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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Great Recession<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> has spurred poverty and social exclusion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Poverty is defined as not having enough resources to live with dignity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Social exclusion refers to citizens that are not allowed to play a role in society because of their characteristics&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> This exclusion acts through different paths&#58; by impeding access to higher education&#44; employment opportunities and a regular income&#44; by obstructing the way to governance<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#44; and fostering learned helplessness&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The economic strategy of European Union &#40;EU&#41; &#8220;Europe 2020&#8221; proposed reducing in 20 million the European population suffering poverty&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> as measured by the At Risk Of Poverty or Social Exclusion &#40;AROPE&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;6&#8211;10</span></a> This indicator describes poverty &#40;based on income&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> employment problems &#40;based on work intensity&#41;&#44; and material deprivation &#40;lacking some items&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In comparison to 2009 &#40;when &#8220;Europe 2020&#8221; was introduced&#41;&#44; by 2015 several countries had reduced AROPE&#59; other had not met their objectives&#44; and three &#40;Greece&#44; Cyprus&#44; and Spain&#41; showed increasing trends&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In Spain&#44; 22&#46;3&#37; of the population are at risk of poverty&#44; 14&#46;9&#37; have low work intensity&#44; 5&#46;8&#37; have severe material deprivation&#44; and 29&#46;7&#37; are AROPE&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> This indicator is not homogeneous throughout Spain&#44; as it reached in 2016 a range of 14-40&#37; depending on the region considered&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This issue is important in general population&#44; but a more vulnerable group such as children has even higher rates of poverty&#58; 32&#46;9&#37; of children are in AROPE households&#44; 29&#46;7&#37; are below the poverty threshold&#44; and 7&#46;1&#37; suffers from severe material deprivation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Childhood and adolescence are periods of evolution&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> and influences received by then may have short and long term implications&#46; Firstly&#44; this exposure could increase the risk for health problems such as growth retardation&#44; asthma&#44; or injuries&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a> Secondly&#44; poverty influences mental wellbeing&#44; by having less copying strategies and expectations&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> presenting more cognitive deterioration&#44; and depression&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> And thirdly&#44; poverty determines health habits such as having a healthy diet or the abuse of substances&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Child poverty is often determined by family characteristics&#58; having low educated&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;16</span></a> young&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a> unemployed<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;17</span></a> or immigrant<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> parents increased the risk of poverty&#44; as well as living in a rural area<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;16&#44;17</span></a> or in a single-parent family&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;16</span></a> Parental education appears to be a strong determinant that crosses from one generation to the next&#58; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> in 2015&#44; at least 65&#46;5&#37; of European children of low educated parents were at risk of poverty or social exclusion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An approach where both parents may play a role will be necessary to understand the differential effect of maternal a paternal education&#44; social class&#44; or unemployment<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> on child poverty&#46; We already reported in the INMA Project<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> a socioeconomic gradient in child&#39;s cognitive scores at 5 years of age&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> with differential impact&#44; being maternal education and paternal social class the stronger social determinants&#46; Socioeconomic gradient studied by classical concepts such as parental education&#44; social class and employment status has been widely explored&#59; however&#44; more comprehensive indicators need to be considered&#44; such as poverty and social exclusion&#44; to identify those households at social risk&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To our knowledge&#44; none of the reviewed studies have used primary data at regional level to identify factors potentially influential in child poverty&#58; they rather used national<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;7&#8211;9</span></a> or supranational<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> surveys&#44; which are inaccurate at a regional level&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> The aim of the present study is to describe the risk of poverty and social exclusion&#44; as measured by the AROPE indicators&#44; in households of children aged 8 to 11 years in Gipuzkoa and in Valencia INMA cohorts&#44; two regions with different