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Consultations with experts from other disciplines such as sociology, epidemiology, occupational and environmental health, engineering, applied chemistry and social work were done. Chemical spills in the country from mining industries are not uncommon. When such emergencies arise, there is a need to develop a standard procedure on the proper investigation, gathering of data and handling of the situation. The basic elements should include primarily the following: investigation of the workplace; investigation of the immediate environment, and health investigations among community dwellers, establishing parameters of emergency management. Investigation of the workplace involves a detailed account of the industrial accident, the causes of leaks or spillage into the external environment such as the river system, looking into the breakdown of work process, machines and other facilities. The chemical composition and amount of use are necessary to establish too. Then a profiling of the external environment can be done for the ambient air, river sitemaps and soil (whichever is affected). Samples of water and soil should be done on a scale and spatial basis to establish distance of affectation. Air sampling of chemical exposures shall provide data on concentrations. Then affectation of livestocks and people must also be investigated. This can be done by sampling nearby residents and getting some biologic samples from blood or urine, whichever is more efficient to establish biologic determinants. From such data gathering, the researcher can establish rating systems on which are the most affected and serious areas/ people and the consequent appropriate management.Conclusion: This is a significant study that came up with a standard management procedure on how to investigate chemical spills/ contaminations from mining industries to control and arrest the adverse effects of chemical spillage into the health, property and livelihood of community dwellers.330 A COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTIC OF THE AIR POLLUTION IN AN INDUSTRIALIZED REGION OF BULGARIA BEFORE AND AFTER THE ECONOMIC CRISIS (1980-2001) Tanya Turnovska*, Dimitar Iliev**, Stefan Kostianev***, Blagoy Marinov****Hygiene and Ecology, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. **Regional Inspectorate of Environment and Waters, Haskovo, Bulgaria. ***Pathological Physiology, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. More than forty years the atmosphere of Dimitrovgrad (a town with population at about 54 thousand people and situated in the Thracian lowland) has been regularly polluted by the chemical industry (production of nitric and phosphate fertilizers), production of cement and asbestos-cement articles, power production (the electric power station uses low energy coal with high contents of sulfur and ash) and well developed motor transport. The strong economic crisis after 1989 led to an abrupt decline in the industrial output of pollutants' sources. The Aim of the present study was to compare the air pollution in the town of Dimitrovgrad before and after industrial decrease.Materials and Methods: The air pollution was controlled at three permanent stations for manual tests. Dust (TSPM), SO2, NO2, H2S, HF and lead aerosols were systematically examined. The production of phosphates was stopped in 1994 which caused the concentration of HF to fall practically to zero and its control was abandoned. The concentrations of ammonia are controlled since 1993. All tests have been carried out according to the Bulgarian Standards, during the first working ten days of each month, four times daily for gases with duration of thirty minutes and eight hours continuously for TSPM and lead aerosols.Results: Considerable decline of the TSPM and SO2 concentrations after 1989 were found, respectively: TSPM from 0.84±0.114 to 0.13±0.0064 mg/m3 and SO2 - from 0.22±0.013 to 0.03±0.004 mg/m3. Mean year levels of lead aerosols are under the Bulgarian limits (0.001 mg/m3) during the total period, but before crisis they reached up to 0.0009± 0.00007 mg/m3 (X±SE) and after 1989 - up to 0.00005±0.000006 mg/m3; The result is similar about mean year concentrations of H2S (up to 0.03±0.0034 mg/m3 before 1990 and 0.00045±0.00013 mg/m3 after it) but the presence of quite high and quite low concentrations is probably due to a lack of rhythm in the production during the crisis period and leads to a burst like discharge of pollutants. The nitric oxides (like NO2) are at levels below the limits during the total investigated period and there is no tendency for decrease after 1989 (the mean year concentrations are between 0.029±0.0008 and 0.008±0.0011 mg/m3). That fact probably is a result of the great number of second hand cars used after 1989. NH3 levels are over the limits (0.04 mg/m3) - up to 1.04±0.90 mg/m3 during all years, except for 1999 (0.034±0.0016 mg/m3) and for 2000 (0.037±0.0019).Conclusion: A reliable decrease of the air pollution in the town of Dimitrovgrad was found after 1989 compared to the previous period in accord with the industrial decline.331 INFLUENCE OF THE LOW-DEGREE ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION ON CARDIOPULMONARY FUNCTIONS AMONG CHILDREN BELONGING TO DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS Tanya Turnovska*, Blagoy Marinov**, Stefan Kostianev****Hygiene and Ecology, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. **Pathological Physiology, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. ***Pathological Physiology, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. The changes in the respiratory and cardio-vascular function are a sensitive indicator of the influence of high-degree atmospheric pollution. However, when the latter is near the admissible levels of the pollutants, it usually does not lead to clinical manifestations. In such cases the evaluation method preferred is carrying out functional investigations including physical exertion tests. On the other hand, it is known that the ethnic difference is one of the factors determining the physical development as well as cardio-pulmonary functions. The Aim of the present study was to make a snapshot of the differences in anthropometric measurements and cardiopulmonary function between Bulgarian and Romany children living in à low level air polluted environment. The study was carried out during May 2001. Twenty four healthy children - 13 Bulgarian and 11 Romany at similar age (10.7 ± 0.9 years; mean±SD) took part in it. All of them have lived in a residential district situated close to a cement plant, and have attended at a school located not far from of 800-1000 m to the plant. The air pollution assessment was based over the data of a regular monitoring station located near the school.Results: TSPM - 0.13±0.010 mg/m3 (mean year concentration ± SE); Pb - 0.05±0.007 µg/m3; SO2 - 0.025±0.005 mg/m3; NO2 - 0.012±0.001 mg/m3; H2S - 0.017±0.015 mg/m3; NH3 - 0.060±0.003 mg/m3. There ware no significant differences between two groups of children concerning passive smoking and types of heating. Bulgarians were significantly taller (height cm = 143±6 vs. 135±6; p=0.007) and heavier (weight kg = 38±10 vs. 29±;4; p=0.012) than Romany children. There were significant differences in thoracic dimensions (thoracic circumference at full inspiration cm =74±7 vs. 67±3) and the actual values of the corresponding spirometric parameters (vital capacity (VC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1.0) between the two ethnic groups. Presenting the data as persentage of predicted normals removed the diference (VC%pred =104.3±10.7 vs 103.0±13.0; p=0.745 and FEV1.0% pred = 108.7±12.0 vs 110.8±;12.0; p=0.674). We found that Romany children have significantly lower diffusion capacity than their Bulgarian schoolmates (TL,CO = 4.25±0.70 vs. 5.23±1.00; p=0.011). The data from the incremental treadmill test showed that "standardized" peak oxygen uptake does not differ significantly between the two ethnic groups - VO2/kg ml.min-1.kg-1 = 33.9±3.8 vs. 34.8±6.8; p= 0.720, although significantly higher as absolute value - VO2 = 1282±347 vs. 982±115; p=0.012. Tidal volume (VT) and total exercise ventilation (VE) follow the same pattern.Conclusions: Ethnic differences between Bulgarian and Romany children living in a low level air pollution conditions above all things are mass dependent with the exception of diffusion capacity.332 ANALYSIS OF PULMONARY FUNCTIONS AMONG CHILDREN WHO LIVED UNDER MASSIVE AIR POLLUTION IN THEIR EARLY CHILDHOOD Tanya Turnovska*, Stefan Kostianev**, Blagoy Marinov***Hygiene and