Respuestas rápidas

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"cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Uso de la evaluación realista para evaluar las respuestas de los equipos de atención primaria a la violencia del compañero íntimo en España" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionMen's intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is a global public health problem and has devastating effects on the health and wellbeing of women and children.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170">1–5</a> The health care system, especially primary health care facilities, can play a key role in responding to IPV, since they are the public institutions most frequently accessed by women exposed to IPV —even if most of those cases remain undetected by health professionals.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170">1,6,7</a> The World Health guidelines Responding to intimate partner violence and sexual violence against women defines what an “adequate healthcare response to IPV” should include: detect, provide health-care assistance and register, orient on available resources, coordinate with other professionals and institutions, and ensure that all the previous actions are carried out putting women's needs at the centre (woman-centred).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">5</a>Evaluations to assess the level of implementation of a health care response and, most importantly, on the factors triggering an adequate health care response to IPV —understood as the one that fulfils the WHO recommendations—<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190">5,8–10</a> are scarce. In addition, research methodologies that account for the role that contextual factors play instead of controlling them, have still been scarcely used to assess the health-care response to IPV.This article aims to fill this knowledge gap by: 1) describing a realist evaluation carried out in Spain aiming to ascertain why, how and under which circumstances primary health care teams respond to intimate partner violence, and 2) discussing the strengths and challenges of the application of this approach to explore the health care response to IPV.MethodologyAn overview of realist evaluationRealist evaluation is a type of theory-driven evaluation that aims to ascertain why, how and under what circumstances, programmes succeed or fail. It has proven to be useful when exploring complex health system interventions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220">11–14</a>Realist evaluation begins with the formulation of a theory behind the development of an intervention, known as programme theory (PT). PT is formulated on the basis of a review of literature and documents and/or the experience of stakeholders involved in the intervention, and describes how the intervention is supposed to generate change. The basis of the PT consists of a context-mechanism-outcome configuration, which describes patterns or causal chains: certain components of the intervention trigger certain mechanisms within individuals (or groups of individuals) that produce certain outcomes. PT is then tested through empirical research from cases where the intervention has been implemented. The analysis of data in these cases serves to refine the preliminary PT.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210">9,13,14</a> Realist evaluation provides a deeper understanding of the links between the programme and the outcomes by exploring the interactions between programme, actors, context and mechanisms, and consequently offers results that can be acted upon by decision makers.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210">9,11,12,15,16</a>Overall design of the realist evaluation and steps followedIn this study, we applied the realist evaluation approach to explore a complex intervention: the implementation of a healthcare response to IPV within primary health care teams in Spain. In Spain, the Gender Based Violence Law, enacted in 2004, specifically addressed the responsibilities of the health sector.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250">17–20</a> Grounded in this law, the 17 decentralized regional Spanish health systems have developed interventions aimed at: 1) developing protocols to guide health providers’ response to IPV, 2) training health-care professionals, and 3) developing and implementing an IPV monitoring system.For this realist evaluation, we carried out a series of case studies in Spain in four steps, between June 2012 and April 2015. The cases were purposively selected in order to capture the diversity of practices and contextual factors: they were located in four different regions with some being larger cities (eight) and others smaller rural towns (seven). Some were considered by the professionals in charge of IPV programmes within the regional health systems as more interested in responding to IPV (six) than others (nine). In each of the cases, qualitative information was collected via interviews and observation and quantitative information was collected using a questionnaire to assess the readiness of health professionals to respond to IPV (PREMIS), measuring through nine dimensions: 1) perceived preparation, 2) perceived knowledge, 3) actual knowledge, 4) practice issues, 5) opinions on work-place issues, 6) opinions on constraints, 7) opinions on self-efficacy, 8) opinions on victims’ understanding, and 9) opinions on victim autonomy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0270">21,22</a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> summarizes the methods for data collection and analysis applied in each of the four steps.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>During the first step, we developed an initial PT (PT1) based on document and literature reviews, and interviews with 26 professionals in charge of coordinating IPV interventions in 17 regional health systems and also at the national level. All the material was analysed using a thematic analysis guided by realist evaluation principles.In the second step, we refined PT1 into PT2 by testing it in a positive deviant case: the primary healthcare team of La Virgen (pseudonym), located in Region 1 and considered by the professionals in charge of the IPV programme in the regional health system as actively responding to IPV. Data collection and analysis followed an analytic case study design. Both qualitative data (observation, interviews with different informants) and quantitative data (PREMIS questionnaires) were collected. For the analysis, we developed a thick description of the case, guided by PT1 but remaining open to new emerging issues. Afterwards we searched for patterns using the retroduction approach: outcomes were explained by looking into the mechanisms and context elements and ruling out potential alternative explanations.In the third step, we tested the refined PT2 by analysing three other cases located in the same region. Information was collected in each of the sites using the same tools applied in La Virgen. Following a guide based on PT2 and afterwards complemented with the quantitative information from the questionnaires, thick descriptions of each case where developed. Using the retroduction approach described in the previous step, the thick descriptions of the four cases were contrasted in order to identify patterns and PT3 was developed.Finally, in the fourth step, we contrasted the findings emerging from the four cases in Region 1 with 11 additional cases located in three other regions. A multiple case study design was chosen.