wealth levels&#59; and to assess the relationship of socio-demographic and family characteristics with AROPE indicators in each area&#44; considering maternal and paternal factors&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">METHOD</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Study design and population</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">INMA &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">INfancia y Medio Ambiente</span> - Environment and Childhood&#41; Project is a Spanish population-based mother-and-child multicenter cohort study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> This study uses data from INMA Valencia and Gipuzkoa cohorts&#46; Mothers were recruited during their first prenatal visit to La Fe Hospital &#40;Valencia&#41; in 2003-2005&#44; and Zum&#225;rraga Hospital &#40;Gipuzkoa&#41; in 2006-2008&#46; The inclusion criteria were<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;16 years of age&#44; singleton pregnancy&#44; intention of undergoing follow-up and delivery in their hospital&#44; no impediment for communication&#44; and no assisted conception&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a> Withdrawals&#44; exclusions&#44; and children&#39;s age at follow-up visits are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#46; A cross-sectional design was used in the present study within the INMA cohort framework&#46; We collected data on AROPE indicators of participant families between 2015 and 2016&#44; when children were 11 and 8 years old in Valencia and Gipuzkoa cohorts&#44; respectively&#46; In the present study&#44; the final sample was 394 families in Gipuzkoa and 382 in Valencia&#46; Cohorts were approved by their local institutional ethical review boards&#44; and consent to participate was obtained from participants&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">AROPE indicators</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">AROPE indicators were assessed by structured questionnaires self-completed by parents in their homes and revised by a trained interviewer at the beginning of the follow-up visits&#46; AROPE comprises three sub-indicators which are calculated in each household &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0150">see Appendix 1 online</a>&#41;&#58; low work intensity &#40;LWI&#41; &#40;having worked &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20&#37; of available hours of their members in working age&#41;&#44; at risk of poverty &#40;RP&#41; &#40;having &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60&#37; of Spanish median income per consumption unit&#41; and risk of material deprivation &#40;MD&#41; &#40;lacking &#8805;4 necessary items from a list of 9&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Traditionally&#44; the cut-off point used for determining families at risk of MD has been severe MD &#40;lacking &#8805;4 elements&#41;&#46; However&#44; for this study&#44; this variable was dichotomized as low vs medium and severe MD &#40;lacking &#8805;3 elements&#41; due to the few number of cases in severe MD&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">AROPE<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a> were those households fulfilling at least one of the three previous sub-indicators &#40;LWI&#44; PBUP or MD&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the same follow-up visit&#44; some additional information regarding family economic situation was requested&#44; such as making ends meet&#44; how was their economic situation in comparison to 2007&#44; and if the household had received any income in the past month &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0150">see Appendix 1 online</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Variables and data collection</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Variables regarding other socio-demographic and family characteristics were collected by self-completed questionnaires supported by the interviewer at different follow-up visits &#40;week 12&#44; and 32 of pregnancy&#44; and age 4-5&#44; and 8-11&#41;&#46; Socio-demographic characteristics &#40;social class&#44; educational level&#44; country of origin&#44; parental age and parental working status&#41;&#44; family and child characteristics &#40;type of family&#44; number of siblings&#41;&#44; parental characteristics &#40;mental health&#44; smoking status&#41; were collected at different follow-up points &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0150">see Appendix 1 online</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Data imputation</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Simple data imputation was performed for the household income in 33 and 122 cases in Valencia and Gipuzkoa&#44; respectively&#44; in order to avoid missing data in RP and AROPE &#40;further information on imputation method is described in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0150">Appendix 2 on line&#44; Tables Ia and Ib</a>&#41;&#46; In both cases&#44; a wide range of related variables were used in a forward procedure&#44; by using linear regression&#44; with a p-value for exclusion of 0&#46;20 and a p-value for inclusion of 0&#46;10&#46; Imputation was performed with Stata 12th Version&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Percentages and bar and Venn diagrams were used in the descriptive analysis&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The relationship of socio-economic and family characteristics with the AROPE indicator was assessed by cohort and taking into account both mother and father factors&#44; when available&#44; using for bivariate analysis chi-square&#44; Fisher tests&#44; and simple logistic regression&#46; Multivariate logistic models using imputed data were built to identify those factors that better predicted the risk of poverty and social exclusion in the families of each cohort&#44; after adjusting