Journal Information
Vol. 15. Issue 5.
Pages 423-431 (August - October 2001)
Vol. 15. Issue 5.
Pages 423-431 (August - October 2001)
Open Access
Risk adjustment: beyond patient classification systems
Ajuste del riesgo: más allá de los sistemas de clasificación de pacientes
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F. Cotsa,
Corresponding author
Fcots@imas.imim.es

Correspondence: Dr. F. Cots. Servei d'Estudis. Hospital del Mar. Passeig Marítim, 25–29. 08003 Barcelona.
, X. Castellsa, L. Mercadéa, P. Torreb, M. Riua
a Servei d'Estudis de l'Institut Municipal d'Assistència Sanitària.
b Servei de Documentació de l'Institut Municipal d'Assistència Sanitària. Barcelona.
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Article information
Abstract

Diagnosis related groups (DRGs) are widely used in several countries. Their various versions aim to value the cost of hospital production. In Europe, the patient classification systems and standard weights used are usually the American originals.

Objectives

The objective of this study was to analyse the extent to which DRGs and DRG-weights explain patient cost variability. Different components of patient cost (severity, comorbidities, complications and socioeconomic status), which are not well explained by DRG and which can be approximated by using administrative data, were also analysed.

Methods

A total of 35,262 discharges from two public hospitals in Barcelona were analysed. The Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA)-DRGs and the All Patient Refined (APR)- DRGs were calculated. Severity was adjusted by Disease Staging, and comorbidities and complications were calculated using Elixhauser and Charlson comorbidities groupings. An ecological socioeconomic status indicator was used. Linear regressions were estimated to explain per-patient cost variability.

Results

We found that Medicare's DRG-weights explained only 19% of cost variability. Cost-based weights explained nearly 40% (38-42%, depending on the DRG classification used). Exclusion of outliers increased explanatory power to R2 = 47–48%. The remaining adjustment variables increased R2 to 49–51%.

Discussion

Medicare's DRG-weights are not well-suited to Europe. Cost-based DRG-weights and outlier trimming have significantly greater explanatory power. The remaining clinical and socioeconomic variables have considerably less explanatory power but were statistically significant and behaved as expected. Spanish and other European health authorities should adapt DRG-classification systems to their environments for use in hospital production cost valuation.

Key words:
Diagnosis related groups
Hospital cost analysis
DRG-weights
Outliers
Socioeconomic status
Severity
Risk adjustment
Resumen

Los grupos relacionados con el diagnóstico (GRD) se utilizan ampliamente en diferentes países. Sus diversas versiones tratan de estimar el coste de la producción hospitalaria. En Europa, los sistemas de clasificación de pacientes y los pesos relativos estándares utilizados habitualmente son los originales norteamericanos.

Objetivos

El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar el grado hasta el cual los GRD y las ponderaciones GRD explican la variabilidad del coste del paciente. También se analizaron los diferentes componentes del coste del paciente (gravedad, comorbilidades, complicaciones y posición socioeconómica) que no se explican adecuadamente mediante los GRD y que pueden abordarse utilizando datos administrativos.

Métodos

Se analizaron un total de 35.262 altas de dos hospitales públicos de Barcelona. Se calcularon los GRD de la Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) y los GRD refinados de todos los pacientes (APR). La gravedad se ajustó mediante la Disease Staging, y las comorbilidades y complicaciones se calcularon utilizando las agrupaciones de comorbilidades de Elixhauser y Charlson. Se utilizó un indicador ecológico de la posición socioeconómica. Para explicar la variabilidad del coste por paciente se estimaron regresiones lineales. Resultados: Pusimos de manifiesto que las ponderaciones GRD Medicare sólo explicaron un 19% de la variabilidad del coste. Las ponderaciones basadas en el coste explicaron casi un 40% (38–42%, dependiendo de la clasificación GRD utilizada). La exclusión de los valores extremos aumentó la potencia explicativa hasta un R2 = 47–48%. Las variables de ajuste restantes aumentaron el R2 hasta un 49–51%.

Discusión

Las ponderaciones GRD Medicare no son apropiadas para Europa. Las ponderaciones GRD basadas en el coste y la reducción de los valores extremos se caracterizaron por una potencia explicativa significativamente mayor. Para las variables clínicas y socioeconómicas restantes se identificó una potencia explicativa considerablemente menor, fueron estadísticamente significativas y se comportaron como se esperaba. Las autoridades sanitarias españolas y de otros países europeos deben adaptar los sistemas de clasificación GRD a sus ámbitos para utilizarlos en la evaluación del coste de la producción hospitalaria.

Palabras clave:
Grupos relacionados con el diagnóstico
Análisis del coste hospitalario
Pesos relativos GRD
Valores extremos
Nivel socioeconómico
Severidad
Ajuste del riesgo
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