Journal Information
Vol. 25. Issue S1.
Evaluación en salud pública
Pages 49-55 (June 2011)
Vol. 25. Issue S1.
Evaluación en salud pública
Pages 49-55 (June 2011)
Open Access
Evaluación de la efectividad de los programas de vacunación
Assessing the effectiveness of vaccination programs
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Eva Borràsa,b,c,
Corresponding author
eva.borras@gencat.cat

Autora para correspondencia.
, Àngela Domínguezb,c, Lluis Sallerasb,c
a Dirección General de Salud Pública, Departamento de Salud, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, España
b Departamento de Salud Pública, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
c CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), España
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Resumen

Las vacunas han contribuido enormemente a la reducción de la incidencia de muchas enfermedades transmisibles. La eficacia protectora de una vacuna se refiere a los efectos sanitarios de la vacuna aplicada en condiciones óptimas e ideales, mientras que la efectividad de un programa de vacunación evalúa los efectos sanitarios en los individuos vacunados, cuando las condiciones de aplicación son las habituales de la práctica clínica o de los programas de salud pública, distantes de las óptimas. La eficacia de la vacuna se estima en ensayos clínicos aleatorizados. Por su parte, la efectividad puede estimarse mediante diversos tipos de, estudios epidemiológicos: ensayos comunitarios aleatorizados, en los que se asigna aleatoriamente la vacuna objeto de estudio a un grupo como unidad de aleatorización y se compara la incidencia de la enfermedad en dicho grupo con la del otro grupo que no se ha vacunado; estudios de cohortes, tipo de estudio epidemiológico observacional en que se parte del antecedente de la vacunación en sujetos sanos vacunados (cohorte vacunada) y no vacunados (cohorte no vacunada), y se investiga la aparición de la enfermedad en ambos grupos; y estudios de casos y controles, también observacionales, en los cuales se seleccionan dos grupos, uno con presencia (casos) y otro con ausencia (controles) de la enfermedad que se desea prevenir, y se retrocede al pasado en busca de los antecedentes de vacunación en ambos grupos. También puede estimarse comparando las tasas de ataque en los brotes epidémicos, o las tasas de ataque secundario en el ámbito familiar, o mediante el método de cribado.

Palabras clave:
Eficacia
Efectividad
Vacuna
Programa de vacunación
Abstract

Vaccines have contributed enormously to reducing the incidence of many communicable diseases. The protective efficacy of a vaccine refers to the health effects of the vaccine applied in optimal, ideal conditions, whereas the effectiveness of a vaccination program refers to the health effects of vaccination in the vaccinated individuals in clinical practice or within public health programs, which may differ widely from optimal conditions. Vaccine efficacy is estimated by randomized clinical trials. In contrast, effectiveness can be measured by various types of epidemiological studies: randomized community trials, in which the target vaccine is randomly assigned to a group and disease incidence in this group is compared with that of an unvaccinated group; cohort studies, which are observational epidemiological studies in which the vaccination status is known in healthy vaccinated (vaccinated cohort) and unvaccinated (unvaccinated cohort) people and the occurrence of the disease in the two groups is studied; and observational case-control studies, in which two groups are selected; one with the disease under investigation (cases) and the other without (controls), and vaccination histories are investigated in the two groups. Vaccine effectiveness may also be estimated by comparing attack rates in epidemic outbreaks or secondary attack rates in the home, or by screening.

Keywords:
Efficacy
Effectiveness
Vaccine
Vaccination programme
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