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">23</a> In order to handle the large amount of information without losing familiarity with each case, qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) was used. QCA assesses the extent to which a configuration of conditions explain the outcomes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285">24–27</a> Based on PT3, a set of conditions (context and mechanisms) and outcomes were identified and assessed in each case using the tools previously described. Afterwards, solution formulae were calculated using fzQCA software, which allowed us to explore what combinations of contextual factors and mechanisms best explained the emergence of an adequate team response to IPV (the outcome).ResultsPT1 was the starting point of this realist evaluation and described how the implemented interventions within primary health care teams in Spain have focused on developing protocols, monitoring systems, and training professionals on IPV. Our initial hypothesis was that such interventions generate team learning about IPV within primary healthcare teams, and that this team learning process was expected to lead to changes in team culture, teamwork and practice with regard to IPV. However, PT1 did not accurately account for what was actually happening within primary health care teams, and how (if at all) those potential mechanisms and contextual factors might be interacting together to trigger adequate health care responses to IPV.PT2 emerged as a refinement of PT1 and stressed that even if the interventions carried out might have played a role in shaping individual and team responses to IPV, such responses were strongly influenced by other factors. Team and individual level factors (such as motivation, team climate<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">28</a> and team leadership) shaped the teams’ capacity to create spaces for team learning and teamwork (and also the interest in this), and to provide therapeutic responses to IPV rather than merely referrals to specialised services. We found that individual motivation was key in shaping professionals’ responses. Regional interventions legitimised the work of motivated professionals but did not encourage them to engage in individual and/or team responses to IPV. We found that other interventions not directly related to IPV (such as interventions to strength woman-centred care) can facilitate the integration of team responses to IPV.In order to explore whether different mechanisms and contextual factors were present in cases with different degrees of IPV responses, we put PT2 to the test in three additional cases, located in the same region as La Virgen but with perceived different achievements in terms of their responsiveness to IPV. The PT3 that emerged from the analysis of those four cases explained how the interventions to integrate a response to IPV within first-line health-care teams a) were implemented differently depending on individual and team-level factors, b) were more easily adopted when woman-centred care had been previously implemented in the team, c) were more easily implemented and sustained in environments that promoted team-work, d) required a sufficient number of motivated professionals and an enabling managerial style in the team to be sustained, e) legitimised the response of internally motivated providers, and f) had limited impact on non-internally motivated providers.In order to further refine PT3 and to identify the key combination of factors and mechanisms in triggering an adequate IPV response to IPV, we applied it to an even larger number of cases. This was done in the last step and lead to the development of PT4. The final PT4 stated that primary health care teams that perceived themselves as well prepared to deal with IPV, consider themselves to be self-efficient enough to deal with IPV and have a woman-centred approach to IPV respond better to women exposed to IPV. These three mechanisms are necessary in order to trigger a better response, but they are not the only ones —there might be others that would trigger a good IPV response. In terms of the contextual factors —at the team level, in general, and in regards to the intervention specifically— the use of the protocol and accumulated experience in primary health care seem to be the most relevant contextual factors in triggering a good response, however in order to do so, they must be combined with other factors, such as having enough number of professionals who have received training on IPV, the presence of a committed social worker, or/and an enabling working environment.See <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> for a summary of the successive PTs.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionRealist evaluation has been considered to be well suited for evaluating complex interventions, as it allows for considering interactions between different layers of context, outcomes and the underlying mechanisms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225">12–14,29–31</a> In this study, the use of realist evaluation allowed us to capture the gaps between the planned intervention and its implementation as well as the relevance of contextual factors, and of other interventions (besides the ones directly targeting IPV) in shaping the individual and team responses to IPV. With the exception of a realist review of screening programmes by O’Campo et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325">32</a> to our knowledge this is the first time that realist evaluation has been used to assess health-care response to IPV.One challenge when evaluating complex interventions refers to the difficulties in assessing outcomes. In this study, despite the existence of the WHO guidelines, it is still difficult to define what an “adequate response to IPV” is and even harder to measure it. In order to conduct a realist evaluation assessing outcomes is key. In this study, our outcome was assessed both qualitatively and quantitatively (via the PREMIS), and consequently the findings of our studies are applicable as long as our definition and measurement of “adequate response of IPV” can be considered relevant.In addition, dealing with uncertainty and complexity means that the research team has to make changes to the planned study protocol in order to best embrace such complexity. In our case, it was possible to be flexible and adapt the study protocol to the emerging findings over the successive steps of the study. However, this required time, resources and expertise, which might not always be available when conducting evaluations within more limited time frames.The successive rounds allowed us to explore different perspectives more in depth. In that sense, we do not consider PT4 the “best PT”. Each PT allowed us to more deeply explore different layers of the phenomenon. In addition, the knowledge generated during each of the cycles of refinement guided us in data collection and analysis during the following cycle. However, even if we claim that we followed an emergent design and that each successive step benefited from the knowledge gained in the previous one, the process was not ideal. Logistically, it was not possible to completely finalize each PT before starting data collection for testing the next PT. In that sense, some of the issues emerging from the successive rounds could not be completely accounted for during data collection. That leaves important aspects that deserve to be further explored, including the role of individual motivation in shaping a team's response.Overall, the realist evaluation approach allowed to explore how different layers of contextual factors interacted with mechanisms to trigger an adequate response to IPV. However, the characteristics of the intervention posed an important challenge. The implementation of the health-care response to IPV in Spain was not a clear cut intervention but rather a group of actions emerging from the Gender Based Violence Law approved in 2004 and regional laws.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">18</a> The intervention was not well defined, did not start at the same time in all regions, varied in terms of the strategies chosen and the extent of its implementation by region, and evolved over time. In addition, austerity measures started impacting the Spanish health system in general, modifying key contextual factors such as team workloads, and primary health care investments.