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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since January 2020&#44; the disease caused by the new coronavirus &#40;SARS-CoV-2&#41;&#44; named COVID-19 by the World Health Organization&#44; has spread rapidly causing a global pandemic&#44; with multifold consequences and giving rise to an unprecedented worldwide health and economic crisis in times of peace&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> The interest aroused by the new coronavirus&#44; added to the urgent need to generate evidence about the disease and its treatment&#44; among other things&#44; has led to an exponential increase in COVID-19-related papers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> This has in turn produced an avalanche of information difficult to manage and apply&#44; whether by health professionals or by bodies tasked with implementing public health policies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the period from the outbreak of the pandemic to May 2021&#44; a total of 419&#44;950 publications on COVID-19 were published&#44; and of these more than 47&#44;000 &#40;11&#46;2&#37; of the total&#41; were pre-prints&#44; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; publications published online before peer review &#40;<a href="http://www.dimensions.ai/covid19">www&#46;dimensions&#46;ai&#47;covid19</a>&#41;&#46; Both peer-reviewed papers and preprints have served to generate a great volume of information on COVID-19&#46; Yet it has been observed that a substantial number of peer-reviewed papers have methodological limitations or give rise to erroneous conclusions&#44; with the resulting potential harmful effect for public health&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The need to generate evidence quickly in the case of COVID-19&#44; coupled with the competition between scientific journals to be first to publish what might prove to be the results of greatest relevance&#44; may have undermined the quality of the research papers published&#46; Added to this is the fact that the filters in the editorial process&#44; such as peer review&#44; may be more lax in the case of COVID-19 papers&#44; due to pressure to publish&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#8211;10</span></a> Evidence of the change in the editorial process can be seen in the number of retractions observed in COVID-19 papers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> By May 2021&#44; a total of 108 COVID-19-related papers had been retracted according to the Retraction Watch database &#40;<a href="http://www.retractiondatabase.org/">www&#46;retractiondatabase&#46;org</a>&#41;&#46; Bearing in mind that the mean time for retracting a paper is long&#44; this may probably be only the tip of the iceberg&#46; What is more&#44; the publication of papers which address other relevant scientific topics may well be affected by the lack of space for publishing them&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since the outbreak of the pandemic&#44; a number of authors have published bibliometric analyses aimed at describing the characteristics of COVID-19-related studies and analyzing publication trends&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4&#44;8&#8211;13</span></a> Only one study has analyzed the quality of COVID-19 papers&#44; comparing it against that of non-COVID-19 papers&#44; using a case-control design covering the initial months of the pandemic&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A comparative analysis of papers on COVID-19 with respect to those on other topics published in the same journals &#40;therefore controlling the role of editorial teams&#41; could inform us about methodological differences that might influence or determine the quality of such studies&#46; The objective of this study&#44; therefore&#44; was to compare the methodological and bibliometric characteristics of COVID-19 papers against those of non-COVID-19 papers and identify the variables in which the two differed&#44; using a purpose-made case-control design&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Method</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Study design</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We conducted a case-control study of published papers matched by journal of publication of the included papers&#46; Cases were papers on COVID-19 published from March 2020 through January 2021&#44; and controls were papers published during the same period on other topics in the same journal&#46; A minimum of one control was matched with each case&#46; The number of controls per case varies between one and ten&#44; depending on the number of COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 papers published by the selected journals&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We selected indexed journals profiled in Journal Citation Reports &#40;JCR&#41;&#44; belonging to the categories &#8220;Respiratory System&#8221;&#44; &#8220;Infectious Diseases&#8221;&#44; &#8220;Public&#44; Environmental and Occupational Health&#8221;&#44; &#8220;General&#47;Internal Medicine&#8221; and &#8220;Oncology&#8221;&#46; We selected the four journals with the higher impact factor of each quartile from each category&#44; yielding a total of 20 scientific journals &#40;5 categories<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4 quartiles&#41;&#46; As inclusion criterion&#44; all journals selected were required to have published one issue per month and to publish original papers in English&#44; Spanish or Portuguese&#46; For each journal selected&#44; we reviewed all the monthly issues published from March 2020 through January 2021&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From each issue included&#44; we selected one COVID-19 paper and one non-COVID-19 paper by order of appearance&#46; In any case&#44; should a given number might not contain a COVID-19 paper that fulfilled the inclusion criteria&#44; this was selected from another issue of the same journal&#46; Hence&#44; the first of the COVID-19 papers of that particular issue of the journal was extracted for the month of publication in question&#44; and a second paper was then selected for the issue of journals which did not contain a COVID-19 paper&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">By way of inclusion criterion&#44; papers were required to report on original research conducted on human beings and be written in English&#44; Spanish or Portuguese&#46; We excluded modeling studies&#44; case studies&#44; ecological studies and qualitative studies&#46; Retracted papers were not included&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to the nature of the study&#44; ethics committee approval was not