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"textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The demands of the medical profession are currently very high so that medical education institutions are expected to be able to produce competent medical graduates who are ready to provide the best service in their respective workplaces. Therefore, medical education institutions must be able to organize an educational process that can support students in increasing their knowledge, skills, and professional attitude.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pharmacology is one of the subjects taught in preclinical education in medical education institutions. Without understanding pharmacology, a doctor will have difficulty in providing rational treatment that is based on the accuracy in drug administration, dosage, dosage form, method of administration as well as estimating the effects of drugs given. Rational treatment will guarantee the achievement of safety and efficacy in health services, both for patients and doctors, so as to prevent the occurrence of malpractice that is common in clinical practice.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The problem is that based on data from Medical Faculty Tadulako University, the means score of the pharmacology test ranges from 60 to 70 in each block. These results indicate that the ability of students to comprehend lessons is far from optimal. These results can be influenced by several factors, such as learning styles and learning methods.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Delivering lecture in a large class is one of the conventional methods which is still widely used at the undergraduate medical education. Methods like this depend on the ability of the lecturer to explain the material and generally can only be captured well by students in auditory learning styles. Nowadays, many innovative learning methods have begun to be developed and can fill the shortcomings of the lecture method. Some methods developed include problem-based learning and peered assisted learning.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,4</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Peer-assisted learning is one method that is considered efficient and innovative in which students are directly involved in the learning process. One form of peer-assisted learning is peer tutoring. Some previous studies show PAL, according to students, is a collaborative and cooperative learning strategy that provides many benefits both for tutees and tutors. This method generates a closer relationship and better communication between students and their tutors than the conventional lecture so that students could better understand the material.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This method can also increase students’ confidence and communication skills.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Besides, the comfort that arises while implementing this method can reduce the psychological pressure commonly felt in conventional learning so that students can more easily capture the material taught. Furthermore, the peer learning application does not require the presence of a lecturer. This is very helpful for lecturers in managing lecturer time that is already very crowded. Technological developments that allow lecturers to face-to-face with students indirectly using Internet assistance can help lecturers monitor how the learning process is carried out by the students themselves. Therefore, the application of peer tutoring in the pharmacological learning process at The Medical Faculty Tadulako University can be an alternative method for maximizing student learning outcomes.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Design</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This was a quasi-experimental study with a post-test only design. The implementation of this research was by giving two different conditions to two groups of students. The peer tutoring method was applied to the experimental group.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Population and study setting</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The subjects were 86 second-year students of Medical School Tadulako University, Palu. They were divided into both four experimental and control groups by considering the equality of the characteristics of pharmacological scores and GPA (Grade Point Average). Those in the experimental group were called tutees. At the same time, there were four third-year students that became tutors. Tutors were chosen from assistant lecturers at the Pharmacology Department. Both tutees and tutors have attended separated training in peer tutoring.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The research began with Peer tutoring training for 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of teaching assistants with the role of peer tutors and specific pharmacological themes discussed. After that, the tutee training was conducted for about two hours about how the peer tutoring process.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Peer tutoring method is applied after the lecture, and practical material is given by lecturers. Students were given a worksheet that must be discussed together as a group and must be answered. The peer tutoring method will be facilitated by a tutor for each group at the specified time in the campus environment. Students will express their opinions in accordance with the worksheet obtained. Students may see references either from books or from the Internet. The tutor will help direct the student discussion by asking questions or answering the problem. The peer tutoring process lasted for two hours and was monitored directly by a lecturer online.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the final stage, all students were conducting a plenary discussion to present the results of their discussions during the peer tutoring implementation. Every student is connected to the Internet connection with the lecturer, who leads the plenary. Plenary takes place remotely for 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Variables</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The variables of this study were performance, which was gathered from both practical and final tests, and motivation of the experimental and control group.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Data collection</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Students’ comprehension of the material provided was assessed in the form of activeness in the plenary discussion and the form of practical and final examinations; both tests were conducted after peer tutoring. Practicum exams were carried out by doing essay assignments. Furthermore, the final exam consisted of five multiple-choice questions. The students also filled out the motivation questionnaire after. The questionnaire comprises 22 questions with a four Likert scale, which is strongly agreed, agree, disagree, and strongly disagree. The score of performance and motivation was converse to a 100 maximum score.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Data analysis</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Comparison of Pharmacology scores and motivation between the treatment group and the control group were measured using the independent <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test.</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Ethical aspect</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research was approved by the ethics committee of the Faculty of Medicine Tadulako University.</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Results</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was conducted in April–July 2019. The respondents were second-year 86 medical students. There are more women than men. And the most age is at 20 years.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0005">Tables 1 and 2</a> show that motivation in the treatment group was higher than in the control group, both interest motivation (79.09<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13.11 vs 75.24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13.46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.411), value (80.89<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11.57 vs 76.54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12.20; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.292), perceived (perceived) 66.26<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7.44 vs 666.20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10.09; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.977), and total (76.33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9.33 vs 73.31<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10.30; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.159). Even so for the results of statistical analysis using the t test showed no significance for the difference.