array:24 [
  "pii" => "S0213911108760862"
  "issn" => "02139111"
  "doi" => "10.1016/S0213-9111(08)76086-2"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2008-04-01"
  "aid" => "76086"
  "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Salud Pública y Administración Sanitaria"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2008"
  "documento" => "article"
  "crossmark" => 0
  "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"
  "subdocumento" => "fla"
  "cita" => "Gac Sanit. 2008;22 Supl 1:143-55"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => true
    "ES2" => true
    "LATM" => true
  ]
  "gratuito" => true
  "lecturas" => array:2 [
    "total" => 4026
    "formatos" => array:3 [
      "EPUB" => 168
      "HTML" => 2005
      "PDF" => 1853
    ]
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [
    "pii" => "S0213911108760874"
    "issn" => "02139111"
    "doi" => "10.1016/S0213-9111(08)76087-4"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2008-04-01"
    "aid" => "76087"
    "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Salud Pública y Administración Sanitaria"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Gac Sanit. 2008;22 Supl 1:156-62"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 2697
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 162
        "HTML" => 1794
        "PDF" => 741
      ]
    ]
    "es" => array:11 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Cap&#237;tulo 4&#46; Un sistema de salud integrado y centrado en los usuarios&#46; La integraci&#243;n asistencial&#44; &#191;Doctor Jekyll o Mr&#46; Hyde&#63;</span>"
      "titulo" => "Integraci&#243;n y fronteras entre la atenci&#243;n sanitaria y social&#46; Informe SESPAS 2008"
      "tienePdf" => "es"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "es"
        1 => "en"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "156"
          "paginaFinal" => "162"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "en" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Integration and boundaries between health and social care"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "es" => true
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "es" => true
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Mar&#237;a Victoria Zunzunegui Pastor, Pablo L&#225;zaro, de Mercado"
          "autores" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Mar&#237;a Victoria"
              "apellidos" => "Zunzunegui Pastor"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Pablo"
              "apellidos" => "L&#225;zaro"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "de"
              "apellidos" => "Mercado"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0213911108760874?idApp=WGSE"
    "url" => "/02139111/00000022000000S1/v1_201301221349/S0213911108760874/v1_201301221349/es/main.assets"
  ]
  "itemAnterior" => array:19 [
    "pii" => "S0213911108760850"
    "issn" => "02139111"
    "doi" => "10.1016/S0213-9111(08)76085-0"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2008-04-01"
    "aid" => "76085"
    "copyright" => "Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Salud P&#250;blica y Administraci&#243;n Sanitaria"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Gac Sanit. 2008;22 Supl 1:137-42"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 2239
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 151
        "HTML" => 1487
        "PDF" => 601
      ]
    ]
    "es" => array:11 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Cap&#237;tulo 3&#46; Prioridades generales y prestaciones individuales&#46; La evaluaci&#243;n y sus formas&#46; En busca del eslab&#243;n perdido en la definici&#243;n de la intervenci&#243;n p&#250;blica</span>"
      "titulo" => "Evaluaci&#243;n econ&#243;mica y toma de decisiones en salud&#46; El papel de la evaluaci&#243;n econ&#243;mica en la adopci&#243;n y la difusi&#243;n de tecnolog&#237;as sanitarias&#46; Informe SESPAS 2008"
      "tienePdf" => "es"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "es"
        1 => "en"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "137"
          "paginaFinal" => "142"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "en" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Economic evaluation and decision-making in health&#46; The role of economic evaluation in the adoption and spread of health technologies"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "es" => true
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "es" => true
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Juan Oliva, Fernando Anto&#241;anzas, Oliver Rivero-Arias"
          "autores" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Juan"
              "apellidos" => "Oliva"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Fernando"
              "apellidos" => "Anto&#241;anzas"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Oliver"
              "apellidos" => "Rivero-Arias"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0213911108760850?idApp=WGSE"
    "url" => "/02139111/00000022000000S1/v1_201301221349/S0213911108760850/v1_201301221349/es/main.assets"
  ]
  "es" => array:13 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Cap&#237;tulo 3&#46; Prioridades generales y prestaciones individuales</span>"
    "titulo" => "Posibilidades y limitaciones de la gesti&#243;n por resultados de salud&#44; el pago por objetivos y el redireccionamiento de los incentivos&#46; Informe SESPAS 2008"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0
    "paginas" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "paginaInicial" => "143"
        "paginaFinal" => "155"
      ]
    ]
    "autores" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "autoresLista" => "Salvador Peir&#243;, Anna Garc&#237;a-Alt&#233;s"
        "autores" => array:2 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "nombre" => "Salvador"
            "apellidos" => "Peir&#243;"
            "email" => array:1 [
              0 => "peiro&#95;bor&#64;gva&#46;es"
            ]
            "referencia" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff1"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span>"
                "identificador" => "cor1"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Anna"
            "apellidos" => "Garc&#237;a-Alt&#233;s"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff2"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:2 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Escola Valenciana d&#8217;Estudis de la Salut&#44; Valencia&#44; Espa&#241;a"
            "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
            "identificador" => "aff1"
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Ag&#232;ncia de Salut P&#250;blica de Barcelona&#44; Barcelona&#44; Espa&#241;a"
            "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
            "identificador" => "aff2"
          ]
        ]
        "correspondencia" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "cor1"
            "etiqueta" => "&#8270;"
            "correspondencia" => "Correspondencia&#58; Salvador Peir&#243;&#46; Escola Valenciana d&#8217;Estudis de la Salut&#46;"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        "titulo" => "Possibilities and limitations of results-based management&#44; pay-for-performance and the redesign of incentives"
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec13659"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Incentivos"
            1 => "Calidad asistencial"
            2 => "Indicadores de calidad"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Key words"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec13660"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Incentive"
            1 => "Quality of health care"
            2 => "Quality indicators"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El concepto de &#171;pago por calidad&#187; &#40;P4P&#41; re&#250;ne un conjunto de diferentes estrategias que intentan estimular la mejora de la calidad asistencial remunerando a los proveedores de atenci&#243;n sanitaria seg&#250;n sus resultados en el cumplimiento de objetivos de calidad o productividad predefinidos&#46; Pese a que la efectividad del P4P para mejorar la calidad de la atenci&#243;n est&#225; poco establecida&#44; estos sistemas se est&#225;n difundiendo ampliamente en el Reino Unido&#44; Estados Unidos y otros pa&#237;ses&#44; incluida Espa&#241;a&#46; Los elementos del dise&#241;o de los esquemas de P4P determinantes de su efectividad se refieren a qui&#233;n debe recibir los incentivos&#44; cu&#225;nto debe pagarse&#44; qu&#233; debe retribuirse&#44; la necesidad de incorporar ajustes de riesgos &#40;sobre todo en los indicadores de resultados intermedios&#41; y de tener en cuenta el clima organizativo&#44; y la combinaci&#243;n &#243;ptima de incentivos financieros y no financieros&#46; Las limitaciones m&#225;s importantes que cabe considerar son&#58; la orientaci&#243;n exclusiva hacia la reducci&#243;n de la infrautilizaci&#243;n&#44; la afectaci&#243;n de la equidad&#44; el efecto &#171;lupa&#187;&#44; la validez de los indicadores&#44; la confusi&#243;n entre recomendaciones de gu&#237;as de pr&#225;ctica e indicadores de calidad&#44; la ingenier&#237;a documental&#44; el paternalismo con los pacientes&#44; el posible impacto negativo sobre el profesionalismo y la motivaci&#243;n interna de los m&#233;dicos&#44; y el abordaje de la calidad como un problema de decisiones imperfectas&#44; antes que como un sistema imperfecto&#46;</p>"
      ]
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The concept of pay-for-performance &#40;P4P&#41; encompasses different strategies that aim to stimulate health care quality improvement by remunerating healthcare providers according to their performance in specific measures of efficiency or quality&#46; Although the effectiveness of P4P in improving quality of care is largely unknown&#44; these systems are being widely adopted in the United Kingdom&#44; the United States and other countries&#44; including Spain&#46; The elements of P4P design that are most decisive for the effectiveness of these schemes are as follows&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">1&#41; who</span> should receive the incentives&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">how</span> they should be paid&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">what</span> should be rewarded&#44; the need to incorporate risk adjustments &#40;mainly if surrogate outcomes are used as indicators&#41; and the need to bear organizational climate and the optimal combination of financial and non-financial incentives in mind&#46; The most important limitations to consider are the following&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">1&#41;</span> the exclusive focus on reducing subutilization&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2&#41;</span> the effect on equity&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">3&#41;</span> the &#8220;magnifying glass&#8221; effect&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">4&#41;</span> the validity of indicators&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">5&#41;</span> the confusion between the recommendations of clinical guidelines and quality indicators&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">6&#41;</span> &#8220;document engineering&#8221;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">7&#41;</span> paternalism&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">8&#41;</span> the negative impact on professionalism and clinicians&#8217; internal motivation&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">9&#41;</span> the assumption that quality problems result from imperfect individual decisions rather than from an imperfect system&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:1 [
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:83 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib1"
              "etiqueta" => "1&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Theory and practice in the design of physician payment incentives"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "J&#46;C&#46; Robinson"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Milbank Q"
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "volumen" => "79"
                        "paginaInicial" => "149"
                        "paginaFinal" => "177"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11439463"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib2"
              "etiqueta" => "2&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Penetrating the &#171;black box&#187;&#58; financial incentives for enhancing the quality of physician services"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "D&#46;A&#46; Conrad"
                            1 => "J&#46;B&#46; Christianson"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Med Care Res Rev"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "61"
                        "numero" => "3 Suppl"
                        "paginaInicial" => "37"
                        "paginaFinal" => "68"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib3"
              "etiqueta" => "3&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Employers&#8217; use of value-based purchasing strategies"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46;B&#46; Rosenthal"
                            1 => "B&#46;E&#46; Landon"
                            2 => "S&#46;L&#46; Normand"
                            3 => "R&#46;G&#46; Frank"
                            4 => "T&#46;S&#46; Ahmad"
                            5 => "A&#46;M&#46; Epstein"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1001/jama.298.19.2281"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "JAMA"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "298"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2281"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2288"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18029832"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib4"