for the other potential determinants&#46; The final model was built according to the following steps&#58; firstly&#44; simple logistic regressions were performed to assess AROPE relation with covariates&#46; Those which obtained a p &#8804;0&#46;20 were selected&#44; with the exception of employment situation which was part of AROPE&#46; The final models were calculated for each cohort&#44; excluding sequentially those variables not related at p &#8804;0&#46;10 in the adjusted model following a backward stepwise selection procedure&#46; A sensitivity analysis was performed with non-imputed data including only those variables selected in the final models in order to replicate them&#46; Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS&#44; version 24&#46;0 and R Version 3&#46;5&#46;1&#46; Figures 2 to 5 were created with R Version 3&#46;5&#46;1&#44; and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a> was created with the open source diagram technology draw&#46;io&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Results</span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Sample distribution</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sample description is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0150">Table II in Appendix 2 online</a>&#46; Distributions across cohorts were statistically different&#46; More advantaged positions were observed in Gipuzkoa&#44; where parents were slightly older and more often classified as being employed&#44; or having higher social position or education than in Valencia&#46; In Gipuzkoa&#44; there was a higher proportion of nuclear families than in Valencia and parents were less likely to be smokers or foreigners&#46; No differences were found across parental mental health and paternal current smoking habit&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">AROPE indicators and other family economic characteristics</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Descriptive analysis of the AROPE and other family&#39;s economic indicators is plotted in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>&#46; Most of the indicators considered were found statistically different between cohorts&#44; with the exception of &#8220;Not eating meat or fish every two days&#8221; and &#8220;Not having received income in the last month&#8221;&#46; Higher risks were observed in Valencia&#44; in comparison to Gipuzkoa&#58; in Valencia&#44; 7&#46;8&#37; of households had MD&#44; 8&#46;1&#37; had LWI&#44; 31&#46;5&#37; were RP and 34&#46;7&#37; were AROPE&#59; in Gipuzkoa&#44; these rates were 2&#46;3&#37;&#44; 2&#46;5&#37;&#44; 5&#46;6&#37; and 7&#46;2&#37;&#44; respectively&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Interrelation of AROPE sub-indicators</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The interrelation between MD&#44; LWI&#44; RP are represented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0015">Figures 3 and 4</a> by Venn&#39;s diagrams for Valencia and Gipuzkoa&#46; When considering non-shared contributions to AROPE&#44; RP sub-indicator emerged as the most relevant&#44; representing 20&#46;8&#37; and 3&#46;5&#37; of the sample for Valencia and Gipuzkoa&#44; respectively&#46; In Valencia&#44; no overlapping between MD and LWI was observed&#46; Several cases were found to be at risk in all three sub-indicators&#44; representing the 2&#46;4&#37; and 0&#46;8&#37; of AROPE in Valencia and Gipuzkoa&#44; respectively&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Determinants of AROPE</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bivariate analysis between AROPE and all the variables considered is depicted in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0150">Table III in Appendix 2 online</a>&#44; and unadjusted univariate regressions comparing the effect of maternal and paternal characteristics through both cohorts can be observed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Figure 5</a>&#46; Those parents who were unemployed&#44; or those who were placed in the lowest social class&#44; were more prone of being AROPE&#46; Regarding education&#44; in Valencia both parents presented higher risks when having lower education&#46; The same happened for mothers in Gipuzkoa&#44; but not for fathers&#46; In general terms&#44; parents from foreign country of origin&#44; as well as those who lived in non-nuclear families were more likely to be AROPE&#46; Number of children and tobacco use was significantly related in Valencia&#46; To be more precise&#44; in Valencia was found this association for both parents at pregnancy and in the last follow-up visit&#46; Mothers who smoked during pregnancy in Gipuzkoa were also more likely to be AROPE&#44; even when this relation was not statistically significant&#46; Mothers and fathers showed differential patterns of risk when considering cohort&#58; in Valencia&#44; mothers showed stronger associations than fathers in social class and country of origin&#44; and fathers in education and smoking habits&#46; In Gipuzkoa&#44; mothers had a stronger relation than fathers in low social class and education&#44; and fathers in country of origin&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Risk factors model</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our final adjusted risk factors models are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; Social class and type of family were associated with AROPE in both cohorts&#44; being at higher risk those households with low social class mothers and those non-nuclear families&#46; Additionally&#44; in Gipuzkoa&#44; lower educated mothers were also at higher risk &#40;upper vs&#46; lower &#91;odds ratio &#40;OR&#41;&#58; 9&#46;05&#59; 95&#37; confidence interval &#40;95&#37;CI&#41;&#58; 2&#46;11-43&#46;49&#93;&#41;&#46; However&#44; the final model in Valencia showed as predictor paternal rather than maternal education &#40;upper vs&#46; lower &#91;OR&#58; 6&#46;35&#59; 