required&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Data-collection</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From each journal selected the following variables were obtained from the JCR database&#58; JCR category&#59; relative position in 2019 &#40;by quartile&#41;&#59; journal name and abbreviation&#59; country and impact factor&#46; We also obtained the number of COVID-19-related papers from each of the journal issues included&#44; as well as the number of non-COVID-19 papers&#44; and the total number of papers published in each number&#44; with the aim of calculating the proportion of COVID-19 papers and non-COVID-19 papers in each of the numbers&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following bibliometric variables were obtained from the papers selected&#58; paper&#39;s title&#59; month of publication&#59; type of paper &#40;COVID-19 or non-COVID-19&#41;&#59; number of authors&#59; name of first author&#59; country of first author&#59; first author&#39;s institutional affiliation&#59; date of submission of manuscript and date of acceptance &#40;where available&#41;&#46; We calculated the number of days elapsed between the manuscript&#39;s date of submission and the date of publication of the articles included&#46; Using the Web of Science database&#44; we kept a manual record of the citations received by the papers included&#44; from the date of their publication until 31<span class="elsevierStyleSup">st</span> January 2021&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Furthermore&#44; the following design variables were sourced from each paper&#58; study design&#44; categorized as descriptive observational &#40;cross-sectional and cases series studies&#41;&#44; analytical observational &#40;case-control and cohort studies&#41; or experimental &#40;quasi-experimental and clinical trials&#41;&#59; sample size &#40;1-500&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;500&#41;&#59; study scope &#40;local&#44; national or international&#41;&#59; number of centers at which the study was undertaken &#40;unicenter or multicenter&#41;&#59; and number of adjustment variables&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All the above variables were entered into a database purpose-designed by the authors&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We performed a descriptive statistical analysis to identify the characteristics of the papers included&#44; by reference to the variables of interest collected and case or control status&#46; Quantitative variables were expressed in terms of median and interquartile range&#44; while qualitative variables were expressed in absolute and relative frequencies&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A multivariate conditional logistic regression model was fitted to identify the bibliometric and study-design variables associated with COVID-19 or non-COVID-19 papers&#46; In the final model the following variables were included&#58; study design &#40;descriptive observational&#44; analytical observational&#44; experimental&#41; and sample size &#40;1-500&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;500&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; the model was adjusted by the journal in which the articles where published&#46; Adjusted odds ratios &#40;OR&#41; were calculated along with their 95&#37; confidence intervals &#40;95&#37;CI&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Values were deemed statistically significant at p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#46; All statistical analyses were performed using the Stata v17 computer software program&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Results</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data were collected on 301 papers published in 20 scientific journals across the period from March 2020 through January 2021&#44; both inclusive&#46; In March&#44; no COVID-19 paper was published in the selected journals&#46; In the following months&#44; the proportion of COVID-19 papers varied&#44; reaching 80&#37; in the number of the Lancet Respiratory Medicine journal published in December 2020&#46; Seven of the selected journals published no COVID-19 papers across the study period&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For analysis purposes&#44; we excluded non-COVID-19 papers published in the seven journals which had not published any COVID-19 paper&#44; due to the impossibility of matching these controls with cases by reference to the journal&#46; Finally&#44; the analysis included a total of 224 papers published in 13 journals&#59; of these&#44; 81 were COVID-19 papers and 143 were non-COVID-19 papers &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> describes the main bibliometric and design characteristics of the papers included&#44; differentiating between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 articles&#46; Among the COVID-19 papers&#44; 18&#46;5&#37; had more than 20 authors&#44; whereas among the non-COVID-19 papers this percentage was 12&#46;8&#37;&#59; for COVID-19 papers&#44; the country with most publications was China&#44; whereas in 23&#46;1&#37; of the non-COVID-19 papers the first author&#39;s country was the USA&#46; While 63&#37; of the COVID-19 papers had a descriptive design and 3 &#40;3&#46;7&#37;&#41; were experimental studies&#44; among the non-COVID-19 papers&#44; the percentage of papers included with an experimental design was 24&#46;9&#37;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a> show that the time to publication of COVID-19 papers was shorter than that of non-COVID-19 papers &#40;p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; it was observed that COVID-19 articles received a higher number of citations compared to non-COVID-19 articles &#40;p <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#60;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; COVID-19 articles received a median of 3 citations &#40;interquartile range&#58; 0-25&#41;&#44; while non-COVID-19 articles received a median of 1 citation &#40;interquartile range&#58; 0-3&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As can be seen in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#44; descriptive observational and analytical observational studies had a 56-fold &#40;OR&#58; 56&#46;43&#59; 95&#37;CI&#58; 9&#46;40-338&#46;67&#59; p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and 20-fold &#40;OR&#58; 19&#46;94&#59; 95&#37;CI&#58; 3&#46;77-105&#46;58&#59; p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; higher likelihood of being COVID-19 papers&#44; respectively&#44; taking experimental design as the reference category&#46; The studies with the smallest sample size &#40;&#60;500 individuals&#41; had a 6-fold higher likelihood of being COVID-19 papers &#40;OR&#58; 