Ecology, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. **Pathological Physiology, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. Dimitrovgrad was highly industrialized region in Bulgaria up to 1990 with developped chemical industry, cement and asbestos-cement industry as well as energy production (steam power plant based on low calorie lignite with high ash and sulphur contents). The main ecological problem for more than four decades has been air pollution. Environmental factors including massive air pollution during early childhood contribute to a great extent for the unfavorable consequences during later life. One of the most important aftermaths is the impairment of pulmonary function. The Aim of the present study was to investigate the pulmonary function among children from the town of Dimitrovgrad who lived under massive air pollution during their early childhood.Material and methods: Ninety children (41 boys and 49 girls, height =145±6 cm, weight = 38±9 kg) residents of Dimitrovgrad were studied in 1996. They represented the first cohort, born in 1985. Ninety three children (49 boys and 44 girls, height =144±7 cm, weight = 37±9 kg) living in the same town and attending the same schools represented the second cohort and were tested in 2001 (born 1990). The data for the air pollution based on systematic control by Regional Inspectorate of Environment and Waters describe two periods: 1985-1989 (I) and 1990-1994 (II). The first period was characterized by massive air pollution and the first cohort suffered its negative impact during their early childhood. The second period documents rapid decline of air pollution when the children of the second cohort were born and raised.Results: The average year concentrations of air pollutants before and after industrial crisis are folowing [1985-1989 (I); 1990-1994 (II)]: TSPM (mg/m3)- I-0.55, II-0.34, p<0.001; SO2 (mg/m3)- I - 0.12,II - 0.07, p<0.05; Pb (µg/m3)- I0.79, II - 0.28, P<0.001; H2S (mg/m3)- I - 0.021, II - 0.013, p<0.05; HF (mg/m3)- I - 0.016, II - 0.005, p<0.001. The average concentration of NO2 is higher during the second period (0.018 vs. 0.021 mg/m3, p<0.05) probably because of using a great number of second hand cars. We found significantly lower mean values in the first group for: FVC (2.34±0.36 vs. 2.50±0.38 L; P=0.004), FEV1 (2.16±0.32 vs. 2.29±0.33 L; P=0.010), MEF 50% (2.86±0.71 vs. 3.04±0.70 L.s-1; P=0.009), TLC (3.05±0.37 vs. 3.43±0.47 L; P=0.001), and no difference for TL,CO (5.66±0.80 vs. 5.57±1.07 mL.min-1.kPa-1; P=0.515).Conclusions:1) Significantly higher levels of air pollutants were found in the period 1985-1989 in the town of Dimitrovgrad in comparison with 1990-1994. 2) Severe air pollution during first years of life has detrimental effect on the development of children's pulmonary functions.333 STUDY OF THE SHORT-TERM EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON MORTALITY IN PAMPLONA METROPOLITAN AREA Ines Aguinaga Ontoso1, Francisco Guillen Grima2, Javier Aldaz Berruezo3, Maria Dolores Ugarte Martinez4, Ana Fernandez Militino4, Concepcion Moreno Iribas3, Yugo Floristan Floristan3, Pedro Zuazo Onagoitia5, Inmaculada Serrano Monzo6. En nombre del Grupo: EMECAS Pamplona group1Sanidad y Medio Ambiente, Ayuntamiento Pamplona, Spain. 2Dept Health Sciences, Navarra Public University, Spain. 3Institute of Public Health, Navarra Government., Spain. 4Dept Statistics and Operation Research, Navarra Public University, Spain. 5Dept of Environmente, Navarra Government., Spain. 6School of Nursing, University of Navarra, Spain.Introduction: EMECAS is a collaborative project that seeks to evaluate the short-term effect of air pollution on mortality and hospital admissions. The objective of this project is to examine the time dynamic relationship between air pollution lag indicators and mortality and select the best pollutant indicator in order to carry out further analyses.Methods: Pamplona, metropolitan area has a population of 267.675 inhabitants. The period of the study goes from 1995 to 1999. Death Certificates were obtained from Navarra Institute of Public Health. The daily number of deaths in Pamplona metropolitan area was computed. Death were clasified according the ICD-9. From Air Pollution Networks we collected data for 24 hours daily levels of black smoke, total suspended particles (TSP), particles less than 10 m (PM10), SO2, and NO2; 8 hours maximum moving average of CO and ozone; and, lastly, 1 hour maximum of SO2, NO2 and ozone. Meteorological data were obtained from Pamplona Airport meteorological station (located 4 km away from the City Hall) Magnitude of association was estimated using generalized additive models (GAM) under a Poisson distribution controlling for confusion and over dispersion, as well as allowing for non-linear relationships. Co-variables included were trend, temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, influenza, day of the week, and unusual events. All calculations were computed using the S-Plus software.Results: Average levels of pollutants were, in general, low to moderate exceeding only the case of PM10 the European limit values. There was an association between black smoke levels and death by respiratory diseases RR=1,01073 (95% CI: 1.00022 - 1.02134), the same happened with respiratory diseases where black smoke levels (2 days lag) increased the risk RR 1,00845 (95% CI 1.0020 - 1.01677). Other pollutant related with cardiovascular diseases were CO with a RR of 1.14 (95% CI 1.007 -1.300) and SO2 where the RR was 1.01 (95% CI 1,001 -1.021). Mortality by all the death causes was related with SO2 and NO2 levels, the same happened in the case of mortality by all causes of death in people elder than 70 years.Conclusions: We have observed a relation between daily mortality and air polution, in all pollutants but CO and NO2 lag 0 for daily maximum measures and 0-1 lag average for daily mean measures appears as the most consistent estimates of the short-term relationship between air pollutants and mortality. For CO and NO2 the relationship seems to be more delayed, lag 3.Study funded by the Spanish Ministry of Health (FIS 00/0010-07).334 AIR POLLUTION LAGGED EFFECTS ASSESSMENT ON CARDIOVASCUALAR MORBIDITY IN THE EMECAS PROJECT Carmen Iñíguez1, MªPaz Rodriguez1, Ferran Ballester1, Santiago Pérez-Hoyos1, Marc Sáez2, Antonio Daponte3, Elena L. Villarrubia4, Juan Bellido5, Alvaro Cañada6. En nombre del Grupo: EMECAS group1Unitat d'Epidemiología i estadística, Escola Valenciana d'Estudis per a la Salut, Valencia, España. 2Department d' Economia, Universitat de Girona, Gerona, España. 3Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Consejería de Salud Pública, Granada, España. 4Servicio Canario de la Salud, Gobierno de Canarias, Canarias, España. 5Secciò de Epidemiología, Centre de Salut Pública de Castellò, Castellò, España. 6Departamento de Sanidad. Gobierno Vasco., Dirección de salud publica, Bilbao, España.Introduction: The EMECAS project is a multicentric study aimed to assess the effect of air pollution on mortality and morbidity in 16 Spanish cities. City-specific analyses have been done in each city following a standarised protocol, using Poisson Generalized Additive models. Daily number of hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases have been studied: all cardiovascular (CVS), heart (HD), ischaemic (IHD), and cerebrovascular (CBS) diseases. For each cause, if available, the following measures of pollution were considered: daily mean of black smoke, PM10 or TSP, SO2 and NO2, 8 hours moving average of CO and ozone and daily hourly maximum of SO2, NO2, CO and ozone. As it could be a delay in the effect of air pollution several lags from 0 to 3, and average of lags 0 and 1 and lags 2 and 3 of each pollutant were considered in separate models. For ozone, analyses only for warm period were carried out. As is clear, a lot of information has been obtained from this great amount of analyses.Objectives: To examine the time dynamic relationship between air pollution lag indicators and hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases and select the best pollutant indicator in order to carry out further analyses.Methods: For each outcome, the estimates for each pollutant lag or lag average were combined using fixed or ramdom effect models as necessary. Heterogeneity was tested according to DerSimonian and Laird procedure (p¾0.2). Pooled estimators were graphically plotted against lags, and the most significant effect was detected.Results: In general, the meta-analysis detected a statistically significant association between pollutants and CVS for all causes except CBS. The impact