95&#37;CI&#58; 2&#46;67-17&#46;16&#93;&#41;&#44; maternal country of origin &#40;Spain vs&#46; not Spain &#91;OR&#58; 4&#46;50&#59; 95&#37;CI&#58; 1&#46;60-13&#46;41&#93;&#41;&#44; and current paternal smoking &#40;no vs&#46; yes &#91;OR&#58; 2&#46;41&#59; 95&#37;CI&#58; 1&#46;41-4&#46;16&#93;&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Sensitivity analysis</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sensitivity analysis with non-imputed data is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table IV</a> in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0150">Appendix 2 online</a>&#46; The trends and estimates did not change greatly when comparing imputed and non-imputed models&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Discussion</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We explored the distribution of household poverty or social exclusion in children of two different areas&#44; described by a wide range of variables such as AROPE sub-indicators&#44; economic characteristics and material constraints highly related to child poverty&#46; In the families of our study samples&#44; we found 34&#46;7&#37; and 7&#46;2&#37; of AROPE in Valencia and Gipuzkoa&#44; respectively&#46; For all these descriptive variables&#44; Valencia showed higher risks&#46; In addition&#44; we decomposed AROPE in its sub-indicators&#44; being RP the greater non-shared contributor to AROPE condition&#44; followed by the other two sub-indicators which were widely overlapped to RP&#46; AROPE was more prevalent in unemployed&#44; low educated&#44; low social class and non-Spanish parents&#44; with smoking habits&#44; and in non-nuclear families&#46; Maternal social characteristics showed a preeminent role in Gipuzkoa&#44; especially level of education&#44; in which fathers showed a null effect&#46; Contributions to AROPE were more evenly distributed between parents in Valencia&#46;</p><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">AROPE indicators in our data and in general population</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">European Anti-Poverty Network &#40;EAPN&#41; has previously described regional AROPE&#44; estimating 30&#46;5&#37; in Valencian Community and 15&#46;9&#37; in Basque Country<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> for 2016 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0150">Table V in Appendix 2 online</a>&#41;&#46; The differences with our results could be explained because our recruitment area was a part of the region which could not be absolutely representative&#46; In fact&#44; average income in Valencian Community was slightly higher than the average income in Valencia recruitment area&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> &#40;12&#46;398 vs&#46; 12&#46;127 &#8364; of family available income&#41;&#44; and Basque Country population was less affluent than Gipuzkoa recruitment area &#40;33&#46;766 vs&#46; 35&#46;579 &#8364; of family available income&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Additionally&#44; in the general population very different types of household can be found&#46; However&#44; in this study we used data of families with children which are more prone to poverty&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Moreover&#44; nuclear and non-nuclear families have different rates of poverty&#44; showing the latter greater risks&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> The AROPE prevalence in Valencia may be higher in our sample than in the general population because our cohort has a high rate of non-nuclear families &#40;20&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally&#44; in this work&#44; AROPE was calculated using moderate and not severe MD&#44; and this could be overestimating AROPE&#46; However&#44; MD has small weight on AROPE&#44; and the re-estimation with severe MD yielded AROPE rates of 33&#46;6&#37; and 6&#46;6&#37; for Valencia and Gipuzkoa&#44; respectively &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0150">Table V in Appendix 2 online</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">AROPE is highly correlated with RP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Smaller overlapping of LWI and RP was observed in Gipuzkoa in comparison to Valencia&#44; and non-shared rate of LWI is very similar in both cohorts&#46; Coexistence of high rates of RP and low rates of LWI in Valencia reflects that employed people are at risk of poverty &#40;the working poor&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Having an employment does not protect from having low wages&#44; mainly due to precarious contracting&#46; No overlapping of LWI and MD could be partly explained by black economy&#44; which may have been omitted for desirability&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Disparities between Valencia and Gipuzkoa could be consequence of better public policies in Basque Country in comparison to Valencian Community&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> Taking as an example the minimum insertion income&#44; we can observe that is an unequal policy across regions in Spain&#58; for example&#44; the same household could receive an insertion income of 945&#46;88 &#8364; in Basque Country&#44; while in Valencian Community it would be 434&#46;88 &#8364;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> It is then crucial to implement social policies more equally across the country&#46; In this line of action&#44; Spanish Government proposed the vital minimum income as a national policy to ameliorate situations of poverty and exclusion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> However&#44; political instability has not allowed the development of this proposal yet&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">AROPE risk factors in each cohort</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our study&#44; parental education and social class played an