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> shows that the value in the control group was higher than the treatment group (60.45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.39 vs. 60.67<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.72; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.649). Although not statistically significant because of the value of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discussion</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Peer tutoring is a teaching and learning concept in which students teach other students. The teacher is called a tutor, and the student is called tutee. The tutor can be at the same or above level with tutees.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,6</span></a> The tutors in this peer tutoring method are one-year seniors, and they also act as Pharmacology teaching assistants.</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Learning can be seen as a modification and adaptation of pre-existing knowledge, while teaching is the medium for implementing it. The stronger the network of knowledge between tutor and tutee, the higher the tutor's understanding and ability to help with tutoring. In order to learn something new, there must be an appropriate distance between prior knowledge and new. This cognitive distance may be more easily felt and channeled by peer tutors than lecturers of the courses. Peer tutoring can also present social congruence where tutors can motivate tutees to use more time and effort to learn.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> That is why the total value of tutees’ motivation was higher in the experimental group than the control group.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tutoring assistance in teaching lesson material offers interest in empowering tutees and is often considered to be the most valuable outcome of the peer tutoring program.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,9</span></a> Student tutors themselves are considered to understand the students’ difficulties in learning better and may determine the tutee's basic knowledge.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The learning environment using the peer tutoring process is more comfortable and cooperative so that students can freely ask questions and discuss their learning issues.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> This can only be facilitated by cognitive closeness, which provides a better position for the tutor to explain.</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unfortunately, the result of the performance evaluation is somewhat different from motivation. The control group had a higher mean value, although it did not differ significantly from the treatment group. Walsh et al. and Knobe et al. stated that students who are not taught by peer tutors have higher grades than those taught. This is likely due to more complex learning content, especially procedural ones that can only be conveyed better by trained instructors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11,12</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A review by Williams shows that many other studies perform better in the peer learning group than not even though almost all of them are randomized controlled studies that assess skills.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> This review shows that peer learning in health colleges is effective in practical training but may not be useful in theoretical learning. In addition, this review also shows that the most benefited party in the peer tutoring process is the tutor.</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some research shows an increase in tutors’ grades and abilities in the theory and skills test. Tutors tend to understand and remember the concepts they teach compared to just learning from others. The study also showed that tutors’ confidence played a significant role in their performance.</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A high standard of peer tutoring implementation can be achieved if tutors can be properly trained and supervised. Various interventional studies have applied this with various duration and content. This preparation class can be added or even replaced with additional lessons such as manuals or self-learning models. Even in some structured training, concepts have been published, such as implementing standard 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h training for all tutors. The training taught how to correctly explain Peyton's 4-step teaching approach, dealing with difficult situations in teaching and recording tutor teaching videos, which then continued with feedback. This process requires proper guidance before tutors are deployed in order to achieve excellent performance as well.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13,14</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Conclusion</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Student motivation increases in the experimental group than in the control group, even though it is not statistically significant. In comparison, the performance score is lower than the control group. Therefore, if peer tutoring program wants to continue to be implemented, qualified quality control is required, one of which is through rigorous peer tutor recruitment, tutor training, and ensuring the commitment of the peer tutors. In addition, periodic monitoring and evaluation are needed, especially regarding the implementation of the peer tutoring program, so that problems can be identified and used as an evaluation for the improvements to the program.</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></span></span>"
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]
]
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4 => array:2 [
"identificador" => "sec0045"
"titulo" => "Results"
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5 => array:2 [
"identificador" => "sec0050"
"titulo" => "Discussion"
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6 => array:2 [
"identificador" => "sec0055"
"titulo" => "Conclusion"
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"identificador" => "sec0060"
"titulo" => "Conflict of interests"
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8 => array:1 [
"titulo" => "References"
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"pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
"tienePdf" => true
"fechaRecibido" => "2021-06-28"
"fechaAceptado" => "2021-07-30"
"PalabrasClave" => array:1 [
"en" => array:1 [
0 => array:4 [
"clase" => "keyword"
"titulo" => "Keywords"
"identificador" => "xpalclavsec1456711"
"palabras" => array:4 [
0 => "Peer tutoring"
1 => "Pharmacology"
2 => "Performance"
3 => "Motivation"
]
]
]
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"tieneResumen" => true
"resumen" => array:1 [
"en" => array:3 [
"titulo" => "Abstract"
"resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Knowing the effectiveness of peer tutoring methods in pharmacology learning for medical students.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Method</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This was a quasi-experimental study with a post-test only design. Subjects were second-year medical students who were divided into four control groups and four experimental groups. Students in the experimental group experienced peer tutoring methods. The difference in motivation and performance scores in both groups was analyzed using <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-tests.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Motivation in the experimental group was higher than in the control group, for interest motivation (79.09<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13.11 vs 75.24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13.46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.411), value motivation (80.89<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11.57 vs 76.54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12.20; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.292), perceived motivation (66.26<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7.44 vs 666.20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10.09; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.977), and as well as total (76.33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9.33 vs 73.31<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10.30; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.159). The performance score in the control group was higher than the treatment group (60.45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.39 vs 60.67<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.72; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.649).</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Quality control, monitoring, and evaluation are required to produce an effective peer tutoring program. One of which is through rigorous peer tutor recruitment, tutor training, and ensuring the commitment of the peer tutors.</p></span>"
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1 => array:2 [
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2 => array:2 [
"identificador" => "abst0015"
"titulo" => "Results"
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3 => array:2 [
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"nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd International Nursing, Health Science Students & Health Care Professionals Conference. Full-text and the content of it is under responsibility of authors of the article.</p>"
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<table border="0" frame="\n
\t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
\t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
\t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Characteristic \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
\t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
\t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Percentage \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sex</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">34.9% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Female \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">56 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">65.1% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">1.2% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">1.2% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">34.9% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">53 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">61.6% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">1.2% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
"""
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"tabla" => array:1 [
0 => """
<table border="0" frame="\n
\t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
\t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
\t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Motivation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
\t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
\t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Student \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
\t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Minimum \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
\t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Maximum \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
\t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Means \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
\t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Standard deviation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
\t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-Value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">Interest \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">Intervention \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">41 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">79.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">13.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">0.411 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">42.86 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">96.43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">75.24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">13.46 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">Value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">Intervention \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">41 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">58.33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">80.89 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">11.57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">0.292 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">52.78 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">76.54 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">12.20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">Perceived \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">Intervention \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">41 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">54.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">79.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">66.26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">7.44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">0.977 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">45.83 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">91.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">66.20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">10.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">Intervention \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">41 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">57.95 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">93.18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">76.33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">9.33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">0.159 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
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\t\t\t\t">51.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
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\t\t\t\t">93.18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
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\t\t\t\t">73.31 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
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\t\t\t\t">10.30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n
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\t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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\t\t\t\t">Intervention \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
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\t\t\t\t">41 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
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\t\t\t\t">44.60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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\t\t\t\t">75.20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
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\t\t\t\t">60.45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
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\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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\t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n
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\t\t\t\t">0.649 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
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\t\t\t\t">45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">48.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">68.60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
\t\t\t\t\ttop\n
\t\t\t\t">60.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
\t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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\t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n
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\t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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