              "etiqueta" => "4&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Pay for performance at the tipping point"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "A&#46;M&#46; Epstein"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1056/NEJMe078002"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "N Engl J Med"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "356"
                        "paginaInicial" => "515"
                        "paginaFinal" => "517"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17259445"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib5"
              "etiqueta" => "5&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Linking physician pay to quality of care&#58; a major experiment in the United Kingdom"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Roland"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1056/NEJMhpr041294"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "N Engl J Med"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "351"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1448"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1454"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15459308"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib6"
              "etiqueta" => "6&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Pay-for-performance programs in family practices in the United Kingdom"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "T&#46; Doran"
                            1 => "C&#46; Fullwood"
                            2 => "H&#46; Gravelle"
                            3 => "D&#46; Reeves"
                            4 => "E&#46; Kontopantelis"
                            5 => "U&#46; Hiroeh"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1056/NEJMsa055505"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "N Engl J Med"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "355"
                        "paginaInicial" => "375"
                        "paginaFinal" => "384"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16870916"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib7"
              "etiqueta" => "7&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Quality of primary care in England with the introduction of pay for performance"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "S&#46; Campbell"
                            1 => "D&#46; Reeves"
                            2 => "E&#46; Kontopantelis"
                            3 => "E&#46; Middleton"
                            4 => "B&#46; Sibbald"
                            5 => "M&#46; Roland"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1056/NEJMsr065990"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "N Engl J Med"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "357"
                        "paginaInicial" => "181"
                        "paginaFinal" => "190"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17625132"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib8"
              "etiqueta" => "8&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Pay-for-performance in publicly financed healthcare&#58; some international experience and considerations for Canada"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "G&#46;H&#46; Pink"
                            1 => "A&#46;D&#46; Brown"
                            2 => "M&#46;L&#46; Studer"
                            3 => "K&#46;L&#46; Reiter"
                            4 => "P&#46; Leatt"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Healthc Pap"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "6"
                        "paginaInicial" => "8"
                        "paginaFinal" => "26"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16825853"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
                          "pii" => "S021391111000052X"
                          "estado" => "S300"
                          "issn" => "02139111"
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib9"
              "etiqueta" => "9&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Pay for performance in health care&#58; strategic issues for Australian experiments"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "I&#46;A&#46; Scott"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Med J Aust"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "187"
                        "paginaInicial" => "31"
                        "paginaFinal" => "35"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17605700"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib10"
              "etiqueta" => "10&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Sistemas de incentivos en atenci&#243;n primaria"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "E&#46; Bernal"
                            1 => "R&#46; Meneu"
                            2 => "F&#46; Pradas"
                            3 => "S&#46; Peir&#243;"
                            4 => "M&#46; Ridao"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Val Med Fam"
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "volumen" => "6"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "12"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib11"
              "etiqueta" => "11&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Retribuci&#243;n variable vinculada a la calidad asistencial"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Gen&#233; Badia"
                            1 => "P&#46; Gallo de Puelles"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Aten Primaria"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "34"
                        "paginaInicial" => "198"
                        "paginaFinal" => "201"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15388068"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib12"
              "etiqueta" => "12&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Motivaci&#243;n&#44; incentivos y retribuciones de los m&#233;dicos de atenci&#243;n primaria en el Sistema Nacional de Salud"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "J&#46;J&#46; Mart&#237;n"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Adm Sanit"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "111"
                        "paginaFinal" => "130"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            12 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib13"
              "etiqueta" => "13&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Sistema Nacional de Salud&#58; la retribuci&#243;n variable"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "E&#46; D&#237;az Ojeda"
                            1 => "P&#46; Navarro"
                            2 => "S&#46; Prados"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Adm Sanit"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "205"
                        "paginaFinal" => "235"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            13 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib14"
              "etiqueta" => "14&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Seminario de Innovaci&#243;n en Atenci&#243;n Primaria 2007&#46; Incentivos en atenci&#243;n primaria&#58; de la contenci&#243;n del gasto a la salud de la poblaci&#243;n"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "J&#46; G&#233;rvas"
                            1 => "V&#46; Ort&#250;n"
                            2 => "L&#46; Palomo"
                            3 => "M&#46;A&#46; Ripoll"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Esp Salud P&#250;blica"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "81"
                        "paginaInicial" => "589"
                        "paginaFinal" => "596"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18347742"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            14 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib15"
              "etiqueta" => "15&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Los incentivos para la mejora de la calidad en los servicios de salud"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "V&#46; Ort&#250;n Rubio"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Calidad Asistencial"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "22"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "6"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            15 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib16"
              "etiqueta" => "16&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Impact of economic incentives on quality of professional life and on end-user satisfaction in primary care"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Gen&#233;-Badia"
                            1 => "G&#46; Escaramis-Babiano"
                            2 => "M&#46; Sans-Corrales"
                            3 => "L&#46; Sampietro-Colom"
                            4 => "F&#46; Aguado-Menguy"
                            5 => "C&#46; Cabezas-Pe&#241;a"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.healthpol.2006.02.008"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Health Policy"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "80"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2"
                        "paginaFinal" => "10"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16546287"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            16 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib17"
              "etiqueta" => "17&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Resultado de la aplicaci&#243;n del benchmarking en los equipos de atenci&#243;n primaria de Barcelona"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Plaza Tes&#237;as"
                            1 => "C&#46; Zara Yahni"
                            2 => "A&#46; Guarga Rojas"
                            3 => "J&#46; Farr&#233;s Quesada"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Aten Primaria"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "35"
                        "paginaInicial" => "122"
                        "paginaFinal" => "127"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15737267"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            17 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib18"
              "etiqueta" => "18&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Target payments in primary care&#58; effects on professional practice and health care outcomes"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:8 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Giuffrida"
                            1 => "T&#46; Gosden"
                            2 => "F&#46; Forland"
                            3 => "I&#46;S&#46; Kristiansen"
                            4 => "M&#46; Sergison"
                            5 => "B&#46; Leese"
                            6 => "L&#46; Pedersen"
                            7 => "M&#46; Sutton"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:3 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Cochrane Database Syst Rev"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "paginaInicial" => "3"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            18 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib19"
              "etiqueta" => "19&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Strategies to support quality-based purchasing&#58; a review of the evidence"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "R&#46;A&#46; Dudley"
                            1 => "A&#46; Frolich"
                            2 => "D&#46;L&#46; Robinowitz"
                            3 => "J&#46;A&#46; Talavera"
                            4 => "P&#46; Broadhead"
                            5 => "H&#46;S&#46; Luft"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "editorial" => "Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Rockville"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            19 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib20"
              "etiqueta" => "20&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Does pay-for-performance improve the quality of health care&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "L&#46;A&#46; Petersen"
                            1 => "L&#46;D&#46; Woodard"
                            2 => "T&#46; Urech"
                            3 => "C&#46; Daw"
                            4 => "S&#46; Sookanan"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Intern Med"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "145"
                        "paginaInicial" => "265"
                        "paginaFinal" => "272"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16908917"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            20 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib21"
              "etiqueta" => "21&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "What is the empirical basis for paying for quality in health care&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "M&#46;B&#46; Rosenthal"
                            1 => "R&#46;G&#46; Frank"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1177/1077558705285291"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Med Care Res Rev"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "63"
                        "paginaInicial" => "135"
                        "paginaFinal" => "157"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16595409"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            21 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib22"