was greater in HD and CVS. The pattern over lags was the same in the three first outcomes. For daily maximum of SO2, NO2 and CO the lag of higher impact was lag 0. For 24 hours daily means of SO2, NO2 and CO best retards were 0-1 lag average and lag 0, in all but CBS and global SO2 for IHD, these indicators were statistically significant. For particulates, except in CBS, 0-1 lag average or lag 0 were the indicators with greater and positive effect, statistically significant in 2/3 of cases. In CBS lag 1 had the best, but negative non-significant effect. Finally for ozone, lag 3 and 2-3 lag average were the best indicators. The effect was significant for all causes, except for CBS.Conclusions: In all pollutant but ozone, lag 0 for daily maximum measures and 0-1 lag average for daily mean measures appear as the most consistent estimates. For ozone the relationship seems to be more delayed, i.e. lag 3 and 2-3 lag average. These result provide useful indication in selection of air pollutant time indicators for further analyses.335 SHORT TERM EFFECT OF POLLEN AND ALTERNARIA SPORES LEVELS ON MORTALITY AND URGENT HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS IN VALENCIA FROM 1996 TO 1999 Fernando Gómez Pajares*, Ferran Ballester Díez**, Carmen Iñiguez Hernández**, Loreto Suay Llopis**, Luis Caballero Gómez***, Santiago Perez Hoyos***Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Malva-Rosa, Valencia, España. **Epidemiología y Estadística, Escuela Valenciana de Estudios para la Salud, Valencia, España. ***Alergia Infantil, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, España.Introduction: Environmental levels of pollen and fungal spores have been related with development or worsening of some diseases. Graminae pollen levels have been associated with worsening of asthma and increases of healthcare services demand, although there is not strong evidence about the relationship between other pollen species and morbidity or mortality. However, atmospheric levels of fungal spores have been related with respiratory diseases and they are considered as a risk factor for respiratory failure in young asthmatic patients. The objective of this study is to analyze the short term effect of pollen and Alternaria spores on mortality and urgent hospital admissions in Valencia from 1996 to 1999.Methods: Time series of daily deaths (all causes and respiratory diseases) and daily urgent hospital admissions (caused by respiratory diseases, asthma and cardiovascular diseases) were related with daily averages of the atmospheric concentration of total pollen (grains/m3), Graminae pollen (grains/m3) and Alternaria spores (spores/m3). The effect of trend, seasonality, cyclic changes, temperature, relative humidity, influenza incidence, holydays, unusual days, weekday and particulated air pollution was controlled. Information about pollen levels was obtained from Spanish Net of Alergobiología. A descriptive analysis (including graphic representations of series and relationships between variables) and a multivariated analysis using Poisson generalised additive models were performed. Relative risks (RR) and their confidence intervals (CI95%) were estimated for a change in interquartile range of pollen or spores levels (90 grains/m3 for the total pollen counts, 6 grains/m3 for Graminae pollen and 30 esporas/m3 for Alternaria alternata).Results: We did not find clear associations between pollen or spores and total mortality or urgent hospital admission caused by asthma. A weak relation between urgent hospital admissions by respiratory diseases and total pollen counts was found. RR for 7 days average of total pollen concentrations were 1.02 (CI95%:1.01, 1.04). Associations between urgent hospital admissions caused by cardiovascular diseases and the same day levels of total pollen (RR: 1.02, CI95%: 1.00, 1.03) and of Graminae pollen (RR: 1.01, CI95%: 1.00, 1.02) were detected. For respiratory diseases mortality, a constant and positive association with total pollen levels was found, being the RR for 7 days average 1.07 (CI95%: 1.04, 1.11)Conclusions: A 90 grains/m3 increase in seven days average of total pollen counts could raise respiratory diseases mortality in approximately a 7%.336 AN EXCESS OF BIRTH DEFECTS IN AN AREA AT "HIGH RISK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS" IN ITALY Fabrizio Bianchi*, Sebastiano Bianca**, Nunzia Linzalone*, Anselmo Madeddu***, Michela Rial**Unit of Epidemiology, CNR - Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy. **Sicilian Registry of Congenital Malformations, Catania, Italy. ***Territorial Registry of Pathology, Siracusa, Italy.Introduction: The study area is the Province of Siracusa in the South-East of Sicily island, Italy. The study area includes the municipalities of Augusta, Priolo and Melilli in which is sited an industrial area that has been classified as at "high risk of environmental crisis" by the Italian Ministry of Environment (Act n. 349/86). This area hosts petrochemical industrial activities that may entail noxious exposures, through occupation and environment. An epidemiological descriptive study on malformed newborns residing in the Siracusa province was carried out using data routinely collected by the Sicilian Registry of Birth Defects (I.S.MA.C.).Methods: The rates of selected birth defects, analysed by municipalities of the Siracusa province for the 1991-2000 period, were compared to different standard rates (Eastern Sicily Registry, ESR; mean rates of the other italian registries of congenital malformations, IR). To calculate prevalence rates the number of births and stillbirths was obtained from the Birth Registry Office of relevant municipalities. Data were analysed for selected malformations and for groups of conditions. Heterogeneity among municipalities was tested by chi-square, and annual trends by chi-square for trend.Results: The prevalence rate of total malformations for the Siracusa province (133/10.000) was significantly lower than the standard rates (ESR: 182/10.000; IR: 197/10.000). A significant excess resulted for the three municipalities (SMRESR=1.2, SMRIR=1.1) and for the rest of the Siracusa province (SMR=1.9). Data resulted significantly heterogeneous among municipalities and over time due to a decrease of the total anomalies' occurrence in the last years (chi2 trend = 28.2 p<0.00; chi2 among municipalities p=0.00). The industrial area of Augusta-Priolo-Melilli showed a significant excess also for hypospadias (SMRESR=2.3, SMRIR=1.8) and for digestive system (SMRESR=2.1, SMRIR=2.2). In addition hypospadias and digestive defects were still significant versus the rest of the Siracusa province (SMR=2.1 and 2.6 respectively).Conclusions: High hypospadias rate, such as the one we observed, is rarely reported in literature. However it must be taken into account that hypospadias, particularly mild forms, are subject to high diagnostic variability. Recently, epidemiologic studies have reported hypospadias in association with environmental pollutants acting as endocrine disruptors. Also the excess of anomalies of the digestive system deserves attention though the increase of some of these defects may be influenced by diagnostic variability. The descriptive nature of the study, carried out at the municipality level, and the absence of information for individual environmental and occupational exposure and confounders make it difficult, at this stage, to estabilish a direct causal relation between malformations and main petrochemical pollutants. Nonetheless, excesses found in the three municipalities including the industrial area, are indicative of a possible link between risk factors and observed prevalences.337 EFECTOS A CORTO PLAZO DE LA CONTAMINACIÓN ATMOSFÉRICA SOBRE LA MORBILIDAD RESPIRATORIA EN LA CIUDAD DE VIGO: UN ESTUDIO CASE-CROSSOVER Coro Sánchez Hernández1, Adolfo Figueiras Guzmán2, Margarita Taracido Trunk2, Victoria Jato Rodríguez3, Joaquín San José Arango41Centro de Salud, Sergas Atención Primaria, Villagarcía. España. 2Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago. España. 3Botánica, Universidad de Vigo, Ourense. España. 4Centro de Salud de Bembibre, Sergas, Vigo. España.Antecedentes: Son numerosos los estudios epidemiológicos que relacionan contaminación atmosférica con mortalidad y morbilidad a través de ingresos hospitalarios. Sin embargo, son más escasos los estudios que la relacionan con morbilidad a través de llamadas a servicios de urgencia. Por otro lado, no se ha valorado en profundidad el efecto del polen sobre estos indicadores de salud. Por ello, se plantea un estudio case-crossover para valorar la influencia de las contaminaciones atmosférica y polínica en las llamadas al 061.Métodos: El estudio se ha realizado en el municipio de Vigo entre los años 1996 y 1999. Se recogieron las llamadas al Centro de Emergencia Médicas 061 por enfermedades respiratorias. Y los datos de contaminación por SO2 y humos negros de la Red de Vigilancia y Prevención de la Contaminación Atmosférica en Vigo. Se realizó un diseño case-crossover bidireccional simétrico con un periodo control de 7 días antes y 7 días después del evento. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante regresión logística condicional. Se elaboró un modelo basal (utilizando como criterio la minimización del AIC) en el que se valoraba la temperatura, humedad (ambos incluidos como natural-splines con 4 grados de libertad y con retardos 1, 2 y 3 y promedios 01 y 23), día de la semana, días festivos y gripe. A continuación se elaboraron modelos uniexposición con contaminantes y pólenes valorando retardos 1, 2 y 3 y promedios 01 y 23. También se realizó un modelo multiexposición en el que se incluían aquellas exposiciones que presentaban una p < 0,1 en el modelo uniexposición. Finalmente, se realizó una análisis de sensibilidad del modelo, valorando la relación con urgencias de tipo digestivo.Resultados: El modelo basal incluía: el día de la semana, los días festivos, la epidemia de gripe, los promedios 01 y 23 de la temperatura y el promedio 01 de la humedad. Los resultados son significativos para el promedio 23 de la temperatura, dando una relación no lineal. En el modelo uniexposición se observa que la probabilidad de llamar al servicio de urgencias 061 por causas respiratorias parece estar relacionada con los niveles de polen de gramíneas, abedul, aliso, quenopodio y ciprés. En el modelo multiexposición de contaminantes y pólenes, se encontraron resultados significativos para el aliso (retardo 2), el quenopodio y el ciprés. No se encontró relación entre ninguna de las variables de exposición (contaminación y polen) y enfermedades digestivas.Conclusiones: Algunos pólenes y variables meteorológicas están asociados a la morbilidad respiratoria. No se encontró asociación entre llamadas al centro de Emergencias Médicas 061 y contaminación atmosférica." 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    "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"> Viernes 3 de Octubre &#47; Friday 3&#44; October<br></br> 17&#58;00&#58;00 a&#47;to 18&#58;00&#58;00</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">329 ESTABLISHING HEALTH EPIDEMIOLOGY FOR CHEMICAL SPILLS IN MINING INDUSTRIES</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> JInky Leilanie LU</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">College of Arts and Scinces&#44; Univeristy of teh Philippines&#44; Manila&#46;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Objectives&#58;</span> To look into health epidemiology of investigating and handling chemical spills in mining industries&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Methods&#58;</span> The research study was a preliminary study for a framework on how to investigate and handle chemical spills from a metallic mining industry in the Philippines&#46; Consultations with experts from other disciplines such as sociology&#44; epidemiology&#44; occupational and environmental health&#44; engineering&#44; applied chemistry and social work were done&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Chemical spills in the country from mining industries are not uncommon&#46; When such emergencies arise&#44; there is a need to develop a standard procedure on the proper investigation&#44; gathering of data and handling of the situation&#46; The basic elements should include primarily the following&#58; investigation of the workplace&#59; investigation of the immediate environment&#44; and health investigations among community dwellers&#44; establishing parameters of emergency management&#46; Investigation of the workplace involves a detailed account of the industrial accident&#44; the causes of leaks or spillage into the external environment such as the river system&#44; looking into the breakdown of work process&#44; machines and other facilities&#46; The chemical composition and amount of use are necessary to establish too&#46; Then a profiling of the external environment can be done for the ambient air&#44; river sitemaps and soil &#40;whichever is affected&#41;&#46; Samples of water and soil should be done on a scale and spatial basis to establish distance of affectation&#46; Air sampling of chemical exposures shall provide data on concentrations&#46; Then affectation of livestocks and people must also be investigated&#46; This can be done by sampling nearby residents and getting some biologic samples from blood or urine&#44; whichever is more efficient to establish biologic determinants&#46; From such data gathering&#44; the researcher can establish rating systems on which are the most affected and serious areas&#47; people and the consequent appropriate management&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conclusion&#58;</span> This is a significant study that came up with a standard management procedure on how to investigate chemical spills&#47; contaminations from mining industries to control and arrest the adverse effects of chemical spillage into the health&#44; property and livelihood of community dwellers&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">330 A COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTIC OF THE AIR POLLUTION IN AN INDUSTRIALIZED REGION OF BULGARIA BEFORE AND AFTER THE ECONOMIC CRISIS &#40;1980-2001&#41;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Tanya Turnovska&#42;&#44; Dimitar Iliev&#42;&#42;&#44; Stefan Kostianev&#42;&#42;&#42;&#44; Blagoy Marinov&#42;&#42;&#42;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#42;Hygiene and Ecology&#44; Medical University&#44; Plovdiv&#44; Bulgaria&#46; &#42;&#42;Regional Inspectorate of Environment and Waters&#44; Haskovo&#44; Bulgaria&#46; &#42;&#42;&#42;Pathological Physiology&#44; Medical University&#44; Plovdiv&#44; Bulgaria&#46;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> More than forty years the atmosphere of Dimitrovgrad &#40;a town with population at about 54 thousand people and situated in the Thracian lowland&#41; has been regularly polluted by the chemical industry &#40;production of nitric and phosphate fertilizers&#41;&#44; production of cement and asbestos-cement articles&#44; power production &#40;the electric power station uses low energy coal with high contents of sulfur and ash&#41; and well developed motor transport&#46; The strong economic crisis after 1989 led to an abrupt decline in the industrial output of pollutants&#39; sources&#46; The Aim of the present study was to compare the air pollution in the town of Dimitrovgrad before and after industrial decrease&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Materials and Methods&#58;</span> The air pollution was controlled at three permanent stations for manual tests&#46; Dust &#40;TSPM&#41;&#44; SO2&#44; NO2&#44; H2S&#44; HF and lead aerosols were systematically examined&#46; The production of phosphates was stopped in 1994 which caused the concentration of HF to fall practically to zero and its control was abandoned&#46; The concentrations of ammonia are controlled since 1993&#46; All tests have been carried out according to the Bulgarian Standards&#44; during the first working ten days of each month&#44; four times daily for gases with duration of thirty minutes and eight hours continuously for TSPM and lead aerosols&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Results&#58;</span> Considerable decline of the TSPM and SO2 concentrations after 1989 were found&#44; respectively&#58; TSPM from 0&#46;84&#177;0&#46;114 to 0&#46;13&#177;0&#46;0064 mg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> and SO2 - from 0&#46;22&#177;0&#46;013 to 0&#46;03&#177;0&#46;004 mg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#46; Mean year levels of lead aerosols are under the Bulgarian limits &#40;0&#46;001 mg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41; during the total period&#44; but before crisis they reached up to 0&#46;0009&#177; 0&#46;00007 mg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> &#40;X&#177;SE&#41; and after 1989 - up to 0&#46;00005&#177;0&#46;000006 mg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#59; The result is similar about mean year concentrations of H2S &#40;up to 0&#46;03&#177;0&#46;0034 mg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> before 1990 and 0&#46;00045&#177;0&#46;00013 