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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The July 2022 issue of the journal <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lancet Infectious Disease</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> reported on the 25-panel exhibit <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#8220;Vaccines and Voyages&#8221;</span> of the Edinburgh Science Festival&#46; A major theme of the exhibit was the Royal Philanthropic Expedition to transport the smallpox vaccine by Francisco Xavier Balmis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Increasing awareness of the public of the first international vaccination campaign in the history of public health is a laudable effort&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> We were&#44; however&#44; surprised by the report and the actual exhibit of the many of the panels of this exhibit that contained implicit and ubiquitous links of the Balmis&#39;s Expedition with the Atlantic slave trade &#40;<a href="https://www.iash.ed.ac.uk/event/vaccine-voyages">https&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;iash&#46;ed&#46;ac&#46;uk&#47;event&#47;vaccine-voyages</a>&#41;&#46; The last panel accurately cites references that confirm the lack of association of the Expedition with slavery&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> The misinformation reported in this article contains multiple assumptions and inaccuracies from the exhibit &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Expedition was never designed to inflict any abuse or to humiliate the children&#46; Although Balmis was a controversial figure&#44; he consistently manifested concern for the fate of the 22 orphan children that he transported when he departed from La Coru&#241;a to Mexico&#44; as well as for the 26 Mexican children who&#44; in turn&#44; transported the vaccine from Acapulco to the Philippines&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Contrary to what the panels show&#44; the Expedition spanned a 10-year period&#44; from 1803 to 1813&#44; including Balmis&#8217; second trip to Mexico&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;5</span></a> This second journey stemmed from his interest in learning of the fate of all children of the Expeditions&#44; among whom there were neither girls nor slaves&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;5</span></a> Historical records obtained from the National Historical Mexican Archive provide crucial information regarding the fate of these children&#58; some were adopted by devoted families&#44; while others were raised in the famous Patriotic School&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The most relevant and comprehensive document on the Expedition &#40;file 1558&#41; is kept in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Archivo General de Indias</span> in Seville&#44; Spain&#46; Among its 1560 folios&#44; the word <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#8220;slave&#8221;</span> appears only six times&#44; either to register a vaccinated child or in one single quote&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#8220;we bought four slaves to transport the vaccine from Havana to Yucatan&#8221;&#46;</span> This single case does not justify panel 24 of the exhibit assertion&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#8220;Millions of people were saved from a gruesome and painful death by the work of Balmis&#8217; team but more importantly by the many enslaved and orphaned children he exploited</span>&#8221;&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Neither Balmis&#39;s Expedition nor Jenner&#39;s work would be approved by current ethical standards of research&#46; Nevertheless&#44; while some members of the Expedition seldomly employed slaves as carriers of the vaccine&#44; the exhibit and the report distract the audience from the true legacy of the Expedition&#46; The Expedition was a colossal sanitary planning project with a tangible legacy in global health&#46; In addition to introducing the smallpox vaccine to protect populations&#44; it contributed to the professionalization of public health and began an era of technology transfer&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Should we then assume that Jenner was wrong when he said of the Expedition&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#8220;I cannot imagine that in the annals of history there is a more noble and comprehensive example of philanthropy than this&#8221;&#63;</span> We chose to side with Jenner&#39;s view&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Authorship contributions</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have contributed equally to the writing of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Funding</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Letter to the editor
Deconstructing Balmis: a distorted story of enslaved orphans
Deconstruyendo a Balmis: una historia distorsionada sobre huérfanos esclavizados
Jose Tuellsa,
Autor para correspondencia
tuells@ua.es

Corresponding author.
, Carlos Franco-Paredesb
a Department of Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine, Public Health and History of Science, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
b Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico
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    "titulo" => "Deconstructing Balmis&#58; a distorted story of enslaved orphans"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The July 2022 issue of the journal <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lancet Infectious Disease</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> reported on the 25-panel exhibit <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#8220;Vaccines and Voyages&#8221;</span> of the Edinburgh Science Festival&#46; A major theme of the exhibit was the Royal Philanthropic Expedition to transport the smallpox vaccine by Francisco Xavier Balmis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Increasing awareness of the public of the first international vaccination campaign in the history of public health is a laudable effort&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> We were&#44; however&#44; surprised by the report and the actual exhibit of the many of the panels of this exhibit that contained implicit and ubiquitous links of the Balmis&#39;s Expedition with the Atlantic slave trade &#40;<a href="https://www.iash.ed.ac.uk/event/vaccine-voyages">https&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;iash&#46;ed&#46;ac&#46;uk&#47;event&#47;vaccine-voyages</a>&#41;&#46; The last panel accurately cites references that confirm the lack of association of the Expedition with slavery&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> The misinformation reported in this article contains multiple assumptions and inaccuracies from the exhibit &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Expedition was never designed to inflict any abuse or to humiliate the children&#46; Although Balmis was a controversial figure&#44; he consistently manifested concern for the fate of the 22 orphan children that he transported when he departed from La Coru&#241;a to Mexico&#44; as well as for the 26 Mexican children who&#44; in turn&#44; transported the vaccine from Acapulco to the Philippines&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Contrary to what the panels show&#44; the Expedition spanned a 10-year period&#44; from 1803 to 1813&#44; including Balmis&#8217; second trip to Mexico&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;5</span></a> This second journey stemmed from his interest in learning of the fate of all children of the Expeditions&#44; among whom there were neither girls nor slaves&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;5</span></a> Historical records obtained from the National Historical Mexican Archive provide crucial information regarding the fate of these children&#58; some were adopted by devoted families&#44; while others were raised in the famous Patriotic School&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The most relevant and comprehensive document on the Expedition &#40;file 1558&#41; is kept in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Archivo General de Indias</span> in Seville&#44; Spain&#46; Among its 1560 folios&#44; the word <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#8220;slave&#8221;</span> appears only six times&#44; either to register a vaccinated child or in one single quote&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#8220;we bought four slaves to transport the vaccine from Havana to Yucatan&#8221;&#46;</span> This single case does not justify panel 24 of the exhibit assertion&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#8220;Millions of people were saved from a gruesome and painful death by the work of Balmis&#8217; team but more importantly by the many enslaved and orphaned children he exploited</span>&#8221;&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Neither Balmis&#39;s Expedition nor Jenner&#39;s work would be approved by current ethical standards of research&#46; Nevertheless&#44; while some members of the Expedition seldomly employed slaves as carriers of the vaccine&#44; the exhibit and the report distract the audience from the true legacy of the Expedition&#46; The Expedition was a colossal sanitary planning project with a tangible legacy in global health&#46; In addition to introducing the smallpox vaccine to protect populations&#44; it contributed to the professionalization of public health and began an era of technology transfer&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Should we then assume that Jenner was wrong when he said of the Expedition&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#8220;I cannot imagine that in the annals of history there is a more noble and comprehensive example of philanthropy than this&#8221;&#63;</span> We chose to side with Jenner&#39;s view&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Authorship contributions</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have contributed equally to the writing of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Funding</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None&#46;</p></span></span>"
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