              "etiqueta" => "22&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Pay-for-performance research&#58; how to learn what clinicians and policy makers need to know"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "R&#46;A&#46; Dudley"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1001/jama.294.14.1821"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "JAMA"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "294"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1821"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1823"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16219887"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            22 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib23"
              "etiqueta" => "23&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Effect of the UK incentive-based contract on the management of patients with stroke in primary care"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "C&#46;R&#46; Simpson"
                            1 => "P&#46;C&#46; Hannaford"
                            2 => "K&#46; Lefevre"
                            3 => "D&#46; Williams"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1161/01.STR.0000236067.37267.88"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Stroke"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "37"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2354"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2360"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16873713"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            23 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib24"
              "etiqueta" => "24&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "New GP contract&#58; modernisation or miscalculation&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "Z&#46; Kmietowicz"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1136/bmj.39055.506308.DB"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "BMJ"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "333"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1192"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17158385"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            24 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib25"
              "etiqueta" => "25&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Pay-for-performance programs in the United Kingdom"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "A&#46;A&#46; Sanderson"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "N Engl J Med"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "355"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1832"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17073001"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            25 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib26"
              "etiqueta" => "26&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Basta de &#171;clicar&#187; casillas"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Gen&#233; Badia"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Aten Primaria"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "39"
                        "paginaInicial" => "169"
                        "paginaFinal" => "170"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17428418"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            26 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib27"
              "etiqueta" => "27&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Paying for quality&#58; providers&#8217; incentives for quality improvement"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "M&#46;B&#46; Rosenthal"
                            1 => "R&#46; Fernandopulle"
                            2 => "H&#46;R&#46; Song"
                            3 => "B&#46; Landon"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Health Aff &#40;Millwood&#41;"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "23"
                        "paginaInicial" => "127"
                        "paginaFinal" => "141"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            27 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib28"
              "etiqueta" => "28&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Paying for performance&#58; risks and recommendations"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "E&#46;S&#46; Fisher"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1056/NEJMp068221"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "N Engl J Med"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "355"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1845"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1847"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17079757"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            28 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib29"
              "etiqueta" => "29&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Incentive implementation in physician practices&#58; a qualitative study of practice executive perspectives on pay for performance"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "B&#46;G&#46; Bokhour"
                            1 => "J&#46;F&#46; Burgess"
                            2 => "J&#46;M&#46; Hook"
                            3 => "B&#46; White"
                            4 => "D&#46; Berlowitz"
                            5 => "M&#46;R&#46; Guldin"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Med Care Res Rev"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "63"
                        "numero" => "Suppl 1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "73"
                        "paginaFinal" => "95"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            29 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib30"
              "etiqueta" => "30&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Pay-for-performance and accountability&#58; related themes in improving health care"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "J&#46;W&#46; Rowe"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Intern Med"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "145"
                        "paginaInicial" => "695"
                        "paginaFinal" => "699"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17088584"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            30 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib31"
              "etiqueta" => "31&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Pay-for-performance&#58; will the latest payment trend improve care&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "M&#46;B&#46; Rosenthal"
                            1 => "R&#46;A&#46; Dudley"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1001/jama.297.7.740"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "JAMA"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "297"
                        "paginaInicial" => "740"
                        "paginaFinal" => "744"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17312294"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            31 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib32"
              "etiqueta" => "32&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "De la gesti&#243;n de lo complementario a la gesti&#243;n integral de la atenci&#243;n de salud&#58; gesti&#243;n de enfermedades e indicadores de actividad"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "S&#46; Peir&#243; Moreno"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "Gesti&#243;n cl&#237;nica y sanitaria&#58; de la pr&#225;ctica academia&#44; ida y vuelta"
                        "paginaInicial" => "17"
                        "paginaFinal" => "87"
                        "serieFecha" => "2003"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            32 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib33"
              "etiqueta" => "33&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Public reporting and pay for performance"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "B&#46;W&#46; Cooper"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "N Engl J Med"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "356"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1783"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1784"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17465042"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            33 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib34"
              "etiqueta" => "34&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Extending the P4P agenda &#40;I&#41;&#58; how Medicare can improve patient decision making and reduce unnecessary care"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "J&#46;E&#46; Wennberg"
                            1 => "A&#46;M&#46; O&#8217;Connor"
                            2 => "E&#46;D&#46; Collins"
                            3 => "J&#46;N&#46; Weinstein"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Health Aff &#40;Millwood&#41;"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "26"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1564"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1574"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            34 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib35"
              "etiqueta" => "35&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Extending the P4P agenda &#40;II&#41;&#58; how Medicare can reduce waste and improve the care of the chronically ill"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "J&#46;E&#46; Wennberg"
                            1 => "E&#46;S&#46; Fisher"
                            2 => "J&#46;S&#46; Skinner"
                            3 => "K&#46;K&#46; Bronner"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Health Aff &#40;Millwood&#41;"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "26"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1575"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1585"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            35 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib36"
              "etiqueta" => "36&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Paying physicians for high-quality care"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "A&#46;G&#46; Gosfield"
                            1 => "J&#46;L&#46; Reinertsen"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "N Engl J Med"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "350"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1910"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15122817"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            36 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib37"
              "etiqueta" => "37&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Performance measurement and equity"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "A&#46;S&#46; Bierman"
                            1 => "J&#46;P&#46; Clark"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1136/bmj.39251.660127.AD"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "BMJ"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "334"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1333"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1334"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17599980"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            37 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib38"
              "etiqueta" => "38&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Socioeconomic status&#44; ethnicity and diabetes management&#58; an analysis of time trends using the health survey for England"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Millett"
                            1 => "S&#46; Saxena"
                            2 => "A&#46; Ng"
                            3 => "A&#46; Mainous 3rd"
                            4 => "A&#46; Majeed"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Public Health &#40;Oxf&#41;"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "29"
                        "paginaInicial" => "413"
                        "paginaFinal" => "419"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            38 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib39"
              "etiqueta" => "39&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Association of deprivation&#44; ethnicity&#44; and sex with quality indicators for diabetes&#58; population based survey of 53&#44;000 patients in primary care"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Hippisley-Cox"
                            1 => "S&#46; O&#8217;Hanlon"
                            2 => "C&#46; Coupland"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1136/bmj.38279.588125.7C"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "BMJ"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "329"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1267"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1269"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15548561"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            39 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib40"
              "etiqueta" => "40&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Deprivation and quality of primary care services&#58; evidence for persistence of the inverse care law from the UK Quality and Outcomes Framework"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "G&#46; McLean"
                            1 => "M&#46; Sutton"
                            2 => "B&#46; Guthrie"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1136/jech.2005.044628"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Epidemiol Community Health"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "60"
