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        "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El cribado pretende identificar a las personas con una elevada probabilidad de beneficiarse de actividades preventivas&#44; tradicionalmente de prevenci&#243;n secundaria pero tambi&#233;n de prevenci&#243;n primaria&#46; Bien para facilitar la detecci&#243;n precoz de enfermedades para instaurar un tratamiento temprano que modifique favorablemente el pron&#243;stico&#44; para reconocer a los expuestos a factores de riesgo que incrementan el riesgo de una patolog&#237;a determinada&#44; de forma que las intervenciones preventivas reduzcan su incidencia&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La bondad del prop&#243;sito no es suficiente para conseguir un resultado ben&#233;fico en t&#233;rminos de efectividad&#44; seguridad&#44; eficiencia y equidad&#44; de manera que debe procederse a la valoraci&#243;n de las consecuencias que la aplicaci&#243;n de los cribados comporta y&#44; en particular&#44; del impacto que tienen sobre la salud de las personas y sobre la organizaci&#243;n de los servicios sanitarios&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La diversidad de los cribados hace estimar el impacto neto derivado de su aplicaci&#243;n&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; los cambios en el estado de salud de las poblaciones dependen de muchos factores de origen ajeno a la sanidad&#46; Aunque conviene determinar la efectividad y la seguridad de los cribados m&#225;s frecuentemente aplicados&#44; la valoraci&#243;n de los beneficios y los perjuicios atribuibles a los programas preventivos es poco frecuente&#46; En Espa&#241;a s&#243;lo se han publicado algunas valoraciones parciales&#44; en general referidas a las actividades y procesos m&#225;s que a los resultados finales&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Como el origen de los cribados corresponde a los servicios sanitarios y se dirigen a poblaciones mayoritariamente sanas&#44; los aspectos &#233;ticos son de suma importancia&#46; Se recomienda que para cualquier actividad de cribado se proceda al an&#225;lisis de los principios &#233;ticos de autonom&#237;a&#44; beneficencia&#44; no maleficencia y justicia&#44; de forma que en la eventualidad de que no puedan satisfacerlos razonablemente se excluyan del cat&#225;logo de prestaciones p&#250;blicas&#46; Del mismo modo deber&#237;a sistematizarse la evaluaci&#243;n de la efectividad&#44; seguridad y eficiencia de cualquier cribado que se ofrezca a la poblaci&#243;n&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Finalmente&#44; se recomienda investigar nuevas posibilidades de participaci&#243;n efectiva de la poblaci&#243;n en el establecimiento de prioridades preventivas y en la valoraci&#243;n del impacto de estas intervenciones&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The main aim of screening is to identify people with an increased probability to benefit from preventive interventions&#44; generally from secondary prevention but also from primary prevention activities&#46; The goal is to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment in order to modify positively the prognosis &#40;the former case&#41;&#44; or to recognize people exposed to risk factors which increase the incidence rate of disease&#44; and then to prevent the disease &#40;the latter case&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Good intentions are not enough to achieve good results in terms of effectiveness&#44; safety&#44; efficiency or equity&#46; It is necessary to have a systematic assessment of the consequences of screening&#44; particularly on the impact on peoples¿ health and on the health services&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Due to the diversity of types of screenings that are done&#44; it is very difficult to estimate the net impact caused by their implementation&#46; Moreover&#44; the changes in the health of a population depend on many factors other than health service interventions&#46; Thus&#44; it is very important to determine the effectiveness and safety of the screening methods that are most frequently applied&#46; Unfortunately&#44; assessment of the benefits and the harm potentially caused by preventive interventions has not been done often&#46; In Spain only a few partial assessments have been published&#44; and they focus on the activities and the processes themselves rather than the final outcomes&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Given that screening activities are carried out in health care services&#44; and that the populations screened are mostly healthy people&#44; the ethical issues have great importance when health policies are designed and implemented&#46; Thus&#44; it is recommended that screenings activities be analyzed applying the ethical principles of autonomy&#44; benefit&#44; safety and justice&#46; If any screening program cannot reasonably satisfy these principles then they should be removed from the list of public health activities that are financed by public resources&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In the same sense&#44; all screening procedures offered to the population must be subjected to a systematic evaluation of their effectiveness&#44; safety&#44; efficiency and equity in terms of how the procedure would be applied&#46; Lastly&#44; to achieve an effective implementation of the principle of autonomy as well the desired goal of empowering the population to exercise some control over their determinants of health&#44; it is recommended to explore new ways of achieving active citizen participation to establish preventive priorities and to assess the impact of screening interventions&#46;</p>"
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