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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objective</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To determine the factors associated with the onset of cannabis use through a systematic review of cohort studies&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Methods</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">An internet-based search was performed using several keywords and their combinations&#46; Original studies with longitudinal design and the onset of cannabis use as dependent variable&#44; as well as review studies were included&#44; published between January 1980 and May 2004&#46; Methodology quality of the studies was assessed independently by two reviewers&#44; according to pre-established criteria&#44; in order to classify studies in high&#44; mid or low quality&#46; Agreement between reviewers was assessed through kappa coefficient&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 32 relevant studies were identified&#44; of which 13 were of higher quality&#46; Selection bias for the inclusion of consumers at the baseline measurement and lack or insufficient adjustment for confounders were the causes of exclusion&#46; The factors of great evidence related to the onset of cannabis use were masculine sex&#44; consumption of tobacco or alcohol&#44; having a problematic relationship with parents&#44; and cannabis consumption by friends&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusion</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Results highlight the importance of different individual&#44; family and environmental factors on the onset of cannabis use&#46; These must be considered to properly arrange intervention programs focusing on primary prevention among teenagers&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivo</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Determinar los factores asociados al inicio del consumo de cannabis a partir de una revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica de estudios de cohortes&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">M&#233;todos</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se realiz&#243; una b&#250;squeda bibliogr&#225;fica informatizada utilizando diversas palabras clave y sus combinaciones&#46; Entre los estudios identificados se seleccionaron los estudios originales de dise&#241;o longitudinal que utilizaran como variable dependiente el inicio de consumo de cannabis&#44; as&#237; como los estudios de revisi&#243;n&#44; publicados entre enero de 1980 y mayo de 2004&#46; Se evalu&#243; la calidad metodol&#243;gica de los estudios mediante 2 revisores&#44; de manera independiente y a partir de unos criterios prestablecidos&#44; clasificando los art&#237;culos en 3 categor&#237;as&#58; alta&#44; intermedia o baja calidad&#46; Se midi&#243; el nivel de concordancia de los revisores a partir del coeficiente kappa&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se identificaron 32 estudios que cumpl&#237;an los criterios de selecci&#243;n&#44; de los cuales 13 fueron determinados de alta calidad&#46; Las causas de exclusi&#243;n fueron el sesgo de selecci&#243;n&#44; por la inclusi&#243;n de consumidores al inicio de la cohorte estudiada&#44; y la falta de ajuste por los potenciales confusores&#46; Los factores que se relacionaron con una mayor evidencia con el inicio del consumo de cannabis fueron el sexo masculino&#44; el consumo de tabaco y alcohol&#44; tener una relaci&#243;n problem&#225;tica con los padres y el consumo de cannabis por parte de los amigos&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los resultados se&#241;alan la importancia de diversos factores individuales&#44; familiares y del entorno en el inicio del consumo de cannabis&#44; que deber&#237;an considerarse de forma conjunta en el abordaje preventivo entre los adolescentes&#46;</p>"
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                      "titulo" => "Psychological and social sequelae of cannabis and other illicit drug use by young people&#58; a systematic review of longitudinal&#44; general population studies"
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                            3 => "I&#46; Crome"
                            4 => "M&#46; Egger"
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                      "titulo" => "Prospective cohort study of cannabis use&#44; predisposition for psychosis&#44; and psychotic symptoms in young people"
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                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Henquet"
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                            3 => "C&#46; Kaplan"
                            4 => "R&#46; Lieb"
                            5 => "H&#46;U&#46; Wittchen"
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                  "referenciaCompleta" => "European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug&#46; Addiction Annual Report 2004&#58; the state of the drugs problem in the European Union and Norway&#46; Office for Official Publications of the European Communities&#44; Luxembourg&#44; pp&#46; 28-30 &#91;citado 12 Jun 2006&#93;&#46; Disponible en&#58; <a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://annualreport.emcdda.%20eu.int/download/ar2004-en.pdf">http&#58;&#47;&#47;annualreport&#46;emcdda&#46; eu&#46;int&#47;download&#47;ar2004-en&#46;pdf</a>"
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Factors associated with the onset of cannabis use: a systematic review of cohort studies
Mònica Guxensaa,b, Manel Nebota,
Autor para correspondencia
mnebot@aspb.es

Correspondence: Dr. Manel Nebot. Servei d’Avaluació i Mètodes d’Intervenció. Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona. Pl. Lesseps, 1. 08015 Bacelona. España.