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330">33</a> One of the limitations of this study is that we were not able to fully capture the time component and the regional differences. We have purposively overlooked these complexities in order to be able to focus on the already complex issues happening at the team level, since we also considered these issues to be relevant beyond the Spanish context.Finally, PT4 constituted a summary of the key mechanisms and contextual factors needed to adequately generate IPV responses within primary health care teams. However, the relevance of such conditions could be further confirmed (or refuted) if more cases were included in future analysis. In addition, the role of other relevant conditions (not included in the analysis) could also be further explored with other cases.ConclusionThis realist evaluation study allowed us to point out several key mechanisms —teams’ self-efficacy, perceived preparation, woman-centered care—, and contextual factors such as enabling a team environment and managerial style, motivated professionals, the use of the protocol and accumulated experience in primary health care, that should be considered in order to develop adequate primary health-care responses to IPV.The full application of this realist evaluation was demanding in terms of time, funding and the expertise required. However, we claim that in this study the use of realist evaluation was useful in capturing variations, and the successive cycles allowed knowledge augmentation through a step-by-step scaling up. One strength of this approach is that it allows for flexibility in moving backwards and forwards between theory and empirical findings and in adapting to emerging unexpected findings. In addition, this approach is more suitable for exploring complex interventions as they are implemented in natural settings, as is the case with the implementation of health-care responses to IPV.Editor in chargeCarme Borrell.Transparency declarationThe corresponding author on behalf of the other authors guarantee the accuracy, transparency and honesty of the data and information contained in the study, that no relevant information has been omitted and that all discrepancies between authors have been adequately resolved and described.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tb0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Authorship contributionsI. Goicolea was the PI in this project, participated in the conception and design of the work, the data collection, the analysis and interpretation of the data, the writing of the article and its critical review with important intellectual contributions. C. Vives-Cases, A.-K. Hurtig, M. San Sebastian and B. Marchal have participated in the conception and design of the work, the analysis and interpretation of the data and have critically review the article with important intellectual contributions. All authors have approved the final version of the manuscript. All authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.FundingThis study has been funded through a COFAS grant (supported by COFUND action within the Marie Curie Action People, in the Seventh Framework programme and the Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research/FAS-Forskningsradet för arbetsliv och socialvetenskap) through a competitive call.Conflict of interestThe authors declare that there is no conflict of interest. One of the authors (C. Vives-Cases) belongs to the Gaceta Sanitaria editorial committee, but was not involved in the editorial process of the manuscript." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:16 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres599975" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec614323" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres599976" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusión" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec614322" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methodology" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "An overview of realist evaluation" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Overall design of the realist evaluation and steps followed" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Editor in charge" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Transparency declaration" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Authorship contributions" ] 12 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 13 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 14 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack202083" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 15 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2015-05-20" "fechaAceptado" => "2015-08-18" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec614323" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Spouse abuse" 1 => "Delivery of health care" 2 => "Primary health care" 3 => "Evaluation studies" 4 => "Organizational case studies" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec614322" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Violencia contra la mujer" 1 => "Servicios básicos de salud" 2 => "Atención primaria de salud" 3 => "Evaluación" 4 => "Estudios de casos organizativos" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "ObjectiveFew evaluations have assessed the factors triggering an adequate health care response to intimate partner violence. This article aimed to: 1) describe a realist evaluation carried out in Spain to ascertain why, how and under what circumstances primary health care teams respond to intimate partner violence, and 2) discuss the strengths and challenges of its application. MethodsWe carried out a series of case studies in four steps. First, we developed an initial programme theory (PT1), based on interviews with managers. Second, we refined PT1 into PT2 by testing it in a primary healthcare team that was actively responding to violence. Third, we tested the refined PT2 by incorporating three other cases located in the same region. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected and thick descriptions were produced and analysed using a retroduction approach. Fourth, we analysed a total of 15 cases, and identified combinations of contextual factors and mechanisms that triggered an adequate response to violence by using qualitative comparative analysis. ResultsThere were several key mechanisms —the teams’ self-efficacy, perceived preparation, women-centred care—, and contextual factors —an enabling team environment and managerial style, the presence of motivated professionals, the use of the protocol and accumulated experience in primary health care— that should be considered to develop adequate primary health-care responses to violence. ConclusionThe full application of this realist evaluation was demanding, but also well suited to explore a complex intervention reflecting the situation in natural settings." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "ObjetivoHay pocas evaluaciones de los factores que generan una respuesta sanitaria adecuada a la violencia del compañero íntimo. Este artículo tiene como objetivo: 1) describir una evaluación realista para investigar por qué, en qué circunstancias y cómo los equipos de atención primaria en España responden a la violencia de pareja, y 2) discutir las fortalezas y los desafíos de su aplicación. MétodosSe llevaron a cabo una serie de estudios de caso en cuatro pasos. Primero construimos una teoría del programa inicial (PT1), basada en entrevistas con profesionales del nivel gerencial. Segundo, refinamos la PT1 a PT2, a través del estudio de caso en un equipo de atención primaria que estaba respondiendo activamente a la violencia. Tercero, refinamos la PT2 incorporando al análisis otros tres casos situados en la misma región. Recogimos información cualitativa y cuantitativa, elaboramos descripciones extensas de los casos y los analizamos usando el enfoque de retroducción. Cuarto, analizamos 15 casos para identificar las combinaciones de factores contextuales y mecanismos que desencadenaban una respuesta adecuada a la violencia, utilizando análisis cualitativo comparativo. ResultadosHubo varios mecanismos clave –autoeficacia del equipo, preparación percibida, y atención centrada en las mujeres–, así como factores contextuales –ambiente de equipo y estilo de gestión, presencia de profesionales motivados, uso del protocolo y experiencia acumulada en atención primaria–, que deben considerarse para generar respuestas sanitarias adecuadas a la violencia. ConclusiónLa aplicación de esta evaluación realista requirió tiempo, pero resultó apropiada para explorar una intervención compleja tal como se desarrolla en condiciones reales." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusión" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Data collection \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Data analysis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Time \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1st step: elicit initial programme theory PT1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Review of policy documents.Literature review.Interviews with managers at the national and regional level (26 participants from 17 regions). \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Thematic analysis guided by realist evaluation framework. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">June-December 2012 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">2nd step: refine PT1 into PT2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Interviews with healthcare professionals (17).Interviews with women (4).Interviews with other resources (3).Observation.Survey of professionals’ readiness to manage IPV (PREMIS) (25). \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Analytical case-study of a positive deviant case (a primary health care center considered to be responding very well according to the professionals in charge of IPV within the regional health system). \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">January-April 2013 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">3rd step: refine PT into PT3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Interviews with health care professionals (50).Interviews with women (6).Interviews with other resources (4).Observation.Survey of professionals’ readiness to manage IPV (PREMIS) (83). \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Analytical multiple case-study of four different cases in one region (with different perceived achievements in terms of IPV response and different locations). \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">May-September 2013 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">4th step: refine PT3 into PT4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Qualitative and quantitative information collected in 15 cases used to assess 10 conditions and one outcome.Mechanisms (5): self-efficacy, women-centredness, knowledge, perceived preparation, team IPV climate.Context (5): training, protocol use, primary healthcare approach, team's general climate, social worker's role.Outcome (1): practices on IPV. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Qualitative comparative analysis using fuzzy sets assessing 10 conditions (5 mechanisms and 5 contextual factors) and 1 outcome. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">October 2013-April 2015 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab981522.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Methods for data collection and analysis applied in each of the four steps." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Summary, main points \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Relevant publications \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Programme Theory 1: Intervention focused on: protocols’ and monitoring systems’ development, and training.Intervention supposed to trigger team learning on IPV within PHC team that lead to changes on team culture, workings and practice to better respond to IPV. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Goicolea et al., 2013. How do primary health care teams learn to integrate intimate partner violence management? A realist evaluation protocol.Goicolea et al., 2013. Mapping and exploring health systems’ response to intimate partner violence in Spain. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Programme Theory 2: Team and individual level factors triggered capacity and interest to create spaces for team learning, team work and therapeutic responses to IPV.Individual motivation shaped responses.Regional interventions legitimated work of motivated professionals but did not trigger individual and/or team responses. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Goicolea et al., 2015. Developing a programme theory to explain how primary health care teams learn to respond to intimate partner violence: a realist case-study. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Programme Theory 3: Interventions to integrate a response to IPV within PHC teams:• Are implemented differently depending on individual and team-level factors.• Are more easily adopted when women-centred care has been previously implemented in the team.• Are more easily implemented and sustained in team-work-promoting environments.• Require sufficient number of motivated professionals and an enabling managerial style in the team to be sustained.• Legitimize the response of internally motivated providers.• Have limited impact on non-internally motivated providers. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Programme Theory 4: The combination of team's self-efficacy, perceived preparation and team's “victim understanding-ness” as a key mechanisms in triggering an adequate response to IPV.Encouraging the use of the protocol and accumulated experience in PHC seem to be the most relevant contextual factors in triggering a good response, but in order to do so they must be combined with others. Other team factors–team climate, having a champion SW and training–can also play a role, but always in combination with other conditions. There should be other key factors relevant in triggering a team response to IPV. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab981521.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Summary of emerging programme theories and publications where more detailed information can be found." ] ] 2 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "tb0005" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATEXTO" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "texto" => array:1 [ "textoCompleto" => "What is known about the topic?Primary health care teams can play a role in responding to intimate partner violence (IPV). The implementation of such response varies widely between teams and few rigorous evaluations have been conducted. Methodologies best suited to asses complex interventions have still been scarcely used to assess the health-care response to IPV.What does this study add to the literature?Realist evaluation was useful to point out that professionals’ motivation, teams’ self-efficacy, perceived preparation, woman-centered care, and an enabling environment should be combined to develop adequate responses to IPV. Realist evaluation is useful when exploring complex public health interventions, such as the implementation of health-care response to IPV due to its ability to capture interactions between contextual factors and mechanisms." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:33 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0170" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The health-systems response to violence against women" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "C. Garcia-Moreno" 1 => "K. Hegarty" 2 => "A.F. D’Oliveira" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61837-7" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Lancet." 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The authors are grateful to the professionals working at the municipal, regional and judicial resources for women exposed to IPV in the four regions for providing relevant information and contacts. The authors are especially grateful to the primary health care teams and to the women patients who participated in this study, who shared their time, enthusiasm, experiences and expertise, and facilitated access to unpublished information." 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        "titulo" => "Uso de la evaluaci&#243;n realista para evaluar las respuestas de los equipos de atenci&#243;n primaria a la violencia del compa&#241;ero &#237;ntimo en Espa&#241;a"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Men&#39;s intimate partner violence &#40;IPV&#41; against women is a global public health problem and has devastating effects on the health and wellbeing of women and children&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;5</span></a> The health care system&#44; especially primary health care facilities&#44; can play a key role in responding to IPV&#44; since they are the public institutions most frequently accessed by women exposed to IPV &#8212;even if most of those cases remain undetected by health professionals&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;6&#44;7</span></a> The World Health guidelines <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Responding to intimate partner violence and sexual violence against women</span> defines what an &#8220;adequate healthcare response to IPV&#8221; should include&#58; detect&#44; provide health-care assistance and register&#44; orient on available resources&#44; coordinate with other professionals and institutions&#44; and ensure that all the previous actions are carried out putting women&#39;s needs at the centre &#40;woman-centred&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Evaluations to assess the level of implementation of a health care response and&#44; most importantly&#44; on the factors triggering an adequate health care response to IPV &#8212;understood as the one that fulfils the