5&#46;96&#59; 95&#37;CI&#58; 2&#46;19-16&#46;28&#59; p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; as compared to studies with the largest sample size &#40;&#62;500 individuals included in the study&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Discussion</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results observed in this study suggest that there are differences among original research papers published in the first months of the pandemic&#44; according to whether they report COVID-19 or non-COVID-19 studies&#46; Despite receiving more citations&#44; COVID-19 studies are more likely to have certain characteristics &#40;study design&#44; sample size&#41; which are generally associated with low methodological quality than are non-COVID-19 studies&#44; according to some quality assessment tools&#44; such as GRADE&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The process of scientific publication has been influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic&#46; On the one hand&#44; in line with the results of this study&#44; a number of authors had already found evidence to show that time to publication is significantly shortened in the case of COVID-19 papers&#44; in comparison with papers on other scientific topics&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;16&#44;17</span></a> This phenomenon is the result of scientific journals expediting the publication process and peer review of COVID-19 papers&#44; with the aim of disseminating results more quickly&#46; The results of the study conducted by Horbach indicate that COVID-19 papers are accepted after a single peer-review round&#44; whereas non-COVID-19 papers require more rounds before being accepted by the journal&#44; thus increasing the time between manuscript submission and publication&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> In this context&#44; doubts arise as to whether editorial teams apply the same quality criteria when it comes to evaluating COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 articles&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Added to this is the fact that&#44; according to our results&#44; COVID-19 studies published in the first months of the pandemic have a greater likelihood of having a descriptive design and smaller sample size than do non-COVID-19 papers&#46; Different studies have analyzed the quality of COVID-19 papers using different methods and all agree on the fact that&#44; generally speaking&#44; their quality is low&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;17&#44;18</span></a> Accorsi et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> have identified many biases in COVID-19-related observational studies in aspects such as interpretation of results or enrollment of a non-representative sample of the study population&#44; among others&#46; This poses a problem&#44; since papers with a low methodological quality and a greater presence of biases can induce readers to draw erroneous conclusions&#44; which is&#44; in itself&#44; a potential health threat&#46; Associated with this is the fact that health professionals may base themselves on erroneous or invalid conclusions to guide their clinical practice&#44; with the potential harm that this entails for patients&#59; similarly&#44; the health authorities could take decisions which might endanger population health&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#44;21</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mention should be made of the great popularity enjoyed by preprint servers during the pandemic&#46; The use of preprint servers had already been on the rise before the pandemic&#44; due to the criticisms leveled at scientific journals&#8217; current publication system&#44; and peer review in particular&#44; for slowing down the dissemination of results&#46; In the context of the pandemic&#44; a considerable number of COVID-19-related manuscripts were published as preprints&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;22</span></a> It should be borne in mind that there is no mechanism which would verify that information published as a preprint is in fact genuine and reliable&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> During the pandemic&#44; results published in the form of preprints have led some political and medical personalities to promote certain treatments for COVID-19&#44; without these having been validated in any way&#44; with the potential harm that this could entail for the population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;22</span></a> A formal approach to the role of preprints in COVID-19 pandemic is clearly needed&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It should be noted that only 3&#46;5&#37; of COVID-19 studies included in the analysis had an experimental design versus 29&#46;4&#37; in the case of non-COVID-19 studies&#46; During the first months of the pandemic&#44; it was common for studies to have an observational design and small sample size&#44; thus making them methodologically inferior&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> With the passage of time&#44; however&#44; it is to be hoped that COVID-19-related studies may improve their methodological quality&#44; since higher-quality studies require better planning and execution and&#44; thus&#44; more time&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Even so&#44; the results of our study highlight the fact that almost one year after the outbreak of the pandemic&#44; the number of experimental studies published on COVID-19 is still low in comparison with non-COVID-19 studies&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another worrying phenomenon is the impact and visibility of COVID-19 studies&#46; The results indicate that COVID-19 papers accumulate a higher number of citations than do non-COVID-19 papers&#46; Our results are in line with the study conducted by Yang et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> and by Zdravkovic et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#44; which not only indicate that COVID-19 papers receive a higher number of citations&#44; but also show that the citations received by papers on other scientific topics have decreased with respect to 2019&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The information which has been published on COVID-19 does not always make for any real advance in scientific knowledge&#46; Encouragement should be given to the publication of systematic literature reviews which compile and summarize the information generated on different aspects of COVID-19&#44; with the aim of making it more manageable&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> It should likewise be borne in mind that there is an unnecessary overlapping of COVID-19-related