                        "paginaInicial" => "917"
                        "paginaFinal" => "922"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17053278"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            40 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib41"
              "etiqueta" => "41&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Differences in the quality of primary medical care for CVD and diabetes across the NHS&#58; evidence from the quality and outcomes framework"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "G&#46; McLean"
                            1 => "B&#46; Guthrie"
                            2 => "M&#46; Sutton"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1186/1472-6963-7-74"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "BMC Health Serv Res"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "7"
                        "paginaInicial" => "74"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17535429"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            41 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib42"
              "etiqueta" => "42&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Workload and reward in the Quality and Outcomes Framework of the 2004 general practice contract"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "B&#46; Guthrie"
                            1 => "G&#46; McLean"
                            2 => "M&#46; Sutton"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Br J Gen Pract"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "56"
                        "paginaInicial" => "836"
                        "paginaFinal" => "841"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17132350"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            42 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib43"
              "etiqueta" => "43&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Measuring performance and missing the point&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "I&#46; Heath"
                            1 => "J&#46; Hippisley-Cox"
                            2 => "L&#46; Smeeth"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1136/bmj.39377.387373.AD"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "BMJ"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "335"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1075"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1076"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18033930"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            43 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib44"
              "etiqueta" => "44&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Performance measurement in search of a path"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "R&#46;A&#46; Hayward"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1056/NEJMe068285"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "N Engl J Med"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "356"
                        "paginaInicial" => "951"
                        "paginaFinal" => "953"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17329704"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            44 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib45"
              "etiqueta" => "45&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Primary care&#58; is there enough time for prevention&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "K&#46;S&#46; Yarnall"
                            1 => "K&#46;I&#46; Pollak"
                            2 => "T&#46; &#216;stbye"
                            3 => "K&#46;M&#46; Krause"
                            4 => "J&#46;L&#46; Michener"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Public Health"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "93"
                        "paginaInicial" => "635"
                        "paginaFinal" => "641"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12660210"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            45 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib46"
              "etiqueta" => "46&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Is there time for management of patients with chronic diseases in primary care&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "T&#46; &#216;stbye"
                            1 => "K&#46;S&#46; Yarnall"
                            2 => "K&#46;M&#46; Krause"
                            3 => "K&#46;I&#46; Pollak"
                            4 => "M&#46; Gradison"
                            5 => "J&#46;L&#46; Michener"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1370/afm.310"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Fam Med"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "209"
                        "paginaFinal" => "214"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15928223"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            46 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib47"
              "etiqueta" => "47&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Hippisley-Cox J&#44; Pringle M&#46; Comorbidity of Diseases in the New General Medical Services Contract for General Practitioners&#58; Analysis of QRESEARCH Data&#46; Nottingham&#58; QRESEARCH&#59; 2005&#46; Disponible en&#58; www&#46;qresearch&#46;org&#47;Public&#95;Documents&#47;DataValidation&#47;Comorbidity&#37;20of&#37;20diseases&#37;20in&#37;20the&#37;20new&#37;20GMS&#37;20contract&#37;20for&#37;20GPs&#46;pdf"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            47 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib48"
              "etiqueta" => "48&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The effect of a quality improvement initiative on the quality of other aspects of health care&#58; the law of unintended consequences&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "D&#46;A&#46; Ganz"
                            1 => "N&#46;S&#46; Wenger"
                            2 => "C&#46;P&#46; Roth"
                            3 => "C&#46;J&#46; Kamberg"
                            4 => "J&#46;T&#46; Chang"
                            5 => "C&#46;H&#46; MacLean"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1097/01.mlr.0000241115.31531.15"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Med Care"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "45"
                        "paginaInicial" => "8"
                        "paginaFinal" => "18"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17279017"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            48 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib49"
              "etiqueta" => "49&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The unintended consequences of publicly reporting quality information"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "R&#46;M&#46; Werner"
                            1 => "D&#46;A&#46; Asch"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1001/jama.293.10.1239"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "JAMA"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "293"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1239"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1244"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15755946"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            49 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib50"
              "etiqueta" => "50&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cross sectional study of performance indicators for English Primary Care Trusts&#58; testing construct validity and identifying explanatory variables"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Brown"
                            1 => "R&#46; Lilford"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1186/1472-6963-6-81"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "BMC Health Serv Res"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "6"
                        "paginaInicial" => "81"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16805907"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            50 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib51"
              "etiqueta" => "51&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The effect of a quality improvement initiative on the quality of other aspects of health care&#58; the law of unintended consequences&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "D&#46;A&#46; Ganz"
                            1 => "N&#46;S&#46; Wenger"
                            2 => "C&#46;P&#46; Roth"
                            3 => "C&#46;J&#46; Kamberg"
                            4 => "J&#46;T&#46; Chang"
                            5 => "C&#46;H&#46; MacLean"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1097/01.mlr.0000241115.31531.15"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Med Care"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "45"
                        "paginaInicial" => "8"
                        "paginaFinal" => "18"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17279017"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            51 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib52"
              "etiqueta" => "52&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Pay for performance&#44; quality of care&#44; and outcomes in acute myocardial infarction"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "S&#46;W&#46; Glickman"
                            1 => "F&#46;S&#46; Ou"
                            2 => "E&#46;R&#46; DeLong"
                            3 => "M&#46;T&#46; Roe"
                            4 => "B&#46;L&#46; Lytle"
                            5 => "J&#46; Mulgund"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1001/jama.297.21.2373"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "JAMA"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "297"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2373"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2380"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17551130"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            52 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib53"
              "etiqueta" => "53&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Association between performance measures and clinical outcomes for patients hospitalized with heart failure"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "G&#46;C&#46; Fonarow"
                            1 => "W&#46;T&#46; Abraham"
                            2 => "N&#46;M&#46; Albert"
                            3 => "W&#46;G&#46; Stough"
                            4 => "M&#46; Gheorghiade"
                            5 => "B&#46;H&#46; Greenberg"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1001/jama.297.1.61"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "JAMA"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "297"
                        "paginaInicial" => "61"
                        "paginaFinal" => "70"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17200476"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            53 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib54"
              "etiqueta" => "54&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Relationship between Medicare&#39;s hospital compare performance measures and mortality rates"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "R&#46;M&#46; Werner"
                            1 => "E&#46;T&#46; Bradlow"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1001/jama.296.22.2694"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "JAMA"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "296"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2694"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2702"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17164455"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            54 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib55"
              "etiqueta" => "55&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Performance measures and clinical outcomes"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "S&#46;D&#46; Horn"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1001/jama.296.22.2731"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "JAMA"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "296"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2731"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2732"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17164460"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            55 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib56"
              "etiqueta" => "56&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "&#171;America&#39;s Best Hospitals&#187; in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "O&#46;J&#46; Wang"
                            1 => "Y&#46; Wang"
                            2 => "J&#46;H&#46; Lichtman"
                            3 => "E&#46;H&#46; Bradley"
                            4 => "S&#46;L&#46; Normand"
                            5 => "H&#46;M&#46; Krumholz"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1001/archinte.167.13.1345"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Intern Med"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "167"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1345"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1351"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17620526"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            56 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib57"