WHO recommendations&#8212;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;8&#8211;10</span></a> are scarce&#46; In addition&#44; research methodologies that account for the role that contextual factors play instead of controlling them&#44; have still been scarcely used to assess the health-care response to IPV&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This article aims to fill this knowledge gap by&#58; 1&#41; describing a realist evaluation carried out in Spain aiming to ascertain why&#44; how and under which circumstances primary health care teams respond to intimate partner violence&#44; and 2&#41; discussing the strengths and challenges of the application of this approach to explore the health care response to IPV&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methodology</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">An overview of realist evaluation</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Realist evaluation is a type of theory-driven evaluation that aims to ascertain why&#44; how and under what circumstances&#44; programmes succeed or fail&#46; It has proven to be useful when exploring complex health system interventions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#8211;14</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Realist evaluation begins with the formulation of a theory behind the development of an intervention&#44; known as programme theory &#40;PT&#41;&#46; PT is formulated on the basis of a review of literature and documents and&#47;or the experience of stakeholders involved in the intervention&#44; and describes how the intervention is supposed to generate change&#46; The basis of the PT consists of a context-mechanism-outcome configuration&#44; which describes patterns or causal chains&#58; certain components of the intervention trigger certain mechanisms within individuals &#40;or groups of individuals&#41; that produce certain outcomes&#46; PT is then tested through empirical research from cases where the intervention has been implemented&#46; The analysis of data in these cases serves to refine the preliminary PT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;13&#44;14</span></a> Realist evaluation provides a deeper understanding of the links between the programme and the outcomes by exploring the interactions between programme&#44; actors&#44; context and mechanisms&#44; and consequently offers results that can be acted upon by decision makers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;11&#44;12&#44;15&#44;16</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Overall design of the realist evaluation and steps followed</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study&#44; we applied the realist evaluation approach to explore a complex intervention&#58; the implementation of a healthcare response to IPV within primary health care teams in Spain&#46; In Spain&#44; the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gender Based Violence Law</span>&#44; enacted in 2004&#44; specifically addressed the responsibilities of the health sector&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#8211;20</span></a> Grounded in this law&#44; the 17 decentralized regional Spanish health systems have developed interventions aimed at&#58; 1&#41; developing protocols to guide health providers&#8217; response to IPV&#44; 2&#41; training health-care professionals&#44; and 3&#41; developing and implementing an IPV monitoring system&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For this realist evaluation&#44; we carried out a series of case studies in Spain in four steps&#44; between June 2012 and April 2015&#46; The cases were purposively selected in order to capture the diversity of practices and contextual factors&#58; they were located in four different regions with some being larger cities &#40;eight&#41; and others smaller rural towns &#40;seven&#41;&#46; Some were considered by the professionals in charge of IPV programmes within the regional health systems as more interested in responding to IPV &#40;six&#41; than others &#40;nine&#41;&#46; In each of the cases&#44; qualitative information was collected via interviews and observation and quantitative information was collected using a questionnaire to assess the readiness of health professionals to respond to IPV &#40;PREMIS&#41;&#44; measuring through nine dimensions&#58; 1&#41; perceived preparation&#44; 2&#41; perceived knowledge&#44; 3&#41; actual knowledge&#44; 4&#41; practice issues&#44; 5&#41; opinions on work-place issues&#44; 6&#41; opinions on constraints&#44; 7&#41; opinions on self-efficacy&#44; 8&#41; opinions on victims&#8217; understanding&#44; and 9&#41; opinions on victim autonomy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;22</span></a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> summarizes the methods for data collection and analysis applied in each of the four steps&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the first step&#44; we developed an initial PT &#40;PT1&#41; based on document and literature reviews&#44; and interviews with 26 professionals in charge of coordinating IPV interventions in 17 regional health systems and also at the national level&#46; All the material was analysed using a thematic analysis guided by realist evaluation principles&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the second step&#44; we refined PT1 into PT2 by testing it in a positive deviant case&#58; the primary healthcare team of La Virgen &#40;pseudonym&#41;&#44; located in Region 1 and considered by the professionals in charge of the IPV programme in the regional health system as actively responding to IPV&#46; Data collection and analysis followed an analytic case study design&#46; Both qualitative data &#40;observation&#44; interviews with different informants&#41; and quantitative data &#40;PREMIS questionnaires&#41; were collected&#46; For the analysis&#44; we developed a thick description of the case&#44; guided by PT1 but remaining open to new emerging issues&#46; Afterwards we searched for patterns using the retroduction approach&#58; outcomes were explained by looking into the mechanisms and context elements and ruling out potential alternative explanations&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the third step&#44; we tested the refined PT2 by analysing three other cases located in the same region&#46; Information was collected in each of the sites using the same tools applied in La Virgen&#46; Following a guide based on PT2 and afterwards complemented with the quantitative information from the questionnaires&#44; thick descriptions of each case where developed&#46; Using the retroduction approach described in the previous step&#44; the thick descriptions of the four cases were contrasted in order to identify patterns and PT3 was developed&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally&#44; in the fourth step&#44; we contrasted the findings emerging from the four cases in Region 1 with 11 additional cases located in three other regions&#46; A multiple case study design was chosen&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> In order to handle the large amount of information without losing familiarity with each case&#44; qualitative comparative analysis &#40;QCA&#41; was used&#46; QCA assesses the extent to which a configuration of conditions explain the outcomes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24&#8211;27</span></a> Based on PT3&#44; a set of conditions &#40;context and mechanisms&#41; and outcomes were identified and assessed in each case using the tools previously described&#46; Afterwards&#44; solution formulae were calculated using fzQCA software&#44; which allowed us to explore what combinations of contextual factors and mechanisms best explained the emergence of an adequate team response to IPV &#40;the outcome&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Results</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PT1 was the starting point of this realist evaluation and described how the implemented interventions within primary health care teams in Spain have focused on developing protocols&#44; monitoring systems&#44; and training professionals on IPV&#46; Our initial hypothesis was that such interventions generate team learning about IPV within primary healthcare teams&#44; and that this team learning process was expected to lead to changes in team culture&#44; teamwork and practice with regard to IPV&#46; However&#44; PT1 did not accurately account for what was actually