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"titulo" => "Prevalence of indirect sharing of drug-injecting paraphernalia in Galicia, Madrid, Seville and Valencia [Spain]"
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1 => "Prácticas de riesgo"
2 => "Virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana"
3 => "Virusde la hepatitis C"
4 => "Virus de la hepatitis B"
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"resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudiar las prácticas de riesgo de inyección de drogas, en especial compartir indirectamente material de inyección (CIMI), y de las conductas sexuales de riesgo.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Métodos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio transversal. Entrevista cara a cara de 1.638 usuarios de programas de intercambio de jeringas (PIJ). Se investigaron varias formas de CIMI (coger droga diluida en una jeringa usada ajena, meter la aguja en el recipiente donde se introdujeron otras usadas y reutilizar el líquido de limpieza de otros).</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El 16% en Galicia, el 4,7% en Madrid, el 17,6% en Sevilla y el 13,2% en Valencia se inyectó con jeringas usadas ajenas (p < 0,001). Con variaciones geográficas, la práctica de alguna forma de CIMI (Galicia, 32,4%; Madrid, 28,5%; Sevilla, 42,6%; Valencia, 27,4%; p < 0,001) superó en cada área a la de inyectarse con jeringas usadas ajenas. El 21,7; el 25,3; el 28,2, y el 18,1% (p < 0,01), respectivamente, no se inyectó con jeringas usadas ajenas, pero realizó alguna forma de CIMI. El porcentaje que mantuvo relaciones sexuales desprotegidas con una pareja ocasional fue en todos los lugares (36,6; 40,9; 37,9 y 23,9%; p = NS) muy inferior al que las mantuvo con la pareja estable (68,6; 72,0; 77,8 y 72,8%; p = NS). El 81,3% de los inyectores con pareja estable en Galicia, el 75,9% en Madrid, el 86,1% en Sevilla y el 79,7% en Valencia informaron que el estado serológico de su pareja era negativo o lo desconocía (p < 0,001).</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La prevalencia de CIMI es mayor que la de inyección con jeringas usadas. Para un porcentaje relevante, las únicas conductas de riesgo de inyección son las prácticas de CIMI. Éstas y el escaso uso del preservativo, especialmente con la pareja estable, pueden estar contribuyendo a la extensión del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana y al virus de las hepatitis C o B.</p>"
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"titulo" => "Abstract"
"resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objectives</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To study drug-injecting practices, particularly indirect sharing of injecting paraphernalia (ISIP), and sexual risk behavior.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We performed a cross-sectional study of 1638 users of needle exchange programs (NEPs). Different types of ISIP were studied: taking diluted drugs in a syringe used by others, placing the needle in a recipient with other used needles, and reusing cleaning liquid previously used by others.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of injecting with syringes already used by others was 16% in Galicia, 4.7% in Madrid, 17.6% in Seville and 13.2% in Valencia (p < 0.001). With geographical variations, other types of ISIP (Galicia: 32.4%; Madrid: 28.5%; Seville: 42.6%; Valencia: 27.4% –p < 0.001–) were more frequent than injecting with syringes already used by others (Galicia: 32.4%; Madrid: 28.5%; Seville: 42.6%; Valencia: 27.4% –p < 0.001–). The percentage not injecting with syringes used by others but performing ISIP was 21.7%, 25.3%, 28.2% and 18.1% (p < 0.01) respectively. In all geographical areas, sexual risk practices were more prevalent with steady sex partners (68.6%, 72.0%, 77.8%, 72.8% [NS]) than with casual partners (36.6%, 40.9%, 37.9%, 23.9% [NS]). Among injectors with a stable partner, 81.3% in Galicia, 75.9% in Madrid, 86.1% in Seville and 79.7% in Valencia reported that his/her serological status was negative for HIV or was unknown (p < 0.001).</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ISIP is more prevalent than injection with syringes already used by others. For a substantial percentage of injectors, ISIP is the only risk practice. ISIP and the low use of condoms, particularly with steady partners, could be a contributory factor to the spread of HIV, hepatitis C virus, and hepatitis B virus infection.</p>"
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