              "etiqueta" => "57&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Hospital quality for acute myocardial infarction&#58; correlation among process measures and relationship with short-term mortality"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "E&#46;H&#46; Bradley"
                            1 => "J&#46; Herrin"
                            2 => "B&#46; Elbel"
                            3 => "R&#46;L&#46; McNamara"
                            4 => "D&#46;J&#46; Magid"
                            5 => "B&#46;K&#46; Nallamothu"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1001/jama.296.1.72"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "JAMA"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "296"
                        "paginaInicial" => "72"
                        "paginaFinal" => "78"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16820549"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            57 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib58"
              "etiqueta" => "58&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Association between quality of primary care and hospitalization for coronary heart disease in England&#58; national cross-sectional study"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Bottle"
                            1 => "S&#46; Gnani"
                            2 => "S&#46; Saxena"
                            3 => "P&#46; Aylin"
                            4 => "A&#46;G&#46; Mainous"
                            5 => "A&#46; Majeed"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:2 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Gen Intern Med"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            58 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib59"
              "etiqueta" => "59&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Do the UK government&#39;s new Quality and Outcomes Framework &#40;QOF&#41; scores adequately measure primary care performance&#63; A cross-sectional survey of routine healthcare data"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Downing"
                            1 => "G&#46; Rudge"
                            2 => "Y&#46; Cheng"
                            3 => "Y&#46;K&#46; Tu"
                            4 => "J&#46; Keen"
                            5 => "M&#46;S&#46; Gilthorpe"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1186/1472-6963-7-166"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "BMC Health Serv Res"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "7"
                        "paginaInicial" => "166"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17941984"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
                          "pii" => "S0213911109001617"
                          "estado" => "S300"
                          "issn" => "02139111"
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            59 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib60"
              "etiqueta" => "60&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The inverse relationship between mortality rates and performance in the Hospital Quality Alliance measures"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "A&#46;K&#46; Jha"
                            1 => "E&#46;J&#46; Orav"
                            2 => "Z&#46; Li"
                            3 => "A&#46;M&#46; Epstein"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Health Aff &#40;Millwood&#41;"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "26"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1104"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1110"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            60 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib61"
              "etiqueta" => "61&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Pitfalls of converting practice guidelines into quality measures&#58; lessons learned from a VA performance measure"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "L&#46;C&#46; Walter"
                            1 => "N&#46;P&#46; Davidowitz"
                            2 => "P&#46;A&#46; Heineken"
                            3 => "K&#46;E&#46; Covinsky"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1001/jama.291.20.2466"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "JAMA"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "291"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2466"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2470"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15161897"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            61 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib62"
              "etiqueta" => "62&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Evidence-based guidelines as a foundation for performance incentives"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "A&#46;M&#46; Garber"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:3 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Health Aff &#40;Millwood&#41;"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "24"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            62 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib63"
              "etiqueta" => "63&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Limitations of applying summary results of clinical trials to individual patients&#58; the need for risk stratification"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "D&#46;M&#46; Kent"
                            1 => "R&#46;A&#46; Hayward"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1001/jama.298.10.1209"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "JAMA"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "298"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1209"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1212"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17848656"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
                          "pii" => "S0140673609621267"
                          "estado" => "S300"
                          "issn" => "01406736"
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            63 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib64"
              "etiqueta" => "64&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Quality improvement initiatives&#58; issues in moving from diabetes guidelines to policy"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "R&#46;A&#46; Hayward"
                            1 => "T&#46;P&#46; Hofer"
                            2 => "E&#46;A&#46; Kerr"
                            3 => "S&#46;L&#46; Krein"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Diabetes Care"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "27"
                        "numero" => "Suppl 2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "54"
                        "paginaFinal" => "60"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            64 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib65"
              "etiqueta" => "65&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Reasons for not intensifying medications&#58; differentiating &#171;clinical inertia&#187; from appropriate care"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46;M&#46; Safford"
                            1 => "R&#46; Shewchuk"
                            2 => "H&#46; Qu"
                            3 => "J&#46;H&#46; Williams"
                            4 => "C&#46;A&#46; Estrada"
                            5 => "F&#46; Ovalle"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s11606-007-0433-8"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Gen Intern Med"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "22"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1648"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1655"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17957346"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            65 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib66"
              "etiqueta" => "66&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Narrative review&#58; lack of evidence for recommended low-density lipoprotein treatment targets&#58; a solvable problem"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "R&#46;A&#46; Hayward"
                            1 => "T&#46;P&#46; Hofer"
                            2 => "S&#46; Vijan"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Intern Med"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "145"
                        "paginaInicial" => "520"
                        "paginaFinal" => "530"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17015870"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            66 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib67"
              "etiqueta" => "67&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Physician-level P4PDOA&#63; Can quality-based payment be resuscitated&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "L&#46;F&#46; McMahon Jr"
                            1 => "T&#46;P&#46; Hofer"
                            2 => "R&#46;A&#46; Hayward"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Manag Care"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "13"
                        "paginaInicial" => "233"
                        "paginaFinal" => "236"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17488186"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            67 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib68"
              "etiqueta" => "68&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "All-or-nothing treatment targets make bad performance measures"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "R&#46;A&#46; Hayward"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Manag Care"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "13"
                        "paginaInicial" => "126"
                        "paginaFinal" => "128"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17335355"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            68 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib69"
              "etiqueta" => "69&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Using clinical trial summary results to establish quality measures"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "R&#46;A&#46; Hayward"
                            1 => "D&#46;M&#46; Kent"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1001/jama.298.23.2741-b"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "JAMA"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "298"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2741"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18165666"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            69 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib70"
              "etiqueta" => "70&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cost-utility analysis of screening intervals for diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "S&#46; Vijan"
                            1 => "T&#46; Hofer"
                            2 => "R&#46;A&#46; Hayward"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "JAMA"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "volumen" => "283"
                        "paginaInicial" => "889"
                        "paginaFinal" => "896"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10685713"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            70 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib71"
              "etiqueta" => "71&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "How often should patients with diabetes Be screened for retinopathy&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "S&#46; Vijan"
                            1 => "T&#46;P&#46; Hofer"
                            2 => "R&#46;A&#46; Hayward"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "JAMA"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "volumen" => "284"
                        "paginaInicial" => "437"
                        "paginaFinal" => "439"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10904495"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            71 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib72"
              "etiqueta" => "72&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Target tyranny"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Dicker"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1258/jrsm.97.10.496"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J R Soc Med"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "97"
                        "paginaInicial" => "496"
                        "paginaFinal" => "497"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15459266"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            72 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib73"
              "etiqueta" => "73&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Spurious trends in coronary heart disease incidence&#58; unintended consequences of the new GP contract&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "I&#46;M&#46; Carey"
                            1 => "S&#46; Dewilde"
                            2 => "T&#46; Harris"
                            3 => "P&#46;H&#46; Whincup"
                            4 => "D&#46;G&#46; Cook"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Br J Gen Pract"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "57"
                        "paginaInicial" => "486"
                        "paginaFinal" => "489"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17550675"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            73 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib74"