mg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> after it&#41; but the presence of quite high and quite low concentrations is probably due to a lack of rhythm in the production during the crisis period and leads to a burst like discharge of pollutants&#46; The nitric oxides &#40;like NO2&#41; are at levels below the limits during the total investigated period and there is no tendency for decrease after 1989 &#40;the mean year concentrations are between 0&#46;029&#177;0&#46;0008 and 0&#46;008&#177;0&#46;0011 mg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41;&#46; That fact probably is a result of the great number of second hand cars used after 1989&#46; NH3 levels are over the limits &#40;0&#46;04 mg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41; - up to 1&#46;04&#177;0&#46;90 mg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> during all years&#44; except for 1999 &#40;0&#46;034&#177;0&#46;0016 mg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41; and for 2000 &#40;0&#46;037&#177;0&#46;0019&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conclusion&#58;</span> A reliable decrease of the air pollution in the town of Dimitrovgrad was found after 1989 compared to the previous period in accord with the industrial decline&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">331 INFLUENCE OF THE LOW-DEGREE ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION ON CARDIOPULMONARY FUNCTIONS AMONG CHILDREN BELONGING TO DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Tanya Turnovska&#42;&#44; Blagoy Marinov&#42;&#42;&#44; Stefan Kostianev&#42;&#42;&#42;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#42;Hygiene and Ecology&#44; Medical University&#44; Plovdiv&#44; Bulgaria&#46; &#42;&#42;Pathological Physiology&#44; Medical University&#44; Plovdiv&#44; Bulgaria&#46; &#42;&#42;&#42;Pathological Physiology&#44; Medical University&#44; Plovdiv&#44; Bulgaria&#46;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> The changes in the respiratory and cardio-vascular function are a sensitive indicator of the influence of high-degree atmospheric pollution&#46; However&#44; when the latter is near the admissible levels of the pollutants&#44; it usually does not lead to clinical manifestations&#46; In such cases the evaluation method preferred is carrying out functional investigations including physical exertion tests&#46; On the other hand&#44; it is known that the ethnic difference is one of the factors determining the physical development as well as cardio-pulmonary functions&#46; The Aim of the present study was to make a snapshot of the differences in anthropometric measurements and cardiopulmonary function between Bulgarian and Romany children living in &#224; low level air polluted environment&#46; The study was carried out during May 2001&#46; Twenty four healthy children - 13 Bulgarian and 11 Romany at similar age &#40;10&#46;7 &#177; 0&#46;9 years&#59; mean&#177;SD&#41; took part in it&#46; All of them have lived in a residential district situated close to a cement plant&#44; and have attended at a school located not far from of 800-1000 m to the plant&#46; The air pollution assessment was based over the data of a regular monitoring station located near the school&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Results&#58;</span> TSPM - 0&#46;13&#177;0&#46;010 mg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> &#40;mean year concentration &#177; SE&#41;&#59; Pb - 0&#46;05&#177;0&#46;007 &#181;g&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#59; SO2 - 0&#46;025&#177;0&#46;005 mg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#59; NO2 - 0&#46;012&#177;0&#46;001 mg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#59; H2S - 0&#46;017&#177;0&#46;015 mg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#59; NH3 - 0&#46;060&#177;0&#46;003 mg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#46; There ware no significant differences between two groups of children concerning passive smoking and types of heating&#46; Bulgarians were significantly taller &#40;height cm &#61; 143&#177;6 vs&#46; 135&#177;6&#59; p&#61;0&#46;007&#41; and heavier &#40;weight kg &#61; 38&#177;10 vs&#46; 29&#177;&#59;4&#59; p&#61;0&#46;012&#41; than Romany children&#46; There were significant differences in thoracic dimensions &#40;thoracic circumference at full inspiration cm &#61;74&#177;7 vs&#46; 67&#177;3&#41; and the actual values of the corresponding spirometric parameters &#40;vital capacity &#40;VC&#41; and forced expiratory volume in one second &#40;FEV1&#46;0&#41; between the two ethnic groups&#46; Presenting the data as persentage of predicted normals removed the diference &#40;VC&#37;pred &#61;104&#46;3&#177;10&#46;7 vs 103&#46;0&#177;13&#46;0&#59; p&#61;0&#46;745 and FEV1&#46;0&#37; pred &#61; 108&#46;7&#177;12&#46;0 vs 110&#46;8&#177;&#59;12&#46;0&#59; p&#61;0&#46;674&#41;&#46; We found that Romany children have significantly lower diffusion capacity than their Bulgarian schoolmates &#40;TL&#44;CO &#61; 4&#46;25&#177;0&#46;70 vs&#46; 5&#46;23&#177;1&#46;00&#59; p&#61;0&#46;011&#41;&#46; The data from the incremental treadmill test showed that &#34;standardized&#34; peak oxygen uptake does not differ significantly between the two ethnic groups - VO2&#47;kg ml&#46;min-1&#46;kg-1 &#61; 33&#46;9&#177;3&#46;8 vs&#46; 34&#46;8&#177;6&#46;8&#59; p&#61; 0&#46;720&#44; although significantly higher as absolute value - VO2 &#61; 1282&#177;347 vs&#46; 982&#177;115&#59; p&#61;0&#46;012&#46; Tidal volume &#40;VT&#41; and total exercise ventilation &#40;VE&#41; follow the same pattern&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conclusions&#58;</span> Ethnic differences between Bulgarian and Romany children living in a low level air pollution conditions above all things are mass dependent with the exception of diffusion capacity&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">332 ANALYSIS OF PULMONARY FUNCTIONS AMONG CHILDREN WHO LIVED UNDER MASSIVE AIR POLLUTION IN THEIR EARLY CHILDHOOD</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Tanya Turnovska&#42;&#44; Stefan Kostianev&#42;&#42;&#44; Blagoy Marinov&#42;&#42;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#42;Hygiene and Ecology&#44; Medical University&#44; Plovdiv&#44; Bulgaria&#46; &#42;&#42;Pathological Physiology&#44; Medical University&#44; Plovdiv&#44; Bulgaria&#46;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Dimitrovgrad was highly industrialized region in Bulgaria up to 1990 with developped chemical industry&#44; cement and asbestos-cement industry as well as energy production &#40;steam power plant based on low calorie lignite with high ash and sulphur contents&#41;&#46; The main ecological problem for more than four decades has been air pollution&#46; Environmental factors including massive air pollution during early childhood contribute to a great extent for the unfavorable consequences during later life&#46; One of the most important aftermaths is the impairment of pulmonary function&#46; The Aim of the present study was to investigate the pulmonary function among children from the town of Dimitrovgrad who lived under massive air pollution during their early childhood&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Material and methods&#58;</span> Ninety children &#40;41 boys and 49 girls&#44; height &#61;145&#177;6 cm&#44; weight &#61; 38&#177;9 kg&#41; residents of Dimitrovgrad were studied in 1996&#46; They represented the first cohort&#44; born in 1985&#46; Ninety three children &#40;49 boys and 44 girls&#44; height &#61;144&#177;7 cm&#44; weight &#61; 37&#177;9 kg&#41; living in the same town and attending the same schools represented the second cohort and were tested in 2001 &#40;born 1990&#41;&#46; The data for the air pollution based on systematic control by Regional Inspectorate of Environment and Waters describe two periods&#58; 1985-1989 &#40;I&#41; and 1990-1994 &#40;II&#41;&#46; The first period was characterized by massive air pollution and the first cohort suffered its negative impact during their early childhood&#46; The second period documents rapid decline of air pollution when the children of the second cohort were born and raised&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Results&#58;</span> The average year concentrations of air pollutants before and after industrial crisis are folowing &#91;1985-1989 &#40;I&#41;&#59; 1990-1994 &#40;II&#41;&#93;&#58; TSPM &#40;mg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41;- I-0&#46;55&#44; II-0&#46;34&#44; p&#60;0&#46;001&#59; SO2 &#40;mg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41;- I - 0&#46;12&#44;II - 0&#46;07&#44; p&#60;0&#46;05&#59; Pb &#40;&#181;g&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41;- I0&#46;79&#44; II - 0&#46;28&#44; P&#60;0&#46;001&#59; H2S &#40;mg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41;- I - 0&#46;021&#44; II - 0&#46;013&#44; p&#60;0&#46;05&#59; HF &#40;mg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41;- I - 0&#46;016&#44; II - 0&#46;005&#44; p&#60;0&#46;001&#46; The average concentration of NO2 is higher during the second period &#40;0&#46;018 vs&#46; 0&#46;021 mg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#44; p&#60;0&#46;05&#41; probably because of using a great number of second hand cars&#46; We found significantly lower mean values in the first group for&#58; FVC &#40;2&#46;34&#177;0&#46;36 vs&#46; 2&#46;50&#177;0&#46;38 L&#59; P&#61;0&#46;004&#41;&#44; FEV1 &#40;2&#46;16&#177;0&#46;32 vs&#46; 2&#46;29&#177;0&#46;33 L&#59; P&#61;0&#46;010&#41;&#44; MEF 50&#37; &#40;2&#46;86&#177;0&#46;71 vs&#46; 3&#46;04&#177;0&#46;70 L&#46;s-1&#59; P&#61;0&#46;009&#41;&#44; TLC &#40;3&#46;05&#177;0&#46;37 vs&#46; 3&#46;43&#177;0&#46;47 L&#59; P&#61;0&#46;001&#41;&#44; and no difference for TL&#44;CO &#40;5&#46;66&#177;0&#46;80 vs&#46; 5&#46;57&#177;1&#46;07 mL&#46;min-1&#46;kPa-1&#59; P&#61;0&#46;515&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conclusions&#58;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">1&#41;</span> Significantly higher levels of air pollutants were found in the period 1985-1989 in the town of Dimitrovgrad in comparison with 1990-1994&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2&#41;</span> Severe air pollution during first years of life has detrimental effect on the development of children&#39;s pulmonary functions&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">333 STUDY OF THE SHORT-TERM EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON MORTALITY IN PAMPLONA METROPOLITAN AREA</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Ines Aguinaga Ontoso<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>&#44; Francisco Guillen Grima<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; Javier Aldaz Berruezo<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#44; Maria Dolores Ugarte Martinez<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span>&#44; Ana Fernandez Militino<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span>&#44; Concepcion Moreno Iribas<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#44; Yugo Floristan Floristan<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#44; Pedro Zuazo Onagoitia<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span>&#44; Inmaculada Serrano Monzo<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span>&#46; En nombre del Grupo&#58; EMECAS Pamplona group</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>Sanidad y Medio Ambiente&#44; Ayuntamiento Pamplona&#44; Spain&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>Dept Health Sciences&#44; Navarra Public University&#44; Spain&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>Institute of Public Health&#44; Navarra Government&#46;&#44; Spain&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span>Dept Statistics and Operation Research&#44; Navarra Public University&#44; Spain&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span>Dept of Environmente&#44; Navarra Government&#46;&#44; Spain&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span>School of Nursing&#44; University of Navarra&#44; Spain&#46;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Introduction&#58;</span> EMECAS is a collaborative project that seeks to evaluate the short-term effect of air pollution on mortality and hospital admissions&#46; The objective of this project is to examine the time dynamic relationship between air pollution lag indicators and mortality and select the best pollutant indicator in order to carry out further analyses&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Methods&#58;</span> Pamplona&#44; metropolitan area has a population of 267&#46;675 inhabitants&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> The period of the study goes from 1995 to 1999&#46; Death Certificates were obtained from Navarra Institute of Public Health&#46; The daily number of deaths in Pamplona metropolitan area was computed&#46; Death were clasified according the ICD-9&#46; From Air Pollution Networks we collected data for 24 hours daily levels of black smoke&#44; total suspended particles &#40;TSP&#41;&#44; particles less than 10 m &#40;PM10&#41;&#44; SO2&#44; and NO2&#59; 8 hours maximum moving average of CO and ozone&#59; and&#44; lastly&#44; 1 hour maximum of SO2&#44; NO2 and ozone&#46; Meteorological data were obtained from Pamplona Airport meteorological station &#40;located 4 km away from the City Hall&#41; Magnitude of association was estimated using generalized additive models &#40;GAM&#41; under a Poisson distribution controlling for confusion and over dispersion&#44; as well as allowing for non-linear relationships&#46; Co-variables included were trend&#44; temperature&#44; humidity&#44; barometric pressure&#44; influenza&#44; day of the week&#44; and unusual events&#46; All calculations were computed using the S-Plus software&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Results&#58;</span> Average levels of pollutants were&#44; in general&#44; low to moderate exceeding only the case of PM10 the European limit values&#46; There was an association between black smoke levels and death by respiratory diseases RR&#61;1&#44;01073 &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#46;00022 - 1&#46;02134&#41;&#44; the same happened with respiratory diseases where black smoke levels &#40;2 days lag&#41; increased the risk RR 1&#44;00845 &#40;95&#37; CI 1&#46;0020 - 1&#46;01677&#41;&#46; Other pollutant related with cardiovascular diseases were CO with a RR of 1&#46;14 &#40;95&#37; CI 1&#46;007 -1&#46;300&#41; and SO2 where the RR was 1&#46;01 &#40;95&#37; CI 1&#44;001 -1&#46;021&#41;&#46; Mortality by all the death causes was related with SO2 and NO2 levels&#44; the same happened in the case of mortality by all causes of death in people elder than 70 years&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conclusions&#58;</span> We have observed a relation between daily mortality and air polution&#44; in all pollutants but CO and NO2 lag 0 for daily maximum measures and 0-1 lag average for daily mean measures appears as the most consistent estimates of the short-term relationship between air pollutants and mortality&#46; For CO and NO2 the relationship seems to be more delayed&#44; lag 3&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Study funded by the Spanish Ministry of Health &#40;FIS 00&#47;0010-07&#41;&#46;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">334 AIR POLLUTION LAGGED EFFECTS ASSESSMENT ON CARDIOVASCUALAR MORBIDITY IN THE EMECAS PROJECT</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Carmen I&#241;&#237;guez<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>&#44; M&#170;Paz Rodriguez<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>&#44; Ferran Ballester<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>&#44; Santiago P&#233;rez-Hoyos<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>&#44; Marc S&#225;ez<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; Antonio Daponte<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#44; Elena L&#46; Villarrubia<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span>&#44; Juan Bellido<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span>&#44; Alvaro Ca&#241;ada<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span>&#46; En nombre del Grupo&#58; EMECAS group</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>Unitat d&#39;Epidemiolog&#237;a i estad&#237;stica&#44; Escola Valenciana d&#39;Estudis per a la Salut&#44; Valencia&#44; Espa&#241;a&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>Department d&#39; Economia&#44; Universitat de Girona&#44; Gerona&#44; Espa&#241;a&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>Escuela Andaluza de Salud P&#250;blica&#44; Consejer&#237;a de Salud P&#250;blica&#44; Granada&#44; Espa&#241;a&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span>Servicio Canario de la Salud&#44; Gobierno de Canarias&#44; Canarias&#44; Espa&#241;a&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleSup"> 5</span>Secci&#242; de Epidemiolog&#237;a&#44; Centre de Salut P&#250;blica de Castell&#242;&#44; Castell&#242;&#44; Espa&#241;a&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span>Departamento