract
Objective

To analyse the determining of the acquisition and later consolidation of the tobacco consumption in young adolescents.

Material and method

Longitudinal study of three years of duration (2000-2002). Subjects were students of secondary education between 13 and 14 years old at the beginning of the study. The research was performed in Gran Canaria Island with a final sample of 745 subjects. Models of conditional binary election were considered for longitudinal data where the dependent variable reflects decisions of the adolescents through time, with regard to the probability of beginning to smoke, «beginning model», and the probability of being occasional or habitual smoker, «experimentation model».

Results

In the last year, 57% of the young teenagers surveyed use tobacco, a 25% more than in the first year, some of them, 9% on a daily basis. In the «beginning model» the determining of the tobacco consumption are interest in studies (odds ratio [OR]=0.27; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.08-0.87 and OR=0.14; 95% CI, 0.03-0.58 for the students having enough and much interest in studies, respectively), to have a smoker as the best friend (OR=7.44; 95% CI, 2.59-21.4), the alcohol consumption (OR=11.82; 95% CI, 4.96-28.2 and OR=15.42; 95% CI, 4.68-50.7 for youngs who drink alcohol occasionally or frequently) and having more pocket money (euros per week) (OR=13; 95% CI, 1.07-1.19). For the «experimentation model», to have a smoker as the best friend (OR=7.01; 95% CI, 2.96-16.5), the alcohol consumption (OR=5.71; 95% CI, 1.98-16.4 and OR=5.22; 95% CI, the 1.56-17.5 for youngs who drink alcohol occasionally or frequently) and the number of years since the student started smoking (OR=1.44; 95% IC, 1.11-1.86).

Conclusions

Our study emphasizes, peer group effect, drinking alcoholic beverages and lack of interest in studies as factors associated to the tobacco consumption.