              "etiqueta" => "74&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Measuring quality through performance&#46; Respecting the subjective&#58; quality measurement from the patient&#39;s perspective"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "G&#46; Elwyn"
                            1 => "S&#46; Buetow"
                            2 => "J&#46; Hibbard"
                            3 => "M&#46; Wensing"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1136/bmj.39339.490301.AD"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "BMJ"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "335"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1021"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1022"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18007003"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            74 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib75"
              "etiqueta" => "75&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Patients&#8217; global ratings of their health care are not associated with the technical quality of their care"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46;T&#46; Chang"
                            1 => "R&#46;D&#46; Hays"
                            2 => "P&#46;G&#46; Shekelle"
                            3 => "C&#46;H&#46; MacLean"
                            4 => "D&#46;H&#46; Solomon"
                            5 => "D&#46;B&#46; Reuben"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Intern Med"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "144"
                        "paginaInicial" => "665"
                        "paginaFinal" => "672"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16670136"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            75 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib76"
              "etiqueta" => "76&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A trial of disclosing physicians&#8217; financial incentives to patients"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "S&#46;D&#46; Pearson"
                            1 => "K&#46; Kleinman"
                            2 => "D&#46; Rusinak"
                            3 => "W&#46; Levinson"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1001/archinte.166.6.623"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Intern Med"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "166"
                        "paginaInicial" => "623"
                        "paginaFinal" => "628"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16567600"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            76 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib77"
              "etiqueta" => "77&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Patient attitudes toward physician financial incentives"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "A&#46;G&#46; Pereira"
                            1 => "S&#46;D&#46; Pearson"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Intern Med"
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "volumen" => "161"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1313"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1317"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11371260"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            77 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib78"
              "etiqueta" => "78&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Impact of financial incentives on clinical autonomy and internal motivation in primary care&#58; ethnographic study"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "R&#46; McDonald"
                            1 => "S&#46; Harrison"
                            2 => "K&#46; Checkland"
                            3 => "S&#46;M&#46; Campbell"
                            4 => "M&#46; Roland"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1136/bmj.39238.890810.BE"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "BMJ"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "334"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1357"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17580318"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            78 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib79"
              "etiqueta" => "79&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "It&#39;s about more than money&#58; financial incentives and internal motivation"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Marshall"
                            1 => "S&#46; Harrison"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1136/qshc.2004.013193"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Qual Saf Health Care"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "14"
                        "paginaInicial" => "4"
                        "paginaFinal" => "5"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15691995"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            79 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib80"
              "etiqueta" => "80&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Individual incentives to fix organizational problems&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "B&#46;H&#46; Gray"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Med Care Res Rev"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "61"
                        "numero" => "3 Suppl"
                        "paginaInicial" => "76"
                        "paginaFinal" => "79"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            80 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib81"
              "etiqueta" => "81&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The relationship between organizational systems and clinical quality in diabetes care"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "B&#46; Fleming"
                            1 => "A&#46; Silver"
                            2 => "K&#46; Ocepek-Welikson"
                            3 => "D&#46; Keller"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Manag Care"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "10"
                        "paginaInicial" => "934"
                        "paginaFinal" => "944"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15617369"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            81 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib82"
              "etiqueta" => "82&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Primary care practice organization influences colorectal cancer screening performance"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "E&#46;M&#46; Yano"
                            1 => "L&#46;M&#46; Soban"
                            2 => "P&#46;H&#46; Parkerton"
                            3 => "D&#46;A&#46; Etzioni"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1475-6773.2006.00643.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Health Serv Res"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "42"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1130"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1149"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17489907"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            82 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib83"
              "etiqueta" => "83&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Making performance indicators work&#58; experiences of US Veterans Health Administration"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "E&#46;A&#46; Kerr"
                            1 => "B&#46; Fleming"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1136/bmj.39358.498889.94"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "BMJ"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "335"
                        "paginaInicial" => "971"
                        "paginaFinal" => "973"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17991979"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
                          "pii" => "S0735109706026581"
                          "estado" => "S300"
                          "issn" => "07351097"
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
  "url" => "/02139111/00000022000000S1/v1_201301221349/S0213911108760862/v1_201301221349/es/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => array:4 [
    "identificador" => "711"
    "tipo" => "SECCION"
    "es" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Cap&#237;tulo 3&#46; Prioridades generales y prestaciones individuales"
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
  ]
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/02139111/00000022000000S1/v1_201301221349/S0213911108760862/v1_201301221349/es/main.pdf?idApp=WGSE&text.app=https://gacetasanitaria.org/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0213911108760862?idApp=WGSE"
]
Compartir
Publique en esta revista
Información de la revista
Vol. 22. Núm. S1.
Informe SESPAS 2008: Mejorando la efectividad de las intervenciones públicas sobre la salud
Páginas 143-155 (abril 2008)
Respuestas rápidas
Compartir
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Vol. 22. Núm. S1.
Informe SESPAS 2008: Mejorando la efectividad de las intervenciones públicas sobre la salud
Páginas 143-155 (abril 2008)
Capítulo 3. Prioridades generales y prestaciones individuales
Open Access
Posibilidades y limitaciones de la gestión por resultados de salud, el pago por objetivos y el redireccionamiento de los incentivos. Informe SESPAS 2008
Possibilities and limitations of results-based management, pay-for-performance and the redesign of incentives
Visitas
1360
Salvador Peiróa,
Autor para correspondencia
peiro_bor@gva.es

Correspondencia: Salvador Peiró. Escola Valenciana d’Estudis de la Salut.
, Anna García-Altésb
a Escola Valenciana d’Estudis de la Salut, Valencia, España
b Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
Este artículo ha recibido

Under a Creative Commons license
Información del artículo
Resumen

El concepto de «pago por calidad» (P4P) reúne un conjunto de diferentes estrategias que intentan estimular la mejora de la calidad asistencial remunerando a los proveedores de atención sanitaria según sus resultados en el cumplimiento de objetivos de calidad o productividad predefinidos. Pese a que la efectividad del P4P para mejorar la calidad de la atención está poco establecida, estos sistemas se están difundiendo ampliamente en el Reino Unido, Estados Unidos y otros países, incluida España. Los elementos del diseño de los esquemas de P4P determinantes de su efectividad se refieren a quién debe recibir los incentivos, cuánto debe pagarse, qué debe retribuirse, la necesidad de incorporar ajustes de riesgos (sobre todo en los indicadores de resultados intermedios) y de tener en cuenta el clima organizativo, y la combinación óptima de incentivos financieros y no financieros. Las limitaciones más importantes que cabe considerar son: la orientación exclusiva hacia la reducción de la infrautilización, la afectación de la equidad, el efecto «lupa», la validez de los indicadores, la confusión entre recomendaciones de guías de práctica e indicadores de calidad, la ingeniería documental, el paternalismo con los pacientes, el posible impacto negativo sobre el profesionalismo y la motivación interna de los médicos, y el abordaje de la calidad como un problema de decisiones imperfectas, antes que como un sistema imperfecto.

Palabras clave:
Incentivos
Calidad asistencial
Indicadores de calidad
Abstract

The concept of pay-for-performance (P4P) encompasses different strategies that aim to stimulate health care quality improvement by remunerating healthcare providers according to their performance in specific measures of efficiency or quality. Although the effectiveness of P4P in improving quality of care is largely unknown, these systems are being widely adopted in the United Kingdom, the United States and other countries, including Spain. The elements of P4P design that are most decisive for the effectiveness of these schemes are as follows: 1) who should receive the incentives, how they should be paid, what should be rewarded, the need to incorporate risk adjustments (mainly if surrogate outcomes are used as indicators) and the need to bear organizational climate and the optimal combination of financial and non-financial incentives in mind. The most important limitations to consider are the following: 1) the exclusive focus on reducing subutilization; 2) the effect on equity; 3) the “magnifying glass” effect; 4) the validity of indicators; 5) the confusion between the recommendations of clinical guidelines and quality indicators; 6) “document engineering”; 7) paternalism; 8) the negative impact on professionalism and clinicians’ internal motivation, and 9) the assumption that quality problems result from imperfect individual decisions rather than from an imperfect system.

Key words:
Incentive
Quality of health care
Quality indicators
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
J.C. Robinson.
Theory and practice in the design of physician payment incentives.
Milbank Q, 79 (2001), pp. 149-177
[2.]
D.A. Conrad, J.B. Christianson.
Penetrating the «black box»: financial incentives for enhancing the quality of physician services.
Med Care Res Rev, 61 (2004), pp. 37-68
[3.]
M.B. Rosenthal, B.E. Landon, S.L. Normand, R.G. Frank, T.S. Ahmad, A.M. Epstein.
Employers’ use of value-based purchasing strategies.
JAMA, 298 (2007), pp. 2281-2288
[4.]
A.M. Epstein.
Pay for performance at the tipping point.
N Engl J Med, 356 (2007), pp. 515-517
[5.]
M. Roland.
Linking physician pay to quality of care: a major experiment in the United Kingdom.
N Engl J Med, 351 (2004), pp. 1448-1454
[6.]
T. Doran, C. Fullwood, H. Gravelle, D. Reeves, E. Kontopantelis, U. Hiroeh, et al.
Pay-for-performance programs in family practices in the United Kingdom.
N Engl J Med, 355 (2006), pp. 375-384
[7.]
