Journal Information
Vol. 21. Issue 4.
Pages 343-348 (July - August 2007)
Vol. 21. Issue 4.
Pages 343-348 (July - August 2007)
Revisión
Open Access
Mantenimiento de la cadena del frío para las vacunas: una revisión sistemática
Cold chain maintenance in vaccines: a systematic review
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Paloma Ortega Molina
Corresponding author
pomolina@med.ucm.es

Correspondencia: Paloma Ortega Molina. Avda. de la Complutense, s/n. 28040 Madrid. España.
, Paloma Astasio Arbiza, Romana Albaladejo Vicente, Pilar Arrazola Martínez, Rosa Villanueva Orbáiz, José Ramón de Juanes Pardo
Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
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Resumen
Objetivo

Los programas de inmunización sistemática dependen en gran medida del correcto mantenimiento y la manipulación de las vacunas que se aplican, es decir, del perfecto mantenimiento de la cadena del frío. Por ello, nos propusimos realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura médica sobre la cadena del frío y las vacunas, con el objetivo de conocer las prácticas diarias en los puntos de vacunación.

Métodos

Se efectuó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las principales bases médicas entre 1990 y 2005. Se incluyeron los estudios que, mediante encuesta y/o inspección a puntos de vacunación, aportaban datos sobre: designación de responsable sanitario, existencia de termómetro de máximas y mínimas, temperatura del frigorífico en el momento de la visita y control y registro de la temperatura. Para todas las variables se calculó la prevalencia media con su intervalo de confianza del 95%.

Resultados

Se localizaron 377 artículos, se seleccionaron inicialmente 31 y se incluyeron 13 de ellos. El 72,21% de los puntos de vacunación tenía un responsable de vacunas, pero sólo el 61,43% de ellos conocían el rango óptimo de temperaturas. Por otro lado, el 55% de estos puntos tenía un termómetro de máxima y mínima y sólo el 26,88% realizaba controles y registros de temperaturas al menos una vez al día.

Conclusión

En las publicaciones incluidas en el estudio se detectan deficiencias importantes en el mantenimiento de la cadena del frío de las vacunas, que ponen en riesgo la efectividad y la eficiencia de los programas de inmunización.

Palabras clave:
Cadena del frío
Revisión sistemática
Conocimientos
Estabilidad de las vacunas
Abstract
Objetive

Systematic immunization programmes mostly depend on the correct maintenance and manipulation of the vaccines to be used, i.e. perfect maintenance of the cold chain. Therefore, we decided to carry out a systematic review of the literature on the cold chain and vaccines, to identify daily practices in vaccine sites.

Methods

A literature search was performed in the main medical databases for documents published between 1990 and 2005, including those performed by means of a survey and/or inspection of vaccine sites that provided the following data: a designated health officer, availability of a thermometer with maximums and minimums, refrigerator temperature at the time of the visit, and temperature control and registration. For all the variables, the mean prevalence was calculated with a 95% confidence interval.

Results

Three hundred seventy-seven articles were found; 31 were initially selected and 13 were finally included. In 72.21% of the vaccine points, there was an officer responsible for the vaccines, but only 61.43% knew the optimal temperature range. Fifty-five percent of these points had a thermometer with maximums and minimums and only 26.88% carried out temperature controls and registrations at least once per day.

Conclusion

Important shortfalls were detected in cold chain maintenance in all selected articles, jeopardizing the effectiveness and efficiency of immunization programs.

Key words:
Cold chain
Systematic review
Knowledge
Vaccine stability
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Copyright © 2007. Sociedad Española de Salud Pública y Administración Sanitaria
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