scientific evidence&#44; with the ensuing loss of time and resources &#40;human and economic&#41; that this entails&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;21&#44;24</span></a> However&#44; there are COVID-19-related fields that are hardly being studied&#44; such as the effects of the pandemic on other diseases or the use of new technologies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> One solution to this problem could be the pre-registration of studies on purpose-designed platforms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> It should also be noted that by prioritizing the publication of COVID-19 studies&#44; relevant higher-quality studies addressing other scientific topics might possibly be overlooked or even ruled out&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is important that editors be more alert to the quality of COVID-19 papers submitted for publication by using of checklists&#44; such as STROBE or CONSORT<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> or by enhancing open peer reviews&#44; making it known what reviews have been conducted and by whom these have been conducted&#46; Open peer reviews could have some benefits as it might increase the transparency of the peer review process by shifting the responsibility to reviewers to perform more thoughtful reviews&#46; Also&#44; open peer review enables greater visibility for peer review activities&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> It is worth mentioned that most authors&#44; reviewers&#44; and editors are in favor of this type of peer review&#44; especially among younger generations&#46; However&#44; a large number of authors also believe that open identities could lead to worse and less critical peer reviews&#44; mostly because of the potential consequences from the aggrieved authors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> Another strategy could be the promoting of unsolicited reviews carried out spontaneously after the publication of the paper in a peer reviewed journal as it might favor early detection of errors or scientific misconduct in all scientific papers&#44; and not only in those pertaining to COVID-19&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This paper has some limitations&#46; On the one hand&#44; the sample size is small for the design used&#46; This is due to the inclusion criterion which determines the selection of original research studies&#46; Rather than being original research studies&#44; a good part of the COVID-19 articles published to date are in the form of letters or editorials&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> We&#44; however&#44; chose to include original papers only&#44; whether COVID-19 or non-COVID-19&#44; since these must meet a single common standard of quality&#46; On the other hand&#44; this study included papers published in scientific journals which were subjected to peer review&#44; and as a consequence other type of publication&#44; such as preprints&#44; are not taken into account&#46; A further limitation is the number of missing values in some of the variables collected&#44; due to lack of availability of data&#44; especially on aspects such as time to publication and enrollment centers&#46; Another limitation is that the selection of the papers where made based on the order of appearance of the articles in the selected issues&#46; A further limitation is that we have not used any tool or scale to formally measure the methodological quality of the studies included and compare it between COVID and non-COVID studies&#46; It would have been interesting to include the authors gender as a variable&#44; however&#44; it is difficult to determine it through the name and affiliation of the authors&#46; Because of that&#44; the collection of the variable gender could be prone to errors&#44; especially in the case of Asiatic authors&#44; and this is especially relevant in COVID-19 papers&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One of the strengths of this study is its design&#44; established to favor comparison of the quality of studies in a single journal across the period analyzed&#44; as well as between quartiles of different areas of JCR knowledge&#46; This design facilitates comparison between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 papers&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; characteristics of COVID-19 papers differed from those of non-COVID-19 papers published in the first months of the pandemic&#46; Many of the aspects relating to COVID-19 remain unknown&#44; despite the effort of the scientific community to generate and disseminate information about the disease&#46; Hence&#44; more evidence of better quality must be generated with the aim of guiding decision-making in the context of the pandemic&#46; That said&#44; however&#44; the urgency with which information is needed is no excuse for conducting low-quality research&#44; which is ultimately of little use&#44; leads to a waste of research resources&#44; and may even pose a health threat and&#47;or undermine scientific credibility&#46; For all the above-mentioned reasons&#44; measures are required that guarantee and improve the quality of COVID-19-related research studies&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Availability of databases and material for replication</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These data are not public since they are being used for the PhD work of the first author&#46; Data are available upon reasonable request &#40;contact&#58; A&#46; Ruano-Ravina&#44; alberto&#46;ruano&#64;usc&#46;es&#41;&#46;<elsevierMultimedia ident="tb0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Editor in charge</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Carlos &#193;lvarez-Dardet&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Transparency declaration</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The corresponding author on behalf of the other authors guarantee the accuracy&#44; transparency and honesty of the data and information contained in the study&#44; that no relevant information has been omitted and that all discrepancies between authors have been adequately resolved and described&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Authorship contributions</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The corresponding author attests that all listed authors meet authorship criteria and that no others meeting the criteria have been omitted&#46; A&#46; Ruano-Ravina and M&#46; P&#233;rez-R&#237;os had the original idea and designed the study&#46; C&#46; Candal-Pedreira collected and analyzed the data and drafted the first version of the manuscript&#46; All authors made contributions in the final draft&#46; All authors take public responsibility