S. Campbell, D. Reeves, E. Kontopantelis, E. Middleton, B. Sibbald, M. Roland.
Quality of primary care in England with the introduction of pay for performance.
N Engl J Med, 357 (2007), pp. 181-190
[8.]
G.H. Pink, A.D. Brown, M.L. Studer, K.L. Reiter, P. Leatt.
Pay-for-performance in publicly financed healthcare: some international experience and considerations for Canada.
Healthc Pap, 6 (2006), pp. 8-26
[9.]
I.A. Scott.
Pay for performance in health care: strategic issues for Australian experiments.
Med J Aust, 187 (2007), pp. 31-35
[10.]
E. Bernal, R. Meneu, F. Pradas, S. Peiró, M. Ridao.
Sistemas de incentivos en atención primaria.
Rev Val Med Fam, 6 (1999), pp. 1-12
[11.]
J. Gené Badia, P. Gallo de Puelles.
Retribución variable vinculada a la calidad asistencial.
Aten Primaria, 34 (2004), pp. 198-201
[12.]
J.J. Martín.
Motivación, incentivos y retribuciones de los médicos de atención primaria en el Sistema Nacional de Salud.
Rev Adm Sanit, 3 (2005), pp. 111-130
[13.]
E. Díaz Ojeda, P. Navarro, S. Prados.
Sistema Nacional de Salud: la retribución variable.
Rev Adm Sanit, 3 (2005), pp. 205-235
[14.]
J. Gérvas, V. Ortún, L. Palomo, M.A. Ripoll.
Seminario de Innovación en Atención Primaria 2007. Incentivos en atención primaria: de la contención del gasto a la salud de la población.
Rev Esp Salud Pública, 81 (2007), pp. 589-596
[15.]
V. Ortún Rubio.
Los incentivos para la mejora de la calidad en los servicios de salud.
Rev Calidad Asistencial, 22 (2007), pp. 1-6
[16.]
J. Gené-Badia, G. Escaramis-Babiano, M. Sans-Corrales, L. Sampietro-Colom, F. Aguado-Menguy, C. Cabezas-Peña, et al.
Impact of economic incentives on quality of professional life and on end-user satisfaction in primary care.
Health Policy, 80 (2007), pp. 2-10
[17.]
A. Plaza Tesías, C. Zara Yahni, A. Guarga Rojas, J. Farrés Quesada.
Resultado de la aplicación del benchmarking en los equipos de atención primaria de Barcelona.
Aten Primaria, 35 (2005), pp. 122-127
[18.]
A. Giuffrida, T. Gosden, F. Forland, I.S. Kristiansen, M. Sergison, B. Leese, L. Pedersen, M. Sutton.
Target payments in primary care: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (2000), pp. 3
[19.]
R.A. Dudley, A. Frolich, D.L. Robinowitz, J.A. Talavera, P. Broadhead, H.S. Luft.
Strategies to support quality-based purchasing: a review of the evidence.
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, (2004),
[20.]
L.A. Petersen, L.D. Woodard, T. Urech, C. Daw, S. Sookanan.
Does pay-for-performance improve the quality of health care?.
Ann Intern Med, 145 (2006), pp. 265-272
[21.]
M.B. Rosenthal, R.G. Frank.
What is the empirical basis for paying for quality in health care?.
Med Care Res Rev, 63 (2006), pp. 135-157
[22.]
R.A. Dudley.
Pay-for-performance research: how to learn what clinicians and policy makers need to know.
JAMA, 294 (2005), pp. 1821-1823
[23.]
C.R. Simpson, P.C. Hannaford, K. Lefevre, D. Williams.
Effect of the UK incentive-based contract on the management of patients with stroke in primary care.
[24.]
Z. Kmietowicz.
New GP contract: modernisation or miscalculation?.
[25.]
A.A. Sanderson.
Pay-for-performance programs in the United Kingdom.
N Engl J Med, 355 (2006), pp. 1832
[26.]
J. Gené Badia.
Basta de «clicar» casillas.
Aten Primaria, 39 (2007), pp. 169-170
[27.]
M.B. Rosenthal, R. Fernandopulle, H.R. Song, B. Landon.
Paying for quality: providers’ incentives for quality improvement.
Health Aff (Millwood), 23 (2004), pp. 127-141
[28.]
E.S. Fisher.
Paying for performance: risks and recommendations.
N Engl J Med, 355 (2006), pp. 1845-1847
[29.]
B.G. Bokhour, J.F. Burgess, J.M. Hook, B. White, D. Berlowitz, M.R. Guldin, et al.
Incentive implementation in physician practices: a qualitative study of practice executive perspectives on pay for performance.
Med Care Res Rev, 63 (2006), pp. 73-95
[30.]
J.W. Rowe.
Pay-for-performance and accountability: related themes in improving health care.
Ann Intern Med, 145 (2006), pp. 695-699
[31.]
M.B. Rosenthal, R.A. Dudley.
Pay-for-performance: will the latest payment trend improve care?.
JAMA, 297 (2007), pp. 740-744
[32.]
S. Peiró Moreno.
De la gestión de lo complementario a la gestión integral de la atención de salud: gestión de enfermedades e indicadores de actividad.
Gestión clínica y sanitaria: de la práctica academia, ida y vuelta, pp. 17-87
[33.]
B.W. Cooper.
Public reporting and pay for performance.
N Engl J Med, 356 (2007), pp. 1783-1784
[34.]
J.E. Wennberg, A.M. O’Connor, E.D. Collins, J.N. Weinstein.
Extending the P4P agenda (I): how Medicare can improve patient decision making and reduce unnecessary care.
Health Aff (Millwood), 26 (2007), pp. 1564-1574
[35.]
J.E. Wennberg, E.S. Fisher, J.S. Skinner, K.K. Bronner.
Extending the P4P agenda (II): how Medicare can reduce waste and improve the care of the chronically ill.
Health Aff (Millwood), 26 (2007), pp. 1575-1585
[36.]
A.G. Gosfield, J.L. Reinertsen.
Paying physicians for high-quality care.
N Engl J Med, 350 (2004), pp. 1910
[37.]
A.S. Bierman, J.P. Clark.
Performance measurement and equity.
[38.]
C. Millett, S. Saxena, A. Ng, A. Mainous 3rd, A. Majeed.
Socioeconomic status, ethnicity and diabetes management: an analysis of time trends using the health survey for England.
J Public Health (Oxf), 29 (2007), pp. 413-419
[39.]
J. Hippisley-Cox, S. O’Hanlon, C. Coupland.
Association of deprivation, ethnicity, and sex with quality indicators for diabetes: population based survey of 53,000 patients in primary care.
[40.]
G. McLean, M. Sutton, B. Guthrie.
Deprivation and quality of primary care services: evidence for persistence of the inverse care law from the UK Quality and Outcomes Framework.
J Epidemiol Community Health, 60 (2006), pp. 917-922
[41.]
G. McLean, B. Guthrie, M. Sutton.
Differences in the quality of primary medical care for CVD and diabetes across the NHS: evidence from the quality and outcomes framework.
BMC Health Serv Res, 7 (2007), pp. 74
[42.]
B. Guthrie, G. McLean, M. Sutton.
Workload and reward in the Quality and Outcomes Framework of the 2004 general practice contract.
Br J Gen Pract, 56 (2006), pp. 836-841
[43.]
I. Heath, J. Hippisley-Cox, L. Smeeth.
Measuring performance and missing the point?.
[44.]
R.A. Hayward.
Performance measurement in search of a path.
N Engl J Med, 356 (2007), pp. 951-953
[45.]
K.S. Yarnall, K.I. Pollak, T. Østbye, K.M. Krause, J.L. Michener.
Primary care: is there enough time for prevention?.
Am J Public Health, 93 (2003), pp. 635-641
[46.]
T. Østbye, K.S. Yarnall, K.M. Krause, K.I. Pollak, M. Gradison, J.L. Michener.
Is there time for management of patients with chronic diseases in primary care?.
Ann Fam Med, 3 (2005), pp. 209-214
[47.]
