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Vol. 22. Núm. S1.
Informe SESPAS 2008: Mejorando la efectividad de las intervenciones públicas sobre la salud
Páginas 65-70 (abril 2008)
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Vol. 22. Núm. S1.
Informe SESPAS 2008: Mejorando la efectividad de las intervenciones públicas sobre la salud
Páginas 65-70 (abril 2008)
Capítulo 2. Políticas de salud pública. Políticas frente a los riesgos cotidianos
Open Access
Amenazas para la salud y crisis sanitarias. Aproximación a la alerta y respuesta. Informe SESPAS 2008
Health threats and health system crises. An approach to early warning and response
Visitas
1066
Fernando Simón Soriaa,b,
Autor para correspondencia
fsimon@isciii.es

Correspondencia: Fernando Simón Soria. Centro Nacional de Epidemiología. Instituto de Salud Carlos III.
, Francisco Javier Guillén Enríquezc
a Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España
b CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, (CIBERESP), España
c Servicio de Vigilancia Epidemiológica y Evaluación, Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla, España
Este artículo ha recibido

Under a Creative Commons license
Información del artículo
Resumen

El mundo está cambiando más deprisa que nunca. Emergen enfermedades cada año, antiguas enfermedades reemergen como amenazas potenciales y desastres naturales o generados por el hombre afectan crecientemente a la salud.

El Reglamento Sanitario Internacional (2005) plasma la adaptación de la respuesta sanitaria a esta situación. La vigilancia de enfermedades específicas y las respuestas predeterminadas cambian por la vigilancia de eventos de salud pública de interés internacional y medidas de control adaptadas a cada situación. Los eventos de interés se determinan por su gravedad, previsibilidad, potencial de diseminación e impacto en el movimiento de personas y mercancías.

El desarrollo del sistema europeo de alerta y respuesta precoz desde 1998 y la creación del ECDC en 2005 muestran el compromiso político en la Unión Europea con la detección precoz, evaluación y respuesta ante amenazas para la salud pública. Sin embargo, para una evaluación de riesgos y una respuesta oportunas a escala nacional se debe iniciar el proceso de informatización y accesibilidad a los datos, la automatización de la notificación, el análisis y la distribución de información, la combinación de información de diferentes fuentes y la adecuación de servicios de salud pública. En España, las comunidades autónomas han iniciado el proceso, pero la interoperabilidad entre los sistemas desarrollados y la elaboración de guías de actuación y coordinación debería impulsarse desde el Consejo Interterritorial y coordinarse desde el Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo.

Los sistemas de alerta y respuesta eficaces ante amenazas para la salud, mejorando la oportunidad de las acciones y reduciendo la incertidumbre de la información, minimizarían el riesgo de crisis sanitarias.

Las amenazas sanitarias tienen un perfil inespecífico. Su detección requiere un acceso a información multidisciplinario y una correcta evaluación de riesgo. El apoyo al desarrollo metodológico y la investigación en salud pública son fundamentales para mejorar la respuesta ante amenazas sanitarias.

Palabras clave:
Alerta sanitaria
Crisis sanitaria
Vigilancia
España
Abstract

The world is changing more and faster than ever before. New diseases are coming to light each year, controlled diseases are reemerging as potential threats, and natural or man-made disasters are increasingly affecting human health.

The “International Health Regulations (2005)” reflect the changes in the response of public health to this new situation. Surveillance of specific diseases and predefined control measures have been replaced by surveillance of public health events of international concern and control measures adapted to each situation. The public health events of international interest are characterized by their seriousness, predictability, the risk of international spread and potential for travel or trade restrictions.

The development of the European Early Warning and Response System in 1998 and the creation of the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control in 2005 demonstrate political commitment in Europe, with early detection of and response to public health threats. However, timely risk evaluation and response at a national level requires improved data digitalization and accessibility, automatic notification processes, data analysis and dissemination of information, the combination of information from multiple sources and adaptation of public health services. The autonomous regions in Spain are initiating this adaptation process, but interoperability between systems and the development of guidelines for a coordinated response should be steered by the National Interregional Health Council and coordinated by the Ministry of Health.

Efficient early warning systems of health threats that allow for a timely response and reduce uncertainty about information would help to minimize the risk of public health crises.

The profile of public health threats is nonspecific. Early detection of threats requires access to information from multiple sources and efficient risk assessment. Key factors for improving the response to public health threats are the development of surveillance methods and operational research in public health.

Key words:
Public health alert
Public health crisis
Surveillance
Spain
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
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