of the manuscript content and have approved the final version&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Funding</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work is part of the research conducting to the PhD degree of C&#46; Candal-Pedreira&#44; who has received a PFIS fellowship &#40;reference number FI21&#47;00149&#41; from the Health Institute Carlos III &#40;ISCIII&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The need to generate evidence related to COVID-19&#44; the acceleration of publication and peer-review process and the competition between journals may have influenced the quality of COVID-19 papers&#46; Our objective was to compare the characteristics of COVID-19 papers against those of non-COVID-19 papers and identify the variables in which they differ&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Method</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We conducted a journal-matched case-control study&#46; Cases were COVID-19 papers and controls were non-COVID-19 papers published between March 2020 and January 2021&#46; Journals belonging to five different Journal Citations Reports categories were selected&#46; Within each selected journal&#44; a COVID-19 paper &#40;where there was one&#41; and another non-COVID-19 paper were selected&#46; Conditional logistic regression models were fitted&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We included 81 COVID-19 and 143 non-COVID-19 papers&#46; Descriptive observational studies and analytical observational studies had&#44; respectively&#44; a 55-fold &#40;odds ratio &#91;OR&#93;&#58; 55&#46;12&#59; 95&#37; confidence interval &#91;95&#37;CI&#93;&#58; 7&#46;41-409&#46;84&#41; and 19-fold &#40;OR&#58; 19&#46;28&#59; 95&#37;CI&#58; 3&#46;09-120&#46;31&#41; higher likelihood of being COVID-19 papers&#44; respectively&#44; and also a higher probability of having a smaller sample size &#40;OR&#58; 7&#46;15&#59; 95&#37;CI&#58; 2&#46;33-21&#46;94&#41;&#46; COVID-19 papers had a higher probability of being cited since their publication &#40;OR&#58; 4&#46;97&#59; 95&#37;CI&#58; 1&#46;63-15&#46;10&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The characteristics of COVID-19 papers differed from those of non-COVID-19 papers published in the first months of the pandemic&#46; In order to ensure the publication of good scientific evidence the quality of COVID-19-papers should be preserved&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La necesidad de generar evidencia relacionada con la COVID-19&#44; la aceleraci&#243;n del proceso de revisi&#243;n por pares y publicaci&#243;n&#44; y la competencia entre revistas&#44; pueden haber influido en la calidad de los art&#237;culos sobre la COVID-19&#46; El objetivo fue comparar las caracter&#237;sticas de los art&#237;culos sobre la COVID-19 con las de los art&#237;culos no COVID-19 e identificar las variables en las que difieren&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se realiz&#243; un estudio de casos y controles emparejados por revista&#46; Los casos eran art&#237;culos COVID-19 y los controles eran art&#237;culos no COVID-19 publicados en el mismo periodo&#46; Se seleccionaron revistas pertenecientes a cinco categor&#237;as diferentes del <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Journal Citations Reports&#46;</span> Dentro de cada revista seleccionada&#44; se escogi&#243; un art&#237;culo COVID-19 &#40;cuando hab&#237;a uno&#41; y otro art&#237;culo no COVID-19&#46; Se ajustaron modelos de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica condicional&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron 81 art&#237;culos COVID-19 y 143 art&#237;culos no COVID-19&#46; Los estudios observacionales descriptivos y los estudios observacionales anal&#237;ticos ten&#237;an&#44; respectivamente&#44; una probabilidad 55 veces mayor &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">odds ratio</span> &#91;OR&#93;&#58; 55&#44;12&#59; intervalo de confianza del 95&#37; &#91;IC95&#37;&#93;&#58; 7&#44;41-409&#44;84&#41; y 19 veces mayor &#40;OR&#58; 19&#44;28&#59; IC95&#37;&#58; 3&#44;09-120&#44;31&#41; de ser art&#237;culos COVID-19 y de tener un tama&#241;o de muestra menor &#40;OR&#58; 7&#44;15&#59; IC95&#37;&#58; 2&#44;33-21&#44;94&#41;&#46; Los art&#237;culos m&#225;s citados desde su publicaci&#243;n ten&#237;an 5 veces m&#225;s probabilidades de ser art&#237;culos COVID-19 &#40;OR&#58; 4&#44;97&#59; IC95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;63-15&#44;10&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los art&#237;culos COVID-19 parecen tener mayor impacto bibliom&#233;trico&#44; a pesar de tener menor calidad metodol&#243;gica&#46; Para asegurar la publicaci&#243;n de buena evidencia cient&#237;fica se debe preservar la calidad de los art&#237;culos relacionados con la COVID-19&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6-10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11-15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16-20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;8&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">15 &#40;10&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21-25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>26-30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;3&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;3&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;8&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;3&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Country of author</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>USA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;13&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">33 &#40;23&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>China&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">16 &#40;19&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;3&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Denmark&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;11&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;7&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>UK&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;9&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;6&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Brazil&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;8&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;9&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Rest&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>University&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28 &#40;34&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">50 &#40;35&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hospital&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28 &#40;34&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">37 &#40;25&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>University<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hospital&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15 &#40;18&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28 &#40;19&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Research center&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;7&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Other&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;4&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Characteristics related to the study</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Study design</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Descriptive observational&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">51 &#40;63&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">50 &#40;35&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Analytical observational&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27 &#40;33&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">51 &#40;35&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Experimental&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;3&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42&#40;29&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sample size</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1-500&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">56 &#40;69&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">65 &#40;45&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;500&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25 &#40;30&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">78 &#40;54&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Study scope</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Local&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">48 &#40;64&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">75 &#40;56&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>National&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;24&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">31 &#40;23&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;12&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enrolment centers</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Unicenter&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">30 &#40;50&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">49 &#40;44&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Multicenter&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">29 &#40;49&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">61 &#40;55&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Number of variables of adjustment &#40;median and range&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;0-15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;0-14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  \t\t\t\t">Time &#40;in days&#41; between manuscript submission and publication in days &#40;median and range&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">144 &#40;8-228&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">291 &#40;128-540&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Citations received &#40;median and range&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;0-2193&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;0-2193&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;0-46&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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      "titulo" => "References"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Review of the 2019 novel coronavirus &#40;SARS-CoV-2&#41; based on current evidence"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:3 [
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                            2 => "D&#46; Ye"
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                        "volumen" => "55"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "World Health Organization declares global emergency&#58; a review of the 2019 novel coronavirus &#40;COVID-19&#41;"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Sohrabi"
                            1 => "Z&#46; Alsafi"
                            2 => "N&#46; O&#8217;Neill"
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                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Int J Surg Lond Engl&#46;"
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                        "volumen" => "76"
                        "paginaInicial" => "71"
                        "paginaFinal" => "76"
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                            2 => "Y&#46; Vahidi"
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                        "volumen" => "34"
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                      "titulo" => "Evaluating trends in COVID-19 research activity in early 2020&#58; the creation and utilization of a novel open-access database"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:3 [
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.7759/cureus.9943"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Cureus&#46;"
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                        "volumen" => "12"
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                      "titulo" => "Waste in covid-19 research"
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                            0 => "L&#46; Besan&#231;on"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "BMC Med Res Methodol&#46;"
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34090351"
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                          "autores" => array:3 [
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                      "doi" => "10.1007/s11192-020-03587-2"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Scientometrics&#46;"
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                      "titulo" => "Scientometric trends for coronaviruses and other emerging viral infections"
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                            0 => "D&#46; Kagan"
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                            2 => "M&#46; Fire"
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                    0 => array:2 [
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Original Article
Comparison of COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 papers
Comparación de los artículos COVID-19 y no COVID-19
Cristina Candal-Pedreiraa, Alberto Ruano-Ravinaa,b,c,
Autor para correspondencia
alberto.ruano@usc.es

Corresponding author:.