important role&#44; as observed also in a recent European study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> and in an EU report&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> However&#44; the role of parental education varied according to area&#58; maternal and paternal education was related to AROPE in Valencia&#44; but in Gipuzkoa only maternal education played a role&#46; This may be because in Valencia occupation was highly related with education in mother and father&#44; while these variables were only related in mothers in Gipuzkoa &#40;data not shown&#41;&#44; where men seem to be employed independently to their level of education&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Non-nuclear families&#44; especially monomarental ones&#44; are more vulnerable to income scarcity<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;8&#44;23</span></a> because they also have less flexibility to distribute housework&#44; childcare and paid work in comparison to a nuclear family&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a></p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Foreign country of origin have shown trends of higher risk of poverty&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;23</span></a> This gap is different across European countries&#44; finding Norway and the Netherlands with the smallest differences between native and non-native citizens&#44; and Spain with the greatest&#44; followed by Greece and Italy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a></p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In Valencia&#44; child poverty was also related to current paternal smoking &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0150">Table VI in Appendix 2 online</a>&#41;&#46; In INMA cohorts&#44; smoking is highly related to social class and education&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> Households living in economic strain are more vulnerable to stress and anxiety&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31&#44;32</span></a> and those with less tolerance to anxiety could have more difficulties for dropping tobacco&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a></p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to recent reports&#44; one third of children in Spain are at risk of poverty or social exclusion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33&#44;34</span></a> The main factors of poverty are having a non-nuclear family&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33&#44;34</span></a> and having non-native&#44; and low educated parents&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34&#44;35</span></a> However&#44; it is also argued that the main tool to break the cycle of poverty is children&#39;s education&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Limitations of this work</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Firstly&#44; lack of data on household income made necessary a data imputation&#44; but sensitivity analysis showed no differences&#46; Secondly&#44; small numbers in some factors did not allow arising strong conclusions&#46; Thirdly&#44; AROPE was calculated considering medium and severe MP&#44; instead of severe MP&#44; but re-estimation did not changed prevalence greatly&#46; Finally&#44; representativeness of the sample was a problem to generalization&#59; because sample selection was non-representative of population in Gipuzkoa and Valencia and because those families with less advantaged social positions tend to abandon the study follow-up<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Strengths of this work</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Firstly&#44; AROPE is the gold standard for measuring poverty in EU&#46; Secondly&#44; we considered a wide range of variables depicting parental characteristics&#44; and both parents were represented&#46; Finally&#44; although this work presented a cross-sectional design&#44; the prospective nature of the INMA cohort study allow the use of data collected at different stages&#46; Therefore&#44; AROPE will be a key tool to be used as a social determinant for present but also upcoming health outcomes&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0160">Implications for policy makers</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is crucial to foster the accessibility to education by the use of public scholarships and investments in public schools&#46; Additionally&#44; regulating and protecting labour market&#44; would increase economic affluence&#46; Moreover&#44; increasing and equalizing economic policies such as minimum insertion income or developing recent proposals such as the minimum vital income&#44; would reduce poverty and social exclusion&#46; Finally&#44; non-nuclear and foreign country of origin families would have a better support if some services were partially funded by the government&#44; in order to equalize the lack of resources non-nuclear families have in comparison to nuclear families&#46;<elsevierMultimedia ident="tb0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p></span></span><span id="sec0115" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0175">Editor in charge</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mar&#237;a-Victoria Zunzunegui&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0120" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0180">Transparency declaration</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The corresponding author on behalf of the other authors guarantee the accuracy&#44; transparency and honesty of the data and information contained in the study&#44; that no relevant information has been omitted and that all discrepancies between authors have been adequately resolved and described&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0125" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0185">Authorship