happening within primary health care teams&#44; and how &#40;if at all&#41; those potential mechanisms and contextual factors might be interacting together to trigger adequate health care responses to IPV&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PT2 emerged as a refinement of PT1 and stressed that even if the interventions carried out might have played a role in shaping individual and team responses to IPV&#44; such responses were strongly influenced by other factors&#46; Team and individual level factors &#40;such as motivation&#44; team climate<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> and team leadership&#41; shaped the teams&#8217; capacity to create spaces for team learning and teamwork &#40;and also the interest in this&#41;&#44; and to provide therapeutic responses to IPV rather than merely referrals to specialised services&#46; We found that individual motivation was key in shaping professionals&#8217; responses&#46; Regional interventions legitimised the work of motivated professionals but did not encourage them to engage in individual and&#47;or team responses to IPV&#46; We found that other interventions not directly related to IPV &#40;such as interventions to strength woman-centred care&#41; can facilitate the integration of team responses to IPV&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In order to explore whether different mechanisms and contextual factors were present in cases with different degrees of IPV responses&#44; we put PT2 to the test in three additional cases&#44; located in the same region as La Virgen but with perceived different achievements in terms of their responsiveness to IPV&#46; The PT3 that emerged from the analysis of those four cases explained how the interventions to integrate a response to IPV within first-line health-care teams a&#41; were implemented differently depending on individual and team-level factors&#44; b&#41; were more easily adopted when woman-centred care had been previously implemented in the team&#44; c&#41; were more easily implemented and sustained in environments that promoted team-work&#44; d&#41; required a sufficient number of motivated professionals and an enabling managerial style in the team to be sustained&#44; e&#41; legitimised the response of internally motivated providers&#44; and f&#41; had limited impact on non-internally motivated providers&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In order to further refine PT3 and to identify the key combination of factors and mechanisms in triggering an adequate IPV response to IPV&#44; we applied it to an even larger number of cases&#46; This was done in the last step and lead to the development of PT4&#46; The final PT4 stated that primary health care teams that perceived themselves as well prepared to deal with IPV&#44; consider themselves to be self-efficient enough to deal with IPV and have a woman-centred approach to IPV respond better to women exposed to IPV&#46; These three mechanisms are necessary in order to trigger a better response&#44; but they are not the only ones &#8212;there might be others that would trigger a good IPV response&#46; In terms of the contextual factors &#8212;at the team level&#44; in general&#44; and in regards to the intervention specifically&#8212; the use of the protocol and accumulated experience in primary health care seem to be the most relevant contextual factors in triggering a good response&#44; however in order to do so&#44; they must be combined with other factors&#44; such as having enough number of professionals who have received training on IPV&#44; the presence of a committed social worker&#44; or&#47;and an enabling working environment&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">See <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> for a summary of the successive PTs&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Discussion</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Realist evaluation has been considered to be well suited for evaluating complex interventions&#44; as it allows for considering interactions between different layers of context&#44; outcomes and the underlying mechanisms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#8211;14&#44;29&#8211;31</span></a> In this study&#44; the use of realist evaluation allowed us to capture the gaps between the planned intervention and its implementation as well as the relevance of contextual factors&#44; and of other interventions &#40;besides the ones directly targeting IPV&#41; in shaping the individual and team responses to IPV&#46; With the exception of a realist review of screening programmes by O&#8217;Campo et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> to our knowledge this is the first time that realist evaluation has been used to assess health-care response to IPV&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One challenge when evaluating complex interventions refers to the difficulties in assessing outcomes&#46; In this study&#44; despite the existence of the WHO guidelines&#44; it is still difficult to define what an &#8220;adequate response to IPV&#8221; is and even harder to measure it&#46; In order to conduct a realist evaluation assessing outcomes is key&#46; In this study&#44; our outcome was assessed both qualitatively and quantitatively &#40;via the PREMIS&#41;&#44; and consequently the findings of our studies are applicable as long as our definition and measurement of &#8220;adequate response of IPV&#8221; can be considered relevant&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition&#44; dealing with uncertainty and complexity means that the research team has to make changes to the planned study protocol in order to best embrace such complexity&#46; In our case&#44; it was possible to be flexible and adapt the study protocol to the emerging findings over the successive steps of the study&#46; However&#44; this required time&#44; resources and expertise&#44; which might not always be available when conducting evaluations within more limited time frames&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The successive rounds allowed us to explore different perspectives more in depth&#46; In that sense&#44; we do not consider PT4 the &#8220;best PT&#8221;&#46; Each PT allowed us to more deeply explore different layers of the phenomenon&#46; In addition&#44; the knowledge generated during each of the cycles of refinement guided us in data collection and analysis during the following cycle&#46; However&#44; even if we claim that we followed an emergent design and that each successive step benefited from the knowledge gained in the previous one&#44; the process was not ideal&#46; Logistically&#44; it was not possible to completely finalize each PT before starting data collection for testing the next PT&#46; In that sense&#44; some of the issues emerging from the successive rounds could not be completely accounted for during data collection&#46; That leaves important aspects that deserve to be further explored&#44; including the role of individual motivation in shaping a team&#39;s response&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Overall&#44; the realist evaluation approach allowed to explore how different layers of contextual factors interacted with mechanisms to trigger an adequate response to IPV&#46; However&#44; the characteristics of the intervention posed an important challenge&#46; The implementation of the health-care response to IPV in Spain was not a clear cut intervention but rather a group of actions emerging from the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gender Based Violence Law</span> approved in 2004 and regional laws&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> The intervention was not well defined&#44; did not start at the same time in all regions&#44; varied in terms of the strategies chosen and the extent of its implementation by region&#44; and evolved over time&#46; In addition&#44; austerity measures started impacting the Spanish health system in general&#44; modifying key contextual factors such as team workloads&#44; and primary health care investments&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> One of the limitations of this study is that we were not able to fully capture the time component and the regional differences&#46; We have purposively overlooked these complexities in order to be able to focus on the already complex issues happening at the team level&#44; since we also considered these issues to be relevant beyond the Spanish