, Mónica Pérez-Ríosa,b,c
a Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
b CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
c Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since January 2020&#44; the disease caused by the new coronavirus &#40;SARS-CoV-2&#41;&#44; named COVID-19 by the World Health Organization&#44; has spread rapidly causing a global pandemic&#44; with multifold consequences and giving rise to an unprecedented worldwide health and economic crisis in times of peace&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> The interest aroused by the new coronavirus&#44; added to the urgent need to generate evidence about the disease and its treatment&#44; among other things&#44; has led to an exponential increase in COVID-19-related papers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> This has in turn produced an avalanche of information difficult to manage and apply&#44; whether by health professionals or by bodies tasked with implementing public health policies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the period from the outbreak of the pandemic to May 2021&#44; a total of 419&#44;950 publications on COVID-19 were published&#44; and of these more than 47&#44;000 &#40;11&#46;2&#37; of the total&#41; were pre-prints&#44; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; publications published online before peer review &#40;<a href="http://www.dimensions.ai/covid19">www&#46;dimensions&#46;ai&#47;covid19</a>&#41;&#46; Both peer-reviewed papers and preprints have served to generate a great volume of information on COVID-19&#46; Yet it has been observed that a substantial number of peer-reviewed papers have methodological limitations or give rise to erroneous conclusions&#44; with the resulting potential harmful effect for public health&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The need to generate evidence quickly in the case of COVID-19&#44; coupled with the competition between scientific journals to be first to publish what might prove to be the results of greatest relevance&#44; may have undermined the quality of the research papers published&#46; Added to this is the fact that the filters in the editorial process&#44; such as peer review&#44; may be more lax in the case of COVID-19 papers&#44; due to pressure to publish&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#8211;10</span></a> Evidence of the change in the editorial process can be seen in the number of retractions observed in COVID-19 papers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> By May 2021&#44; a total of 108 COVID-19-related papers had been retracted according to the Retraction Watch database &#40;<a href="http://www.retractiondatabase.org/">www&#46;retractiondatabase&#46;org</a>&#41;&#46; Bearing in mind that the mean time for retracting a paper is long&#44; this may probably be only the tip of the iceberg&#46; What is more&#44; the publication of papers which address other relevant scientific topics may well be affected by the lack of space for publishing them&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since the outbreak of the pandemic&#44; a number of authors have published bibliometric analyses aimed at describing the characteristics of COVID-19-related studies and analyzing publication trends&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4&#44;8&#8211;13</span></a> Only one study has analyzed the quality of COVID-19 papers&#44; comparing it against that of non-COVID-19 papers&#44; using a case-control design covering the initial months of the pandemic&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A comparative analysis of papers on COVID-19 with respect to those on other topics published in the same journals &#40;therefore controlling the role of editorial teams&#41; could inform us about methodological differences that might influence or determine the quality of such studies&#46; The objective of this study&#44; therefore&#44; was to compare the methodological and bibliometric characteristics of COVID-19 papers against those of non-COVID-19 papers and identify the variables in which the two differed&#44; using a purpose-made case-control design&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Method</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Study design</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We conducted a case-control study of published papers matched by journal of publication of the included papers&#46; Cases were papers on COVID-19 published from March 2020 through January 2021&#44; and controls were papers published during the same period on other topics in the same journal&#46; A minimum of one control was matched with each case&#46; The number of controls per case varies between one and ten&#44; depending on the number of COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 papers published by the selected journals&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We selected indexed journals profiled in Journal Citation Reports &#40;JCR&#41;&#44; belonging to the categories &#8220;Respiratory System&#8221;&#44; &#8220;Infectious Diseases&#8221;&#44; &#8220;Public&#44; Environmental and Occupational Health&#8221;&#44; &#8220;General&#47;Internal Medicine&#8221; and &#8220;Oncology&#8221;&#46; We selected the four journals with the higher impact factor of each quartile from each category&#44; yielding a total of 20 scientific journals &#40;5 categories<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4 quartiles&#41;&#46; As inclusion criterion&#44; all journals selected were required to have published one issue per month and to publish original papers in English&#44; Spanish or Portuguese&#46; For each journal selected&#44; we reviewed all the monthly issues published from March 2020 through January 2021&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From each issue included&#44; we selected one COVID-19 