Key words:
Tobacco consumption
Young adolescents
Peergroup effect
Longitudinal data
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
L. Jarvis, Smoking among secondary school children in 1996: England.
Office of National Statistics for the Dept of Health.
The Stationery Office, (1998),
[2.]
D.J. Reid, A.D. McNeill, T.J. Glynn.
Reducing the prevalence of smoking in youth in Western Countries: an international review.
Tob Control, 4 (1995), pp. 266-277
[3.]
D.J. Reid.
Tobacco control: a losing battle?.
Perspectives in public health,
[4.]
W.H. Bruvold.
A meta-analysis of adolescent smoking prevention programs.
Am J Pub Health, 83 (1993), pp. 872-880
[5.]
E. Goddard.
Why children start smoking.
HMSO, (1990),
[6.]
R. McGee, Wr. Stanton.
A longitudinal study of reasons for smoking in adolescence.
Addiction, 88 (1993), pp. 265-271
[7.]
E.B. Andersen.
Conditional inference and models for measuring.
Mentalhygiejnisk Forsknings Institut, (1973),
[8.]
G. Chamberlain.
Analysis of covariance with qualitative data.
Rev Economic Studies, 47 (1980), pp. 225-238
[9.]
E. Díaz, J.R. Villalbí, M. Nebot, J. Aubá, F. Sanz.
El inicio del consumo de tabaco en escolares: estudio transversal y longitudinal de los factores predictivos.
Med Clin (Barc), 110 (1998), pp. 334-339
[10.]
M. Nebot, Z. Tomás, Z. Ariza, S. Valmayor, M.J. López, O. Juárez.
Factores asociados con el inicio del tabaquismo: seguimiento a los 3 años de una cohorte de escolares.
Arch Bronconeumol, 40 (2004), pp. 495-501
[11.]
K.A. Perkins.
Sex differences in nicotine versus onnicotine reinforcements as determinants of tobacco smoking.
Exp Clin Psychopharmacol, 4 (1996), pp. 166-177
[12.]
J.P. Pierce, E. Gilpin.
How long Hill today's new adolescent smoker be addicted to cigarettes?.
Am J Public Health, 86 (1996), pp. 253-256
[13.]
R. Mendoza, J.M. Batista, M. Sánchez, A.M. Carrasco.
El consumo de tabaco, alcohol y otras drogas en los adolescents escolarizados españoles.
Gac Sanit, 12 (1998), pp. 263-271
[14.]
J. Pinilla, B. González.
Profile of the population of Spain with respect to the smoking habit, period 1993-1997.
Eur J Public Health, 11 (2001), pp. 346-352
[15.]
C. Ariza, M. Nebot.
Predictores de la iniciación al onsumo de tabaco en escolares de enseñanza secundaria de Barcelona y Lleida.
Rev Esp Salud Pública, 76 (2002), pp. 227-238
[16.]
M. Nebot, Z. Tomás, C. Ariza, S. Valmayor, A. Mudde.
Factores asociados con la intención de fumar y el inicio del hábito tabáquico en escolares: resultados del estudio ESFA en Barcelona.
Gac Sanit, 16 (2002), pp. 131-138
[17.]
P.A. Aloise-Young, J.W. Graham, W.B. Hansen.
Peer influence on smoking initiation during early adolescence: a compari-sion of group members and group outsiders.
J Appl Psychol, 79 (1994), pp. 281-287
[18.]
T.S. Dee.
The complementarity of teen smoking and drink.
J Health Econ, 18 (1999), pp. 769-793
[19.]
R.D. Burt, K.T. Dinh, A.V. Peterson Jr, et al.
Predicting Adolescent Smoking: A Prospective Study of Personality Variables.
Prev Med, 30 (2000), pp. 134-145
[20.]
C. Ariza, M. Nebot, J.R. Villalbí, E. Díez, Z. Tomás, S. Valmayor.
Tendencias en el consumo de tabaco, alcohol y Cannabis de los escolares de Barcelona (1987-1999).
Gac Sanit, 17 (2003), pp. 190-195
[21.]
C.H. Smith, D. Nutbeam, L. Moore, C. Roberts, J. Catford.
Current changes in smoking attitudes and behaviours among adolescents in Wales, 1986-92.
J Public Health Med, 16 (1994), pp. 165-171
[22.]
J.O. ProchasKa, P. Averyard, K.K. Cheng, T. Lawrence.
Stages of change model for smoking prevention and cessation in schools.
BMJ, 320 (2000), pp. 447
[23.]
M.A. Wakefield, F.J. Chaloupka, N.J. Kaufman, C.T. rleans, D.C. Barker, E.E. Ruel.
Effect of restrictions on smoking at home, at school, and in public places on teenage smoking: cross sectional study.
BMJ, 321 (2000), pp. 333-337
[24.]
C. Ariza, M. Nebot.
Factors associated with smoking progression among Spanish adolescents.
Health Educ Res, 17 (2002), pp. 750-760
[25.]
F.J. Chaloupka, H. Wechsler.
Price tobacco control polices and smoking among young adults.
J Health Econ, 16 (1997), pp. 359-373
[26.]
J. Gruber, J. Zinman.
Youth smoking in US: evidence and implications.
NBER Working Paper, (2000), pp. 7780W
[27.]
D.M. Fergusson, M.T. Lynskey, L.J. Horwood.
The role of peer affiliations, social, family and individual factors in continuities in cigarette smoking between childhood and adolescence.
Addiction, 90 (1995), pp. 647-659
[28.]
A. Gaviria.
Steven R. School-based peer effects and juvenile behaviour.
Rev Econ Stat, 83 (2001), pp. 257-268
[29.]
J. Pinilla, B. González, P. Barber, Y. Santana.
Smoking in young adolescents: an approach with multilevel discrete choice models.
J Epidemiol Community Health, 56 (2002), pp. 227-232
[30.]
J.D. Sargent, M. Dalton.
Does parental disapproval of smoking prevent adolescents from becoming established smokers?.
Pediatrics, 108 (2001), pp. 1256-1262
[31.]
J.D. Sargent, M. Dalton, M. Beach, A. Bernhardt, T. eatherton, M. Stevens.
Effect of cigarette promotions on smoking uptake among adolescents.
Prev Med, 30 (2000), pp. 320-327
[32.]
Y. Santana, B. González, J. Pinilla, J.R. Calvo, P. Barber.
Young adolescents, tobacco advertising, and smoking.
J Drug Educ, 33 (2003), pp. 427-444
[33.]
J.P. Pierce, M. García, E. Saltó, A. Schiaffino, E. ernández.
La publicidad del tabaco, ¿incrementa el hábito de fumar entre los adolescentes? Datos desde California.
Gac Sanit, 16 (2002), pp. 69-76
[34.]
P. Barber, B. González López-Valcárcel, J. Pinilla, Y. Santana, J.R. Calvo, A. López.
Attitudes of teenagers towards cigarettes and smoking initiation.
Substance Use Misuse, 40 (2005), pp. 625-643
[35.]
M.A. Dalton, J.J. Tickle, J.D. Sargent, M.L. Beach, M.B. Ahrens, T.F. Heatherton.
The incidence and context of tobacco use in popular movies from 1988 to 1997.
Prev Med, 34 (2002), pp. 516-523
[36.]
R.J. Donovan, J. Jancey, S. Jones.
Tobacco point of sale advertising increases positive brand user imagery.
Tob Control, 11 (2002), pp. 191-244
Copyright © 2005. Sociedad Española de Salud Pública y Administración Sanitaria
Descargar PDF
Idiomas
Gaceta Sanitaria
Opciones de artículo
Herramientas
es en

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?