context&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally&#44; PT4 constituted a summary of the key mechanisms and contextual factors needed to adequately generate IPV responses within primary health care teams&#46; However&#44; the relevance of such conditions could be further confirmed &#40;or refuted&#41; if more cases were included in future analysis&#46; In addition&#44; the role of other relevant conditions &#40;not included in the analysis&#41; could also be further explored with other cases&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Conclusion</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This realist evaluation study allowed us to point out several key mechanisms &#8212;teams&#8217; self-efficacy&#44; perceived preparation&#44; woman-centered care&#8212;&#44; and contextual factors such as enabling a team environment and managerial style&#44; motivated professionals&#44; the use of the protocol and accumulated experience in primary health care&#44; that should be considered in order to develop adequate primary health-care responses to IPV&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The full application of this realist evaluation was demanding in terms of time&#44; funding and the expertise required&#46; However&#44; we claim that in this study the use of realist evaluation was useful in capturing variations&#44; and the successive cycles allowed knowledge augmentation through a step-by-step scaling up&#46; One strength of this approach is that it allows for flexibility in moving backwards and forwards between theory and empirical findings and in adapting to emerging unexpected findings&#46; In addition&#44; this approach is more suitable for exploring complex interventions as they are implemented in natural settings&#44; as is the case with the implementation of health-care responses to IPV&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Editor in charge</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Carme Borrell&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Transparency declaration</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The corresponding author on behalf of the other authors guarantee the accuracy&#44; transparency and honesty of the data and information contained in the study&#44; that no relevant information has been omitted and that all discrepancies between authors have been adequately resolved and described&#46;<elsevierMultimedia ident="tb0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Authorship contributions</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">I&#46; Goicolea was the PI in this project&#44; participated in the conception and design of the work&#44; the data collection&#44; the analysis and interpretation of the data&#44; the writing of the article and its critical review with important intellectual contributions&#46; C&#46; Vives-Cases&#44; A&#46;-K&#46; Hurtig&#44; M&#46; San Sebastian and B&#46; Marchal have participated in the conception and design of the work&#44; the analysis and interpretation of the data and have critically review the article with important intellectual contributions&#46; All authors have approved the final version of the manuscript&#46; All authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Funding</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study has been funded through a COFAS grant &#40;supported by COFUND action within the Marie Curie Action People&#44; in the Seventh Framework programme and the Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research&#47;FAS-Forskningsradet f&#246;r arbetsliv och socialvetenskap&#41; through a competitive call&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest&#46; One of the authors &#40;C&#46; Vives-Cases&#41; belongs to the <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">Gaceta Sanitaria</span> editorial committee&#44; but was not involved in the editorial process of the manuscript&#46;</p></span></span>"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2015-05-20"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2015-08-18"
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            0 => "Spouse abuse"
            1 => "Delivery of health care"
            2 => "Primary health care"
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            0 => "Violencia contra la mujer"
            1 => "Servicios b&#225;sicos de salud"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Few evaluations have assessed the factors triggering an adequate health care response to intimate partner violence&#46; This article aimed to&#58; 1&#41; describe a realist evaluation carried out in Spain to ascertain why&#44; how and under what circumstances primary health care teams respond to intimate partner violence&#44; and 2&#41; discuss the strengths and challenges of its application&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We carried out a series of case studies in four steps&#46; First&#44; we developed an initial programme theory &#40;PT1&#41;&#44; based on interviews with managers&#46; Second&#44; we refined PT1 into PT2 by testing it in a primary healthcare team that was actively responding to violence&#46; Third&#44; we tested the refined PT2 by incorporating three other cases located in the same region&#46; Qualitative and quantitative data were collected and thick descriptions were produced and analysed using a retroduction approach&#46; Fourth&#44; we analysed a total of 15 cases&#44; and identified combinations of contextual factors and mechanisms that triggered an adequate response to violence by using qualitative comparative analysis&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">There were several key mechanisms &#8212;the teams&#8217; self-efficacy&#44; perceived preparation&#44; women-centred care&#8212;&#44; and contextual factors &#8212;an enabling team environment and managerial style&#44; the presence of motivated professionals&#44; the use of the protocol and accumulated experience in primary health care&#8212; that should be considered to develop adequate primary health-care responses to violence&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The full application of this realist evaluation was demanding&#44; but also well suited to explore a complex intervention reflecting the situation in natural settings&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hay pocas evaluaciones de los factores que generan una respuesta sanitaria adecuada a la violencia del compa&#241;ero &#237;ntimo&#46; Este art&#237;culo tiene como objetivo&#58; 1&#41; describir una evaluaci&#243;n realista para investigar por qu&#233;&#44; en qu&#233; circunstancias y c&#243;mo los equipos de atenci&#243;n primaria en Espa&#241;a responden a la violencia de pareja&#44; y 2&#41; discutir las fortalezas y los desaf&#237;os de su aplicaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se llevaron a cabo una serie de estudios de caso en cuatro pasos&#46; Primero construimos una teor&#237;a del programa inicial &#40;PT1&#41;&#44; basada en entrevistas con profesionales del nivel gerencial&#46; Segundo&#44; refinamos la PT1 a PT2&#44; a trav&#233;s del estudio de caso en un equipo de atenci&#243;n primaria que estaba respondiendo activamente a la violencia&#46; Tercero&#44; refinamos la PT2 incorporando al an&#225;lisis otros tres casos situados en la misma regi&#243;n&#46; Recogimos informaci&#243;n cualitativa y cuantitativa&#44; elaboramos descripciones extensas de los casos y los analizamos usando el enfoque de retroducci&#243;n&#46; Cuarto&#44; analizamos 15 casos para identificar las combinaciones de factores contextuales y mecanismos que desencadenaban una respuesta adecuada a la violencia&#44; utilizando an&#225;lisis cualitativo comparativo&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hubo varios mecanismos clave &#8211;autoeficacia del equipo&#44; preparaci&#243;n percibida&#44; y atenci&#243;n centrada en las mujeres&#8211;&#44; as&#237; como factores contextuales &#8211;ambiente de equipo y estilo de gesti&#243;n&#44; presencia de profesionales motivados&#44; uso del protocolo y experiencia acumulada en atenci&#243;n primaria&#8211;&#44; que deben considerarse para generar respuestas sanitarias adecuadas a la violencia&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La aplicaci&#243;n de esta evaluaci&#243;n realista requiri&#243; tiempo&#44; pero result&#243; apropiada para explorar una intervenci&#243;n compleja tal como se desarrolla en condiciones reales&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Data