Journal Information
Vol. 18. Issue 5.
Pages 351-359 (September - October 2004)
Vol. 18. Issue 5.
Pages 351-359 (September - October 2004)
Open Access
Desigualdades en la salud mental de la población ocupada
Inequalities in mental health in the working population
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7189
Immaculada Cortèsa,b,c,
Corresponding author
icortes@aspb.es

Correspondencia: Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona. Pl. Lesseps, 1. 08023 Barcelona. España.
, Lucía Artazcoza,b,c,d, Mayca Rodríguez-Sanzb,e, Carme Borrellb,c,e
a Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona. Servei de Salut Laboral i Ambiental
b Red de Centros de Investigación Cooperativa en Epidemiología y Salud Pública
c Red de Investigación de Salud y Género
d Universitat Pompeu Fabra
e Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona. Servei de Sistemes d’Informació Sanitària. Barcelona. España
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Abstract
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Resumen
Objetivos

Analizar las desigualdades en la salud mental según el género y la cualificación del trabajo de la población ocupada, e identificar los factores laborales de riesgo psicosocial y las condiciones de empleo asociadas con el estado de salud mental de esta población.

Métodos

Estudio transversal con datos de la Encuesta de Salud de Barcelona de 2000. Se incluyó la población ocupada de 16 a 64 años de edad (2.322 hombres y 1.836 mujeres). El estado de salud mental se midió con el cuestionario GHQ-12. Se ajustaron modelos de regresión logística para calcular las odds ratio ajustadas (ORa) con intervalos de confianza (IC) del 95%.

Resultados

La prevalencia de mala salud mental varió del 8% en los hombres con ocupaciones no manuales al 19% en las mujeres con ocupaciones manuales. Las mujeres presentaban un mayor riesgo de mala salud mental que los hombres, aunque las diferencias de sexo fueron superiores entre las trabajadoras manuales (ORa respecto a los hombres del mismo grupo = 2,26; IC del 95%, 1,68–3,05). Las diferencias según la cualificación profesional solamente se presentaron en las mujeres, con una ORa de 1,58 (IC del 95%, 1,22–2,05) de las trabajadoras manuales respecto a las no manuales. Los factores de riesgo psicosocial se asociaron con la salud mental: las exigencias psicológicas en todos los grupos, la autonomía sólo en las ocupaciones no manuales y el apoyo social únicamente en las mujeres más cualificadas. Algunas condiciones de empleo, como trabajar en jornada partida o con un contrato temporal, sólo se asociaron con la salud mental en las ocupaciones manuales.

Conclusiones

La salud mental de la población ocupada se relaciona con la cualificación profesional y el género; la situación más desfavorable corresponde a las mujeres, especialmente las que tienen ocupaciones manuales. Los factores laborales de naturaleza psicosocial se asocian con el estado de salud mental y también con un patrón diferencial según la cualificación laboral y el género.

Key words:
Mental health
Psychosocial factors
Social class
Gender
Occupational health
Palabras clave:
Salud mental
Factores psicosociales
Clase social
Género
Salud laboral
Abstract
Objectives

To analyze inequalities in mental health in the working population by gender and professional qualifications and to identify psychosocial risk factors and employment conditions related to the mental health of this population.

Methods

We performed a cross-sectional study using data from the Barcelona Health Survey 2000. The working population aged 16–64 years (2322 men and 1836 women) was included. Mental health was measured with the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated by means of multivariate logistic regression models separated by job qualifications and gender.

Results

The prevalence of poor mental health ranged from 8% among men working in non-manual occupations to 19% in women working in manual jobs. Women were more likely to report poor mental health status than men, although sex differences were greater among manual workers (aOR = 2.26; 95%CI, 1.68–3.05 for women compared to men in the same group). Differences according to qualifications were found among women only (aOR = 1.58 [95%CI, 1.22–2.05] for women working in manual jobs compared to those working in non-manual jobs), while no differences were found among men according to qualifications. Psychosocial risk factors were associated with mental health: demand was associated in all groups, autonomy only in non-manual occupations, and social support only in the most highly qualified working women. Employment conditions such as working a split shift (working day with a long lunch break) or having a temporary contract were associated with mental health in manual occupations only.

Conclusions

Mental health among the working population is related to professional qualifications and gender. Women are at greater risk than men, especially those working in manual occupations. Psychosocial occupational factors are related to mental health status, showing different patterns depending on gender and professional qualifications.

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