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Vol. 20. Núm. S1.
Informe SESPAS 2006: Los desajustes en la salud en el mundo desarrollado
Páginas 160-174 (marzo 2006)
Parte IV. Ecosalud y participación social
Open Access
Cambio climático y salud pública: escenarios después de la entrada en vigor del Protocolo de Kioto
Climatic change and public health: scenarios after the coming into force of the Kyoto Protocol
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Ferran Ballestera,
Autor para correspondencia
ballester_fer@gva.es

Correspondencia: Ferran Ballester. Escuela Valenciana de Estudios para la Salud. Juan de Garay, 21. 46017 Valencia. España.
, Julio Díazb, José Manuel Morenoc
a Unidad de Epidemiología y Estadística. Escuela Valenciana de Estudios en Salud. Conselleria de Sanitat. Generalitat Valenciana. Valencia. España
b Facultad de Ciencias Físicas. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Madrid. España
c Facultad de Ciencias del Medio Ambiente. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Toledo. España
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Resumen

Según los informes del Panel Intergubernamental para el Cambio Climático (IPCC) los humanos del presente y del futuro próximo vamos a vivir, los estamos viviendo ya, cambios importantes en el clima mundial. Conscientes de la magnitud del problema los organismos internacionales han tomado una serie de iniciativas encaminadas a frenar el cambio climático y a reducir su efecto. Esta voluntad se ha plasmado en los acuerdos establecidos en el Protocolo de Kioto en el que los países se comprometen a reducir las emisiones de gases con efecto invernadero. El 16 de febrero de 2005 el Protocolo de Kioto ha entrado en vigor con el apoyo de 141 países firmantes.

Entre las mayores preocupaciones se encuentran los efectos en salud que puede provocar el cambio del clima, como: 1) cambios en la morbimortalidad en relación con la temperatura; 2) efectos en la salud relacionados con eventos meteorológicos extremos (tornados, tormentas, huracanes y precipitaciones extremas); 3) contaminación atmosférica y aumento de los efectos en salud asociados; 4) enfermedades transmitidas por los alimentos y el agua, y 5) enfermedades transmitidas por vectores infecciosos y por roedores.

Incluso si todos los países del mundo cumplieran con el Protocolo de Kioto, algunas consecuencias de los cambios en el clima serán inevitables, entre ellas algunas que tendrán efecto negativo sobre la salud. La adaptación es una estrategia de respuesta clave para minimizar los efectos del cambio climático y para reducir, con el mínimo coste, los efectos adversos sobre la salud. Desde la salud pública se puede y se debe desempeñar un papel relevante en la comprensión de los riesgos para la salud de los cambios del clima, en el diseño de sistemas de vigilancia para evaluar los posibles efectos, en el establecimiento de sistemas para prevenir o reducir los daños y en la identificación y desarrollo de necesidades de investigación.

Palabras clave:
Cambio climático
Temperatura
Contaminación atmosférica
Enfermedades infecciosas
Adaptación
Vigilancia
Salud pública
Abstract

According to the reports of the intergovernmental panel for climatic change (IPCC) human beings of the present and near future are going to experiment, in fact we are already experimenting, important changes in the world climate. Conscious of the magnitude of the problem, international organizations have taken a series of initiatives headed to stop the climatic change and to reduce its impact. This willingness has been shaped into the agreements established in the Kyoto protocol, where countries commit to reduce greenhouse-effect gas emissions. Kyoto protocol has come into force on February 16th 2005 with the support of 141 signing countries.

Among the major worries are the effects which climatic change may have upon health, such as: 1) changes in the morbidity- mortality related to temperature; 2) Effects on health related with extreme meteorological events (tornados, storms, hurricanes and extreme raining); 3) Air pollution and increase of associated health effects; d) Diseases transmitted by food and water and 4) Infectious diseases transmitted by vectors and by rodents.

Even if all the countries in the world committed to the Kyoto Protocol, some consequences of the climatic change will be inevitable; among them some will have a negative impact on health. It would be necessary to adapt a key response strategy to minimize the impacts of climatic change and to reduce, at minimum cost, its adverse effects on health. From the Public Health position, a relevant role can and must be played concerning the understanding of the risks for health of such climatic changes, the design of surveillance systems to evaluate possible impacts, and the establishment of systems to prevent or reduce damages as well as the identification and development of investigation needs.

Key words:
Climatic change
Temperature
Air pollution
Communicable diseases
Adaptation
Surveillance
Public health
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