collection&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Data analysis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Time&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1<span class="elsevierStyleSup">st</span> step&#58; elicit initial programme theory PT1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Review of policy documents&#46;Literature review&#46;Interviews with managers at the national and regional level &#40;26 participants from 17 regions&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Thematic analysis guided by realist evaluation framework&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">June-December 2012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">2<span class="elsevierStyleSup">nd</span> step&#58; refine PT1 into PT2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Interviews with healthcare professionals &#40;17&#41;&#46;Interviews with women &#40;4&#41;&#46;Interviews with other resources &#40;3&#41;&#46;Observation&#46;Survey of professionals&#8217; readiness to manage IPV &#40;PREMIS&#41; &#40;25&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Analytical case-study of a positive deviant case &#40;a primary health care center considered to be responding very well according to the professionals in charge of IPV within the regional health system&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">January-April 2013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">3<span class="elsevierStyleSup">rd</span> step&#58; refine PT into PT3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Interviews with health care professionals &#40;50&#41;&#46;Interviews with women &#40;6&#41;&#46;Interviews with other resources &#40;4&#41;&#46;Observation&#46;Survey of professionals&#8217; readiness to manage IPV &#40;PREMIS&#41; &#40;83&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Analytical multiple case-study of four different cases in one region &#40;with different perceived achievements in terms of IPV response and different locations&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">May-September 2013&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> step&#58; refine PT3 into PT4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Qualitative and quantitative information collected in 15 cases used to assess 10 conditions and one outcome&#46;Mechanisms &#40;5&#41;&#58; self-efficacy&#44; women-centredness&#44; knowledge&#44; perceived preparation&#44; team IPV climate&#46;Context &#40;5&#41;&#58; training&#44; protocol use&#44; primary healthcare approach&#44; team&#39;s general climate&#44; social worker&#39;s role&#46;Outcome &#40;1&#41;&#58; practices on IPV&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Qualitative comparative analysis using fuzzy sets assessing 10 conditions &#40;5 mechanisms and 5 contextual factors&#41; and 1 outcome&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">October 2013-April 2015&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Summary&#44; main points&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Relevant publications&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Programme Theory 1&#58; Intervention focused on&#58; protocols&#8217; and monitoring systems&#8217; development&#44; and training&#46;Intervention supposed to trigger team learning on IPV within PHC team that lead to changes on team culture&#44; workings and practice to better respond to IPV&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Goicolea et al&#46;&#44; 2013&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">How do primary health care teams learn to integrate intimate partner violence management&#63; A realist evaluation protocol&#46;</span>Goicolea et al&#46;&#44; 2013&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mapping and exploring health systems&#8217; response to intimate partner violence in Spain&#46;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Programme Theory 2&#58; Team and individual level factors triggered capacity and interest to create spaces for team learning&#44; team work and therapeutic responses to IPV&#46;Individual motivation shaped responses&#46;Regional interventions legitimated work of motivated professionals but did not trigger individual and&#47;or team responses&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Goicolea et al&#46;&#44; 2015&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Developing a programme theory to explain how primary health care teams learn to respond to intimate partner violence&#58; a realist case-study&#46;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Programme Theory 3&#58; Interventions to integrate a response to IPV within PHC teams&#58;&#8226; Are implemented differently depending on individual and team-level factors&#46;&#8226; Are more easily adopted when women-centred care has been previously implemented in the team&#46;&#8226; Are more easily implemented and sustained in team-work-promoting environments&#46;&#8226; Require sufficient number of motivated professionals and an enabling managerial style in the team to be sustained&#46;&#8226; Legitimize the response of internally motivated providers&#46;&#8226; Have limited impact on non-internally motivated providers&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Programme Theory 4&#58; The combination of team&#39;s self-efficacy&#44; perceived preparation and team&#39;s &#8220;victim understanding-ness&#8221; as a key mechanisms in triggering an adequate response to IPV&#46;Encouraging the use of the protocol and accumulated experience in PHC seem to be the most relevant contextual factors in triggering a good response&#44; but in order to do so they must be combined with others&#46; Other team factors&#8211;team climate&#44; having a champion SW and training&#8211;can also play a role&#44; but always in combination with other conditions&#46; There should be other key factors relevant in triggering a team response to IPV&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Summary of emerging programme theories and publications where more detailed information can be found&#46;</p>"
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          "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">What is known about the topic&#63;</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Primary health care teams can play a role in responding to intimate partner violence &#40;IPV&#41;&#46; The implementation of such response varies widely between teams and few rigorous evaluations have been conducted&#46; Methodologies best suited to asses complex interventions have still been scarcely used to assess the health-care response to IPV&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">What does this study add to the literature&#63;</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Realist evaluation was useful to point out that professionals&#8217; motivation&#44; teams&#8217; self-efficacy&#44; perceived preparation&#44; woman-centered care&#44; and an enabling environment should be combined to develop adequate responses to IPV&#46; Realist evaluation is useful when exploring complex public health interventions&#44; such as the implementation of health-care response to IPV due to its ability to capture interactions between contextual factors and mechanisms&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "identificador" => "xack202083"
        "titulo" => "Acknowledgements"
        "texto" => "<p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors are grateful to Erica Briones-Vozmediano&#44; Laura Otero-Garc&#237;a and Marta Garc&#237;a who actively participated in the data collection and analysis of some of the cases&#46; The authors are grateful to the Observatory of Women&#39;s Health of the Spanish Ministry of Health&#44; and to the professionals in charge of IPV programs within the regional health system for facilitating access to relevant information and contacts and to Lynn Short for her support during the process of translating and retranslating the PREMIS questionnaire&#46; The authors are grateful to the professionals working at the municipal&#44; regional and judicial resources for women exposed to IPV in the four regions for providing relevant information and contacts&#46; The authors are especially grateful to the primary health care teams and to the women patients who participated in this study&#44; who shared their time&#44; enthusiasm&#44; experiences and expertise&#44; and facilitated access to unpublished information&#46;</p>"
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