, Carles Arizaa, Darío Ochoaa,b
a Servei d’Avaluació i Mètodes d’Intervenció, Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, España
b Unitat Docent de Medicina Preventiva i Salut Pública IMAS-UPF-ASPB, Barcelona, España
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objective</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To determine the factors associated with the onset of cannabis use through a systematic review of cohort studies&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Methods</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">An internet-based search was performed using several keywords and their combinations&#46; Original studies with longitudinal design and the onset of cannabis use as dependent variable&#44; as well as review studies were included&#44; published between January 1980 and May 2004&#46; Methodology quality of the studies was assessed independently by two reviewers&#44; according to pre-established criteria&#44; in order to classify studies in high&#44; mid or low quality&#46; Agreement between reviewers was assessed through kappa coefficient&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 32 relevant studies were identified&#44; of which 13 were of higher quality&#46; Selection bias for the inclusion of consumers at the baseline measurement and lack or insufficient adjustment for confounders were the causes of exclusion&#46; The factors of great evidence related to the onset of cannabis use were masculine sex&#44; consumption of tobacco or alcohol&#44; having a problematic relationship with parents&#44; and cannabis consumption by friends&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusion</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Results highlight the importance of different individual&#44; family and environmental factors on the onset of cannabis use&#46; These must be considered to properly arrange intervention programs focusing on primary prevention among teenagers&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivo</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Determinar los factores asociados al inicio del consumo de cannabis a partir de una revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica de estudios de cohortes&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">M&#233;todos</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se realiz&#243; una b&#250;squeda bibliogr&#225;fica informatizada utilizando diversas palabras clave y sus combinaciones&#46; Entre los estudios identificados se seleccionaron los estudios originales de dise&#241;o longitudinal que utilizaran como variable dependiente el inicio de consumo de cannabis&#44; as&#237; como los estudios de revisi&#243;n&#44; publicados entre enero de 1980 y mayo de 2004&#46; Se evalu&#243; la calidad metodol&#243;gica de los estudios mediante 2 revisores&#44; de manera independiente y a partir de unos criterios prestablecidos&#44; clasificando los art&#237;culos en 3 categor&#237;as&#58; alta&#44; intermedia o baja calidad&#46; Se midi&#243; el nivel de concordancia de los revisores a partir del coeficiente kappa&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se identificaron 32 estudios que cumpl&#237;an los criterios de selecci&#243;n&#44; de los cuales 13 fueron determinados de alta calidad&#46; Las causas de exclusi&#243;n fueron el sesgo de selecci&#243;n&#44; por la inclusi&#243;n de consumidores al inicio de la cohorte estudiada&#44; y la falta de ajuste por los potenciales confusores&#46; Los factores que se relacionaron con una mayor evidencia con el inicio del consumo de cannabis fueron el sexo masculino&#44; el consumo de tabaco y alcohol&#44; tener una relaci&#243;n problem&#225;tica con los padres y el consumo de cannabis por parte de los amigos&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los resultados se&#241;alan la importancia de diversos factores individuales&#44; familiares y del entorno en el inicio del consumo de cannabis&#44; que deber&#237;an considerarse de forma conjunta en el abordaje preventivo entre los adolescentes&#46;</p>"
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                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Minister of Public Health of Belgium&#46; Cannabis&#46; 2002 Report&#46; A joint international effort at the initiative of the Ministers of Public Health of Belgium&#44; France&#44; Germany&#44; The Netherlands&#44; Switzerland&#46; Brussels&#58; Technical Report of the International Scientific Conference&#59; 2002&#46;"
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                      "titulo" => "Cannabis and educational achievement"
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                            0 => "D&#46;M&#46; Fergusson"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Psychological and social sequelae of cannabis and other illicit drug use by young people&#58; a systematic review of longitudinal&#44; general population studies"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Macleod"
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                            2 => "A&#46; Copello"
                            3 => "I&#46; Crome"
                            4 => "M&#46; Egger"
                            5 => "M&#46; Hickman"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16200-4"
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                      "titulo" => "Prospective cohort study of cannabis use&#44; predisposition for psychosis&#44; and psychotic symptoms in young people"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Henquet"
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                            2 => "J&#46; Spauwen"
                            3 => "C&#46; Kaplan"
                            4 => "R&#46; Lieb"
                            5 => "H&#46;U&#46; Wittchen"
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                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "330"
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15574485"
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                      "titulo" => "Cannabis as a risk factor for psychosis&#58; systematic review"
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                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "D&#46;M&#46; Semple"
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                            2 => "S&#46;M&#46; Lawrie"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "J Psychopharmacol"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
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                  "referenciaCompleta" => "European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug&#46; Addiction Annual Report 2004&#58; the state of the drugs problem in the European Union and Norway&#46; Office for Official Publications of the European Communities&#44; Luxembourg&#44; pp&#46; 28-30 &#91;citado 12 Jun 2006&#93;&#46; Disponible en&#58; <a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://annualreport.emcdda.%20eu.int/download/ar2004-en.pdf">http&#58;&#47;&#47;annualreport&#46;emcdda&#46; eu&#46;int&#47;download&#47;ar2004-en&#46;pdf</a>"
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                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Observatorio Espa&#241;ol sobre Drogas&#46; Informe 2004&#46; Ministerio del Interior Delegaci&#243;n del Gobierno para el Plan Nacional sobre Drogas&#44; Espa&#241;a&#44; pp&#46; 22-37 &#91;citado 31 Dic 2004&#93;&#46; Disponible en&#58; <a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.pnsd.msc.es/Categoria2/publica/pdf/oed-2004.pdf">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;pnsd&#46;msc&#46;es&#47;Categoria2&#47;publica&#47;pdf&#47;oed-2004&#46;pdf</a>"
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                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Observatorio Espa&#241;ol sobre Drogas&#46; Informe n&#46;&#176; 5&#44; julio 2002&#46; Ministerio del Interior Delegaci&#243;n del Gobierno para el Plan Nacional sobre Drogas&#44; Espa&#241;a&#44; p&#46; 25-26 &#91;citado 31 Dic 2004&#93;&#46; Disponible en&#58; <a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.pnsd.msc.es/Categoria2/publica/pdf/oed-5.pdf">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;pnsd&#46;msc&#46;es&#47;Categoria2&#47;publica&#47;pdf&#47;oed-5&#46;pdf</a>"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Drug use among hispanic youth&#58; examinig comon and unique contributing factors"
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                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
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                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Hisp J Behav Sci"
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "volumen" => "21"
                        "paginaInicial" => "89"
                        "paginaFinal" => "103"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "From family to peer&#58; a review of transitions of influence among drug using youth"
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                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "T&#46; Glynn"
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