Hippisley-Cox J, Pringle M. Comorbidity of Diseases in the New General Medical Services Contract for General Practitioners: Analysis of QRESEARCH Data. Nottingham: QRESEARCH; 2005. Disponible en: www.qresearch.org/Public_Documents/DataValidation/Comorbidity%20of%20diseases%20in%20the%20new%20GMS%20contract%20for%20GPs.pdf
[48.]
D.A. Ganz, N.S. Wenger, C.P. Roth, C.J. Kamberg, J.T. Chang, C.H. MacLean, et al.
The effect of a quality improvement initiative on the quality of other aspects of health care: the law of unintended consequences?.
[49.]
R.M. Werner, D.A. Asch.
The unintended consequences of publicly reporting quality information.
JAMA, 293 (2005), pp. 1239-1244
[50.]
C. Brown, R. Lilford.
Cross sectional study of performance indicators for English Primary Care Trusts: testing construct validity and identifying explanatory variables.
BMC Health Serv Res, 6 (2006), pp. 81
[51.]
D.A. Ganz, N.S. Wenger, C.P. Roth, C.J. Kamberg, J.T. Chang, C.H. MacLean, et al.
The effect of a quality improvement initiative on the quality of other aspects of health care: the law of unintended consequences?.
[52.]
S.W. Glickman, F.S. Ou, E.R. DeLong, M.T. Roe, B.L. Lytle, J. Mulgund, et al.
Pay for performance, quality of care, and outcomes in acute myocardial infarction.
JAMA, 297 (2007), pp. 2373-2380
[53.]
G.C. Fonarow, W.T. Abraham, N.M. Albert, W.G. Stough, M. Gheorghiade, B.H. Greenberg, et al.
Association between performance measures and clinical outcomes for patients hospitalized with heart failure.
JAMA, 297 (2007), pp. 61-70
[54.]
R.M. Werner, E.T. Bradlow.
Relationship between Medicare's hospital compare performance measures and mortality rates.
JAMA, 296 (2006), pp. 2694-2702
[55.]
S.D. Horn.
Performance measures and clinical outcomes.
JAMA, 296 (2006), pp. 2731-2732
[56.]
O.J. Wang, Y. Wang, J.H. Lichtman, E.H. Bradley, S.L. Normand, H.M. Krumholz.
«America's Best Hospitals» in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction.
Arch Intern Med, 167 (2007), pp. 1345-1351
[57.]
E.H. Bradley, J. Herrin, B. Elbel, R.L. McNamara, D.J. Magid, B.K. Nallamothu, et al.
Hospital quality for acute myocardial infarction: correlation among process measures and relationship with short-term mortality.
JAMA, 296 (2006), pp. 72-78
[58.]
A. Bottle, S. Gnani, S. Saxena, P. Aylin, A.G. Mainous, A. Majeed.
Association between quality of primary care and hospitalization for coronary heart disease in England: national cross-sectional study.
J Gen Intern Med, (2007),
[59.]
A. Downing, G. Rudge, Y. Cheng, Y.K. Tu, J. Keen, M.S. Gilthorpe.
Do the UK government's new Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) scores adequately measure primary care performance? A cross-sectional survey of routine healthcare data.
BMC Health Serv Res, 7 (2007), pp. 166
[60.]
A.K. Jha, E.J. Orav, Z. Li, A.M. Epstein.
The inverse relationship between mortality rates and performance in the Hospital Quality Alliance measures.
Health Aff (Millwood), 26 (2007), pp. 1104-1110
[61.]
L.C. Walter, N.P. Davidowitz, P.A. Heineken, K.E. Covinsky.
Pitfalls of converting practice guidelines into quality measures: lessons learned from a VA performance measure.
JAMA, 291 (2004), pp. 2466-2470
[62.]
A.M. Garber.
Evidence-based guidelines as a foundation for performance incentives.
Health Aff (Millwood), 24 (2005),
[63.]
D.M. Kent, R.A. Hayward.
Limitations of applying summary results of clinical trials to individual patients: the need for risk stratification.
JAMA, 298 (2007), pp. 1209-1212
[64.]
R.A. Hayward, T.P. Hofer, E.A. Kerr, S.L. Krein.
Quality improvement initiatives: issues in moving from diabetes guidelines to policy.
Diabetes Care, 27 (2004), pp. 54-60
[65.]
M.M. Safford, R. Shewchuk, H. Qu, J.H. Williams, C.A. Estrada, F. Ovalle, et al.
Reasons for not intensifying medications: differentiating «clinical inertia» from appropriate care.
J Gen Intern Med, 22 (2007), pp. 1648-1655
[66.]
R.A. Hayward, T.P. Hofer, S. Vijan.
Narrative review: lack of evidence for recommended low-density lipoprotein treatment targets: a solvable problem.
Ann Intern Med, 145 (2006), pp. 520-530
[67.]
L.F. McMahon Jr, T.P. Hofer, R.A. Hayward.
Physician-level P4PDOA? Can quality-based payment be resuscitated?.
Am J Manag Care, 13 (2007), pp. 233-236
[68.]
R.A. Hayward.
All-or-nothing treatment targets make bad performance measures.
Am J Manag Care, 13 (2007), pp. 126-128
[69.]
R.A. Hayward, D.M. Kent.
Using clinical trial summary results to establish quality measures.
[70.]
S. Vijan, T. Hofer, R.A. Hayward.
Cost-utility analysis of screening intervals for diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
JAMA, 283 (2000), pp. 889-896
[71.]
S. Vijan, T.P. Hofer, R.A. Hayward.
How often should patients with diabetes Be screened for retinopathy?.
JAMA, 284 (2000), pp. 437-439
[72.]
A. Dicker.
Target tyranny.
J R Soc Med, 97 (2004), pp. 496-497
[73.]
I.M. Carey, S. Dewilde, T. Harris, P.H. Whincup, D.G. Cook.
Spurious trends in coronary heart disease incidence: unintended consequences of the new GP contract?.
Br J Gen Pract, 57 (2007), pp. 486-489
[74.]
G. Elwyn, S. Buetow, J. Hibbard, M. Wensing.
Measuring quality through performance. Respecting the subjective: quality measurement from the patient's perspective.
[75.]
J.T. Chang, R.D. Hays, P.G. Shekelle, C.H. MacLean, D.H. Solomon, D.B. Reuben, et al.
Patients’ global ratings of their health care are not associated with the technical quality of their care.
Ann Intern Med, 144 (2006), pp. 665-672
[76.]
S.D. Pearson, K. Kleinman, D. Rusinak, W. Levinson.
A trial of disclosing physicians’ financial incentives to patients.
Arch Intern Med, 166 (2006), pp. 623-628
[77.]
A.G. Pereira, S.D. Pearson.
Patient attitudes toward physician financial incentives.
Arch Intern Med, 161 (2001), pp. 1313-1317
[78.]
R. McDonald, S. Harrison, K. Checkland, S.M. Campbell, M. Roland.
Impact of financial incentives on clinical autonomy and internal motivation in primary care: ethnographic study.
[79.]
M. Marshall, S. Harrison.
It's about more than money: financial incentives and internal motivation.
Qual Saf Health Care, 14 (2005), pp. 4-5
[80.]
B.H. Gray.
Individual incentives to fix organizational problems?.
Med Care Res Rev, 61 (2004), pp. 76-79
[81.]
B. Fleming, A. Silver, K. Ocepek-Welikson, D. Keller.
The relationship between organizational systems and clinical quality in diabetes care.
Am J Manag Care, 10 (2004), pp. 934-944
[82.]
E.M. Yano, L.M. Soban, P.H. Parkerton, D.A. Etzioni.
Primary care practice organization influences colorectal cancer screening performance.
Health Serv Res, 42 (2007), pp. 1130-1149
[83.]
E.A. Kerr, B. Fleming.
Making performance indicators work: experiences of US Veterans Health Administration.
Copyright © 2008. Sociedad Española de Salud Pública y Administración Sanitaria
Descargar PDF
Idiomas
Gaceta Sanitaria
Opciones de artículo
Herramientas
es en

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?