contributions</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">L&#46; Gonz&#225;lez contributed to the manuscript by data collection&#44; analysis and data interpretation&#44; drafting the manuscript for revision&#44; approving the final version for publication&#44; and responding for its precision and integrity&#46; M&#46; Estarlich&#44; I&#46; Larra&#241;aga and M&#46; Rebagliato contributed to the manuscript by designing the work&#44; analysis and data interpretation&#44; revising critically with important intellectual contributions&#44; approving the final version for publication&#44; and responding for its precision and integrity&#46; M&#46; Murcia contributed to the manuscript by analysis and data interpretation&#44; revising critically with important intellectual contributions approving the final version for publication&#44; and responding for its precision and integrity&#46; F&#46;B&#46; Barreto contributed to the manuscript by data collection&#44; revising critically with important intellectual contributions approving the final version for publication&#44; and responding for its precision and integrity&#46; L&#46; Santa-Marina&#44; E&#46; Arranz&#44; L&#46; Cirugeda and S&#46; Sim&#243; contributed to the manuscript by data interpretation&#44; revising critically with important intellectual contributions approving the final version for publication&#44; and responding for its precision and integrity&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0130" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0190">Acknowledgements</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors would particularly like to thank all participants for their generous collaboration&#44; and Esperanza Alabarta Dom&#237;nguez for her support with the fieldwork&#46; A full list of the INMA Project researchers is available at ht&#42;&#42;tp&#58;&#47;&#47;<a href="http://www.proyectoinma.org/">www&#46;proyectoinma&#46;org</a></p></span><span id="sec0135" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0195">Funding</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was funded by Grants from European Union &#40;FP7-ENV-2011 code 282957 and HEALTH&#46;2010&#46;2&#46;4&#46;5-1&#41;&#44; Spain&#58; Instituto de Salud Carlos III &#40;ISCIII&#41; &#40;Red INMA G03&#47;176&#44; CB06&#47;02&#47;0041&#59; FIS-FEDER&#58; PI03&#47;1615&#44; PI04&#47;1509&#44; PI04&#47;1112&#44; PI04&#47;1931&#44; PI05&#47;1079&#44; PI05&#47;1052&#44; PI06&#47;0867&#44; PI06&#47;1213&#44; PI07&#47;0314&#44; PI09&#47;00090&#44; PI09&#47;02647&#44; PI11&#47;01007&#44; PI11&#47;02591&#44; PI11&#47;02038&#44; PI13&#47;1944&#44; PI13&#47;2032&#44; PI13&#47;02187&#44; PI14&#47;00891&#44; PI14&#47;01687&#44; PI16&#47;1288&#44; and PI17&#47;00663&#41;&#44; Generalitat Valenciana&#58; Fundaci&#243;n para el Fomento de la Investigaci&#243;n Sanitaria y Biom&#233;dica de la Comunitat Valenciana &#40;FISABIO&#41; &#40;UGP 15-230&#44; UGP-15-244&#44; and UGP-15-249&#41;&#44; Consorcio de Investigaci&#243;n Biom&#233;dica en Red de Epidemiolog&#237;a y Salud P&#250;blica &#40;CIBERESP&#41;&#44; Department of Health of the Basque Government &#40;2005111093&#44; 2009111069&#44; 2013111089 and 2015111065&#41;&#44; and the Provincial Government of Gipuzkoa &#40;DFG06&#47;002&#44; DFG08&#47;001 and DFG15&#47;221&#41; and annual agreements with the municipalities of the study area &#40;Zumarraga&#44; Urretxu&#44; Legazpi&#44; Azkoitia y Azpeitia y Beasain&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0140" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0200">Conflicts of interests</span><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Describe the risk of poverty and social exclusion in children aged 8-11 years from Gipuzkoa and Valencia &#40;Spain&#41;&#44; through AROPE &#40;At Risk Of Poverty or Social Exclusion&#41; indicators&#44; and evaluate their associated factors in the INMA Project &#40;Childhood and Environment&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Method</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Families in Gipuzkoa and Valencia &#40;394 and 382&#44; respectively&#41; completed a questionnaire in 2015-2016&#46; Low work intensity &#40;LWI&#41;&#44; at risk of poverty &#40;RP&#41; and material deprivation &#40;MD&#41; were estimated&#46; AROPE consisted in meeting any of the previous sub-indicators&#46; Socio-demographic&#44; family and parental characteristics were considered&#46; Frequencies&#44; Venn&#39;s diagrams&#44; and chi-square and Fisher tests were used in bivariate analysis and logistic regression in multivariate analysis&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">For LWI&#44; RP&#44; MD and AROPE&#44; prevalence of 2&#46;5&#37;&#44; 5&#46;6&#37;&#44; 2&#46;3&#37; and 7&#46;2&#37; were obtained in Gipuzkoa&#44; and 8&#46;1&#37;&#44; 31&#46;5&#37;&#44; 7&#46;8&#37; and 34&#46;7&#37; in Valencia&#44; respectively&#46; In the multivariate analysis&#44; the AROPE was associated in both areas with maternal social class and non-nuclear families&#46; In Gipuzkoa&#44; it was also related to maternal education&#46; In Valencia&#44; other factors were the mother&#39;s foreign origin&#44; and paternal education and smoking&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">There is higher AROPE prevalence in Valencia&#46; Social class and family type were shared factors&#44; but a differential pattern is observed in other social determinants&#46; It is essential to implement social policies to reduce this axis of inequalities in health&#44; especially in childhood&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Describir el riesgo de pobreza y exclusi&#243;n social en ni&#241;os&#47;as de 8-11 a&#241;os de Gipuzkoa y Valencia &#40;Espa&#241;a&#41;&#44; mediante los indicadores AROPE <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;At Risk Of Poverty or Social Exclusion&#41;&#44;</span> y evaluar sus factores asociados en el Proyecto INMA &#40;Infancia y Medio