Journal Information
Vol. 13. Issue 5.
Pages 353-360 (September - October 1999)
Vol. 13. Issue 5.
Pages 353-360 (September - October 1999)
Open Access
El abandono del hábito tabáquico en Cataluña
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E. Fernández1,2,
Corresponding author
efernandez@bell.ub.es

Dr. Esteve Fernández, Institut Universitari de Salut Pública de Catalunya; Campus de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona; Ctra. Feixa Llarga, s/n; 08907 L'Hospitalet
, J. Carné1, A. Schiaffino1, J.M. Borràs3, E. Saltó2,4, R. Tresserras2,4, L. Rajmil1, J.R. Villalbí1,5, A. Segura1,2
1 Institut Universitari de Salut Pública de Catalunya, L'Hospitalet, Barcelona
2 Departament de Salut Pública, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona
3 Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet, Barcelona
4 Departament de Sanitat i Seguretat Social, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona
5 Institut Municipal de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona
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Resumen
Objetivo

Aunque se han monitorizado en los últimos años las tendencias en la prevalencia de fumadores y de ex fumadores en Cataluña, no se han descrito las características de los fumadores que abandonan el hábito. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar la proporción de abandono del hábito tabáquico en Cataluña en 1994 y estudiar las variables sociodemográficas, estilos de vida y características del hábito relacionadas con el abandono.

Sujetos y métodos

Se utilizó la información procedente de la Encuesta de Salud de Catalunya de 1994, que es un estudio transversal por entrevista de una muestra representativa de la población no institucionalizada de Catalunya. Se han incluido los 5.424 individuos mayores de 14 años (3.649 hombres y 1.775 mujeres) que declararon ser fumadores actuales (2.335 hombres y 1.331 mujeres) o ex fumadores (1.314 hombres y 444 mujeres). Se han calculado las proporciones de abandono (PA) o quit ratios crudas, estandarizadas por edad, y las correspondientes odds ratios (OR) de abandono.

Resultados

La PA ajustada por edad fue de 31,8% para los varones y de 30,9% para las mujeres, siendo mayor en los grupos de edad más elevada. La PA del hábito tabáquico es, en ambos géneros, mayor entre los casados, con un nivel socioeconómico más alto, y con indicadores de estilo de vida más saludables (actividad física de ocio moderada o intensa y consumo de alcohol moderado). La OR de abandono aumenta con la intensidad del hábito en los hombres (OR = 2,9; IC 95%:2,2-3,8; fumadores de > 30 cigarrillos/día vs. 1–10 cigarrillos/ día), mientras que en las mujeres la asociación no es lineal: las fumadoras de intensidad media tienen una menor probabilidad de abandono (OR < 1), que aumenta en las grandes fumadoras (OR = 1,7; IC 95%: 1,0–2,9).

Conclusiones

Este estudio confirma una asociación positiva, tanto para hombres como para mujeres, entre el abandono del hábito tabáquico y la edad avanzada, el nivel socioeconómico elevado, la mayor intensidad del hábito, y estilos de vida saludables. La caracterización de estos grupos debería facilitar la realización de intervenciones que puedan tener éxito en el abandono del hábito. Igualmente, es necesario concentrar esfuerzos en grupos que hasta el momento parecen responder poco a las intervenciones, como los fumadores moderados o de nivel socioeconómico bajo.

Palabras clave:
Tabaquismo
Abandono
Proporción de abandono
Cesación
Encuesta de salud
Desigualdades
Cataluña
Summary
Objective

While trends in the prevalence of smoking and ex-smoking in Catalonia, Spain have been monitorized, the characteristics of those smokers who quit have not been investigated. The aim of this investigation was to analyze the prevalence of cessation, or quit ratio, in Catalonia and to study its sociodemographic, life-style, and smoking correlates.

Subjects and Methods

We analyzed data collected in the Catalan Health Interview Survey conducted in 1994. This is a cross-sectional study based on a representative sample of the non-institutionalized population of Catalonia. We included for analysis a total of 5,424 subjects (3,649 males and 1,775 females) who declared to be current smokers (2,335 males and 1,331 females) or past smokers (1,314 males and 444 females). We computed the crude and age-standardized quit ratios (QR) or prevalence of cessation, as well as the odds ratio (OR) of quitting smoking, according to gender and the variables studied.

Results

The age-standardized QR was 31.8% for males and 30.9% for females and increased with age. The QR was, both in males and females, greater among married subjects, with higher socioeconomic status, and with healthy life-styles (moderate and heavy leisure physical activity and moderate alcohol consumption). The OR of quitting smoking was higher in heavy smokers (OR = 2.9; 95% CI: 2.2–3.8; smokers of > 30 cigarettes/day vs. 1–10 cigarettes/day) in males, while it was < 1 for females of medium intensity, conforming a shaped curve rather than a linear trend (OR = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.0–2.9, in heavy smokers).

Conclusions

This study confirms a positive association in males and females between quitting smoking and increasing age, a higher socioeconomic level, heavy smoking, and healthy life-styles. The identification of these groups should facilitate the planning of successful interventions. Further effort is also necessary to target groups with low cessation rates, such as individuals in disadvantaged social classes and light smokers.

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