de Sanidad&#46; Gobierno Vasco&#46;&#44; Direcci&#243;n de salud publica&#44; Bilbao&#44; Espa&#241;a&#46;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Introduction&#58;</span> The EMECAS project is a multicentric study aimed to assess the effect of air pollution on mortality and morbidity in 16 Spanish cities&#46; City-specific analyses have been done in each city following a standarised protocol&#44; using Poisson Generalized Additive models&#46; Daily number of hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases have been studied&#58; all cardiovascular &#40;CVS&#41;&#44; heart &#40;HD&#41;&#44; ischaemic &#40;IHD&#41;&#44; and cerebrovascular &#40;CBS&#41; diseases&#46; For each cause&#44; if available&#44; the following measures of pollution were considered&#58; daily mean of black smoke&#44; PM10 or TSP&#44; SO2 and NO2&#44; 8 hours moving average of CO and ozone and daily hourly maximum of SO2&#44; NO2&#44; CO and ozone&#46; As it could be a delay in the effect of air pollution several lags from 0 to 3&#44; and average of lags 0 and 1 and lags 2 and 3 of each pollutant were considered in separate models&#46; For ozone&#44; analyses only for warm period were carried out&#46; As is clear&#44; a lot of information has been obtained from this great amount of analyses&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Objectives&#58;</span> To examine the time dynamic relationship between air pollution lag indicators and hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases and select the best pollutant indicator in order to carry out further analyses&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Methods&#58;</span> For each outcome&#44; the estimates for each pollutant lag or lag average were combined using fixed or ramdom effect models as necessary&#46; Heterogeneity was tested according to DerSimonian and Laird procedure &#40;p&#190;0&#46;2&#41;&#46; Pooled estimators were graphically plotted against lags&#44; and the most significant effect was detected&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Results&#58;</span> In general&#44; the meta-analysis detected a statistically significant association between pollutants and CVS for all causes except CBS&#46; The impact was greater in HD and CVS&#46; The pattern over lags was the same in the three first outcomes&#46; For daily maximum of SO2&#44; NO2 and CO the lag of higher impact was lag 0&#46; For 24 hours daily means of SO2&#44; NO2 and CO best retards were 0-1 lag average and lag 0&#44; in all but CBS and global SO2 for IHD&#44; these indicators were statistically significant&#46; For particulates&#44; except in CBS&#44; 0-1 lag average or lag 0 were the indicators with greater and positive effect&#44; statistically significant in 2&#47;3 of cases&#46; In CBS lag 1 had the best&#44; but negative non-significant effect&#46; Finally for ozone&#44; lag 3 and 2-3 lag average were the best indicators&#46; The effect was significant for all causes&#44; except for CBS&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conclusions&#58;</span> In all pollutant but ozone&#44; lag 0 for daily maximum measures and 0-1 lag average for daily mean measures appear as the most consistent estimates&#46; For ozone the relationship seems to be more delayed&#44; i&#46;e&#46; lag 3 and 2-3 lag average&#46; These result provide useful indication in selection of air pollutant time indicators for further analyses&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">335 SHORT TERM EFFECT OF POLLEN AND ALTERNARIA SPORES LEVELS ON MORTALITY AND URGENT HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS IN VALENCIA FROM 1996 TO 1999</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Fernando G&#243;mez Pajares&#42;&#44; Ferran Ballester D&#237;ez&#42;&#42;&#44; Carmen I&#241;iguez Hern&#225;ndez&#42;&#42;&#44; Loreto Suay Llopis&#42;&#42;&#44; Luis Caballero G&#243;mez&#42;&#42;&#42;&#44; Santiago Perez Hoyos&#42;&#42;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#42;Medicina Preventiva&#44; Hospital Malva-Rosa&#44; Valencia&#44; Espa&#241;a&#46; &#42;&#42;Epidemiolog&#237;a y Estad&#237;stica&#44; Escuela Valenciana de Estudios para la Salud&#44; Valencia&#44; Espa&#241;a&#46; &#42;&#42;&#42;Alergia Infantil&#44; Hospital Universitario La Fe&#44; Valencia&#44; Espa&#241;a&#46;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Introduction&#58;</span> Environmental levels of pollen and fungal spores have been related with development or worsening of some diseases&#46; Graminae pollen levels have been associated with worsening of asthma and increases of healthcare services demand&#44; although there is not strong evidence about the relationship between other pollen species and morbidity or mortality&#46; However&#44; atmospheric levels of fungal spores have been related with respiratory diseases and they are considered as a risk factor for respiratory failure in young asthmatic patients&#46; The objective of this study is to analyze the short term effect of pollen and Alternaria spores on mortality and urgent hospital admissions in Valencia from 1996 to 1999&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Methods&#58;</span> Time series of daily deaths &#40;all causes and respiratory diseases&#41; and daily urgent hospital admissions &#40;caused by respiratory diseases&#44; asthma and cardiovascular diseases&#41; were related with daily averages of the atmospheric concentration of total pollen &#40;grains&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41;&#44; Graminae pollen &#40;grains&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41; and Alternaria spores &#40;spores&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41;&#46; The effect of trend&#44; seasonality&#44; cyclic changes&#44; temperature&#44; relative humidity&#44; influenza incidence&#44; holydays&#44; unusual days&#44; weekday and particulated air pollution was controlled&#46; Information about pollen levels was obtained from Spanish Net of Alergobiolog&#237;a&#46; A descriptive analysis &#40;including graphic representations of series and relationships between variables&#41; and a multivariated analysis using Poisson generalised additive models were performed&#46; Relative risks &#40;RR&#41; and their confidence intervals &#40;CI95&#37;&#41; were estimated for a change in interquartile range of pollen or spores levels &#40;90 grains&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> for the total pollen counts&#44; 6 grains&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> for Graminae pollen and 30 esporas&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> for Alternaria alternata&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Results&#58;</span> We did not find clear associations between pollen or spores and total mortality or urgent hospital admission caused by asthma&#46; A weak relation between urgent hospital admissions by respiratory diseases and total pollen counts was found&#46; RR for 7 days average of total pollen concentrations were 1&#46;02 &#40;CI95&#37;&#58;1&#46;01&#44; 1&#46;04&#41;&#46; Associations between urgent hospital admissions caused by cardiovascular diseases and the same day levels of total pollen &#40;RR&#58; 1&#46;02&#44; CI95&#37;&#58; 1&#46;00&#44; 1&#46;03&#41; and of Graminae pollen &#40;RR&#58; 1&#46;01&#44; CI95&#37;&#58; 1&#46;00&#44; 1&#46;02&#41; were detected&#46; For respiratory diseases mortality&#44; a constant and positive association with total pollen levels was found&#44; being the RR for 7 days average 1&#46;07 &#40;CI95&#37;&#58; 1&#46;04&#44; 1&#46;11&#41;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conclusions&#58;</span> A 90 grains&#47;m3 increase in seven days average of total pollen counts could raise respiratory diseases mortality in approximately a 7&#37;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">336 AN EXCESS OF BIRTH DEFECTS IN AN AREA AT &#34;HIGH RISK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS&#34; IN ITALY</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Fabrizio Bianchi&#42;&#44; Sebastiano Bianca&#42;&#42;&#44; Nunzia Linzalone&#42;&#44; Anselmo Madeddu&#42;&#42;&#42;&#44; Michela Rial&#42;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#42;Unit of Epidemiology&#44; CNR - Institute of Clinical Physiology&#44; Pisa&#44; Italy&#46; &#42;&#42;Sicilian Registry of Congenital Malformations&#44; Catania&#44; Italy&#46; &#42;&#42;&#42;Territorial Registry of Pathology&#44; Siracusa&#44; Italy&#46;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Introduction&#58;</span> The study area is the Province of Siracusa in the South-East of