Journal Information
Vol. 14. Issue 3.
Pages 226-232 (May - June 2000)
Vol. 14. Issue 3.
Pages 226-232 (May - June 2000)
Open Access
Percepción de Riesgos Ambientales: Estudio Cualitativo Realizado en la Zona del Vertido Tóxico de Aznalcóllar
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R. Solé Arqués
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r.sole@arrakis.es

Correspondencia: C/ San Basilio, 12–14, 41003 Sevilla.
, M.T. Cruz Piqueras
Máster en Salud Pública y Gestión Sanitaria. Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública
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Fundamento

Este artículo está basado en un estudio cualitativo realizado durante los meses de julio y agosto de 1998 entre la población residente en zonas próximas al vertido tóxico de minas de Aznalcóllar, en Sevilla, España, suceso ocurrido el 25 de abril de 1998.

Objetivos

Aportar algunas claves sobre la percepción de riesgos en la población de la zona próxima al vertido, haciendo hincapié en los riesgos percibidos para la salud de las personas, las fuentes de información, su credibilidad, y las expectativas ante el futuro.

Metodología

Se utilizaron técnicas cualitativas combinadas, consistentes en entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupos focales.

Resultados

recogen la existencia de una percepción de las consecuencias económicas del vertido, y en un segundo plano por posibles consecuencias para la salud. Los riesgos percibidos para la salud se refieren a los efectos a largo plazo del tipo de malformaciones y cáncer, sin que se reconozcan cambios de comportamientos o en los hábitos. La información procede de los medios de comunicación, si bien se manifiesta desconfianza y perplejidad ante la información recibida. Se constata escasa credibilidad hacia la administración, los grupos ecologistas y los medios de comunicación. El rol del sistema sanitario aparece desdibujado. Existe una clara percepción de falta de información adecuada a la audiencia y la población afectada demanda una participación informada en la gestión de riesgos ambientales.

Conclusiones

Los resultados de este estudio apoyan la necesidad de reconocer la trascendencia de una comunicación adecuada en el manejo de las posibles amenazas para la salud inherentes a los peligros ambientales. Asimismo se pone de manifiesto la necesidad de profundizar en el conocimiento de la percepción de riesgos ambientales en nuestro país, mediante estudios cuantitativos y cualitativos, en el contexto de la gestión moderna de riesgos y ante la creciente importancia que tienen en la agenda social los temas relacionados con el medio ambiente.

Palabras clave:
Percepción de riesgos ambientales
Estudio cualitativo
Vertido tóxico
Abstract
Background

This paper is based on a qualitative study undertaken between July and August 1998 among the residents of the area close the mining waste spill that occurred the 25th of April 1998 in Aznalcóllar, Seville, Spain.

Objectives

To contribute to the identification of some clues about risk perceptions among the population living at the vicinity of the toxic spill, focusing especially on the perceived health risks, the sources of information, their credibility, and the expectations for the future.

Methodology

Combined qualitative research methodologies were used, including interviews and focal groups.

Results

The findings show the existence of a perception of the economic consequences of the spill. In a second level possible the consequences for the health status were relevant. Perceived health risks referred to long term effects, such as malformations and cancer. No changes in habits and behaviour are expressed. The information comes from the media, even if mistrust and perplexity are associated with the information received. There is low of credibility towards the administration, ecologist groups and the media. The role of the health system appears poorly defined. The perceived absence of an adequate information to the audience is noted, and there is a demand from the affected population for an informed participation in the process of management of environmental risks.

Conclusions

The findings of this work stress the importance of an adequate communication process in the management of health risks associated with environmental hazards. Moreover, it also highlights the need to improve the knowledge about environmental risk perceptions in our country through both quantitative and qualitative research, in the context of the modern risk management and the growing relevance of environmental topics in the social agenda

Key words:
Environmental risk perception
Qualitative study
Mining waste spill
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Copyright © 2000. Sociedad Española de Salud Pública y Administración Sanitaria
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