Ambiente&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Familias de Gipuzkoa y Valencia &#40;394 y 382&#44; respectivamente&#41; completaron un cuestionario en 2015-2016&#46; Se estimaron la baja intensidad de trabajo &#40;BIT&#41;&#44; el riesgo de pobreza &#40;RP&#41; y la privaci&#243;n material &#40;PM&#41;&#46; AROPE consisti&#243; en cumplir cualquiera de estos subindicadores&#46; Se consideraron caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas&#44; familiares y parentales&#46; Se usaron diagramas de Venn&#44; los test de Ji-cuadrado y Fisher en los an&#225;lisis bivariados&#44; y regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica en los an&#225;lisis multivariados&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se obtuvieron prevalencias para BIT&#44; RP&#44; PM y AROPE del 2&#44;5&#37;&#44; 5&#44;6&#37;&#44; 2&#44;3&#37; y 7&#44;2&#37; en Gipuzkoa&#44; y del 8&#44;1&#37;&#44; 31&#44;5&#37;&#44; 7&#44;8&#37; y 34&#44;7&#37; en Valencia&#44; respectivamente&#46; En el an&#225;lisis multivariado&#44; el AROPE se asoci&#243; en ambas &#225;reas con la clase social materna y la familia no nuclear&#46; En Gipuzkoa&#44; tambi&#233;n se relacion&#243; con la educaci&#243;n materna&#46; En Valencia&#44; otros factores fueron el origen extranjero materno y la educaci&#243;n y el tabaquismo paternos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hay un AROPE m&#225;s alto en Valencia&#46; La clase social y el tipo de familia fueron factores compartidos&#44; pero se observa un patr&#243;n diferencial en otros determinantes sociales&#46; Es esencial implementar pol&#237;ticas sociales para reducir este eje de desigualdad en salud&#44; especialmente en la infancia&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">OR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95&#37; CI</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">OR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95&#37; CI</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Maternal Social Class&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Higher&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ref&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ref&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ref&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ref&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ref&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ref&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;076&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Middle&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Lower&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Maternal education&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Primary&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">43&#46;49&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Secondary&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&#46;89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">University&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ref&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ref&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ref&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Paternal education&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Primary&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Secondary&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">University&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ref&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ref&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ref&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Maternal country of origin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Spain&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ref&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ref&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ref&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Not Spain&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#46;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Current paternal smoking&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ref&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ref&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ref&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mother living with father&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ref&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ref&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ref&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ref&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ref&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ref&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#46;71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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          "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0105" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0165">What is known about the topic&#63;</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Poverty is a powerful determinant on health&#44; especially at young age&#46; The At Risk of Poverty or Social Exclusion &#40;AROPE&#41; indicator is the European Union preferred indicator to measure poverty&#46; Child poverty is conditioned by maternal and paternal characteristics&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0110" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0170">What does this study add to the literature&#63;</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is the first cohort study assessing AROPE in Spain&#44; which was mainly related to parental education&#44; maternal social class and country of origin&#44; paternal smoking&#44; and non-nuclear family&#46; It is crucial to foster the accessibility to education&#44; protect and improve labour market and economic and social support to non-nuclear families&#46;</p></span></span>"
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