Sicily island&#44; Italy&#46; The study area includes the municipalities of Augusta&#44; Priolo and Melilli in which is sited an industrial area that has been classified as at &#34;high risk of environmental crisis&#34; by the Italian Ministry of Environment &#40;Act n&#46; 349&#47;86&#41;&#46; This area hosts petrochemical industrial activities that may entail noxious exposures&#44; through occupation and environment&#46; An epidemiological descriptive study on malformed newborns residing in the Siracusa province was carried out using data routinely collected by the Sicilian Registry of Birth Defects &#40;I&#46;S&#46;MA&#46;C&#46;&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Methods&#58;</span> The rates of selected birth defects&#44; analysed by municipalities of the Siracusa province for the 1991-2000 period&#44; were compared to different standard rates &#40;Eastern Sicily Registry&#44; ESR&#59; mean rates of the other italian registries of congenital malformations&#44; IR&#41;&#46; To calculate prevalence rates the number of births and stillbirths was obtained from the Birth Registry Office of relevant municipalities&#46; Data were analysed for selected malformations and for groups of conditions&#46; Heterogeneity among municipalities was tested by chi-square&#44; and annual trends by chi-square for trend&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Results&#58;</span> The prevalence rate of total malformations for the Siracusa province &#40;133&#47;10&#46;000&#41; was significantly lower than the standard rates &#40;ESR&#58; 182&#47;10&#46;000&#59; IR&#58; 197&#47;10&#46;000&#41;&#46; A significant excess resulted for the three municipalities &#40;SMR<span class="elsevierStyleInf">ESR</span>&#61;1&#46;2&#44; SMR<span class="elsevierStyleInf">IR</span>&#61;1&#46;1&#41; and for the rest of the Siracusa province &#40;SMR&#61;1&#46;9&#41;&#46; Data resulted significantly heterogeneous among municipalities and over time due to a decrease of the total anomalies&#39; occurrence in the last years &#40;chi<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> trend &#61; 28&#46;2 p&#60;0&#46;00&#59; chi<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> among municipalities p&#61;0&#46;00&#41;&#46; The industrial area of Augusta-Priolo-Melilli showed a significant excess also for hypospadias &#40;SMR<span class="elsevierStyleInf">ESR</span>&#61;2&#46;3&#44; SMR<span class="elsevierStyleInf">IR</span>&#61;1&#46;8&#41; and for digestive system &#40;SMR<span class="elsevierStyleInf">ESR</span>&#61;2&#46;1&#44; SMR<span class="elsevierStyleInf">IR</span>&#61;2&#46;2&#41;&#46; In addition hypospadias and digestive defects were still significant versus the rest of the Siracusa province &#40;SMR&#61;2&#46;1 and 2&#46;6 respectively&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conclusions&#58;</span> High hypospadias rate&#44; such as the one we observed&#44; is rarely reported in literature&#46; However it must be taken into account that hypospadias&#44; particularly mild forms&#44; are subject to high diagnostic variability&#46; Recently&#44; epidemiologic studies have reported hypospadias in association with environmental pollutants acting as endocrine disruptors&#46; Also the excess of anomalies of the digestive system deserves attention though the increase of some of these defects may be influenced by diagnostic variability&#46; The descriptive nature of the study&#44; carried out at the municipality level&#44; and the absence of information for individual environmental and occupational exposure and confounders make it difficult&#44; at this stage&#44; to estabilish a direct causal relation between malformations and main petrochemical pollutants&#46; Nonetheless&#44; excesses found in the three municipalities including the industrial area&#44; are indicative of a possible link between risk factors and observed prevalences&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">337 EFECTOS A CORTO PLAZO DE LA CONTAMINACI&#211;N ATMOSF&#201;RICA SOBRE LA MORBILIDAD RESPIRATORIA EN LA CIUDAD DE VIGO&#58; UN ESTUDIO CASE-CROSSOVER</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Coro S&#225;nchez Hern&#225;ndez<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>&#44; Adolfo Figueiras Guzm&#225;n<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; Margarita Taracido Trunk<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; Victoria Jato Rodr&#237;guez<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#44; Joaqu&#237;n San Jos&#233; Arango<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>Centro de Salud&#44; Sergas Atenci&#243;n Primaria&#44; Villagarc&#237;a&#46; Espa&#241;a&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>Medicina Preventiva y Salud P&#250;blica&#44; Universidad de Santiago de Compostela&#44; Santiago&#46; Espa&#241;a&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>Bot&#225;nica&#44; Universidad de Vigo&#44; Ourense&#46; Espa&#241;a&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span>Centro de Salud de Bembibre&#44; Sergas&#44; Vigo&#46; Espa&#241;a&#46;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Antecedentes&#58;</span> Son numerosos los estudios epidemiol&#243;gicos que relacionan contaminaci&#243;n atmosf&#233;rica con mortalidad y morbilidad a trav&#233;s de ingresos hospitalarios&#46; Sin embargo&#44; son m&#225;s escasos los estudios que la relacionan con morbilidad a trav&#233;s de llamadas a servicios de urgencia&#46; Por otro lado&#44; no se ha valorado en profundidad el efecto del polen sobre estos indicadores de salud&#46; Por ello&#44; se plantea un estudio case-crossover para valorar la influencia de las contaminaciones atmosf&#233;rica y pol&#237;nica en las llamadas al 061&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">M&#233;todos&#58;</span> El estudio se ha realizado en el municipio de Vigo entre los a&#241;os 1996 y 1999&#46; Se recogieron las llamadas al Centro de Emergencia M&#233;dicas 061 por enfermedades respiratorias&#46; Y los datos de contaminaci&#243;n por SO2 y humos negros de la Red de Vigilancia y Prevenci&#243;n de la Contaminaci&#243;n Atmosf&#233;rica en Vigo&#46; Se realiz&#243; un dise&#241;o case-crossover bidireccional sim&#233;trico con un periodo control de 7 d&#237;as antes y 7 d&#237;as despu&#233;s del evento&#46; El an&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico se realiz&#243; mediante regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica condicional&#46; Se elabor&#243; un modelo basal &#40;utilizando como criterio la minimizaci&#243;n del AIC&#41; en el que se valoraba la temperatura&#44; humedad &#40;ambos incluidos como natural-splines con 4 grados de libertad y con retardos 1&#44; 2 y 3 y promedios 01 y 23&#41;&#44; d&#237;a de la semana&#44; d&#237;as festivos y gripe&#46; A continuaci&#243;n se elaboraron modelos uniexposici&#243;n con contaminantes y p&#243;lenes valorando retardos 1&#44; 2 y 3 y promedios 01 y 23&#46; Tambi&#233;n se realiz&#243; un modelo multiexposici&#243;n en el que se inclu&#237;an aquellas exposiciones que presentaban una p &#60; 0&#44;1 en el modelo uniexposici&#243;n&#46; Finalmente&#44; se realiz&#243; una an&#225;lisis de sensibilidad del modelo&#44; valorando la relaci&#243;n con urgencias de tipo digestivo&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Resultados&#58;</span> El modelo basal inclu&#237;a&#58; el d&#237;a de la semana&#44; los d&#237;as festivos&#44; la epidemia de gripe&#44; los promedios 01 y 23 de la temperatura y el promedio 01 de la humedad&#46; Los resultados son significativos para el promedio 23 de la temperatura&#44; dando una relaci&#243;n no lineal&#46; En el modelo uniexposici&#243;n se observa que la probabilidad de llamar al servicio de urgencias 061 por causas respiratorias parece estar relacionada con los niveles de polen de gram&#237;neas&#44; abedul&#44; aliso&#44; quenopodio y cipr&#233;s&#46; En el modelo multiexposici&#243;n de contaminantes y p&#243;lenes&#44; se encontraron resultados significativos para el aliso &#40;retardo 2&#41;&#44; el quenopodio y el cipr&#233;s&#46; No se encontr&#243; relaci&#243;n entre ninguna de las variables de exposici&#243;n &#40;contaminaci&#243;n y polen&#41; y enfermedades digestivas&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conclusiones&#58;</span> Algunos p&#243;lenes y variables meteorol&#243;gicas est&#225;n asociados a la morbilidad respiratoria&#46; No se encontr&#243; asociaci&#243;n entre llamadas al centro de Emergencias M&#233;dicas 061 y contaminaci&#243;n atmosf&#233;rica&#46;</p>"
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