paper and one non-COVID-19 paper by order of appearance&#46; In any case&#44; should a given number might not contain a COVID-19 paper that fulfilled the inclusion criteria&#44; this was selected from another issue of the same journal&#46; Hence&#44; the first of the COVID-19 papers of that particular issue of the journal was extracted for the month of publication in question&#44; and a second paper was then selected for the issue of journals which did not contain a COVID-19 paper&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">By way of inclusion criterion&#44; papers were required to report on original research conducted on human beings and be written in English&#44; Spanish or Portuguese&#46; We excluded modeling studies&#44; case studies&#44; ecological studies and qualitative studies&#46; Retracted papers were not included&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to the nature of the study&#44; ethics committee approval was not required&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Data-collection</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From each journal selected the following variables were obtained from the JCR database&#58; JCR category&#59; relative position in 2019 &#40;by quartile&#41;&#59; journal name and abbreviation&#59; country and impact factor&#46; We also obtained the number of COVID-19-related papers from each of the journal issues included&#44; as well as the number of non-COVID-19 papers&#44; and the total number of papers published in each number&#44; with the aim of calculating the proportion of COVID-19 papers and non-COVID-19 papers in each of the numbers&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following bibliometric variables were obtained from the papers selected&#58; paper&#39;s title&#59; month of publication&#59; type of paper &#40;COVID-19 or non-COVID-19&#41;&#59; number of authors&#59; name of first author&#59; country of first author&#59; first author&#39;s institutional affiliation&#59; date of submission of manuscript and date of acceptance &#40;where available&#41;&#46; We calculated the number of days elapsed between the manuscript&#39;s date of submission and the date of publication of the articles included&#46; Using the Web of Science database&#44; we kept a manual record of the citations received by the papers included&#44; from the date of their publication until 31<span class="elsevierStyleSup">st</span> January 2021&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Furthermore&#44; the following design variables were sourced from each paper&#58; study design&#44; categorized as descriptive observational &#40;cross-sectional and cases series studies&#41;&#44; analytical observational &#40;case-control and cohort studies&#41; or experimental &#40;quasi-experimental and clinical trials&#41;&#59; sample size &#40;1-500&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;500&#41;&#59; study scope &#40;local&#44; national or international&#41;&#59; number of centers at which the study was undertaken &#40;unicenter or multicenter&#41;&#59; and number of adjustment variables&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All the above variables were entered into a database purpose-designed by the authors&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We performed a descriptive statistical analysis to identify the characteristics of the papers included&#44; by reference to the variables of interest collected and case or control status&#46; Quantitative variables were expressed in terms of median and interquartile range&#44; while qualitative variables were expressed in absolute and relative frequencies&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A multivariate conditional logistic regression model was fitted to identify the bibliometric and study-design variables associated with COVID-19 or non-COVID-19 papers&#46; In the final model the following variables were included&#58; study design &#40;descriptive observational&#44; analytical observational&#44; experimental&#41; and sample size &#40;1-500&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;500&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; the model was adjusted by the journal in which the articles where published&#46; Adjusted odds ratios &#40;OR&#41; were calculated along with their 95&#37; confidence intervals &#40;95&#37;CI&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Values were deemed statistically significant at p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#46; All statistical analyses were performed using the Stata v17 computer software program&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Results</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data were collected on 301 papers published in 20 scientific journals across the period from March 2020 through January 2021&#44; both inclusive&#46; In March&#44; no COVID-19 paper was published in the selected journals&#46; In the following months&#44; the proportion of COVID-19 papers varied&#44; reaching 80&#37; in the number of the Lancet Respiratory Medicine journal published in December 2020&#46; Seven of the selected journals published no COVID-19 papers across the study period&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For analysis purposes&#44; we excluded non-COVID-19 papers published in the seven journals which had not published any COVID-19 paper&#44; due to the impossibility of matching these controls with cases by reference to the journal&#46; Finally&#44; the analysis included a total of 224 papers published in 13 journals&#59; of these&#44; 81 were COVID-19 papers and 143 were non-COVID-19 papers &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> describes the main bibliometric and design characteristics of the papers included&#44; differentiating between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 articles&#46; Among the COVID-19 papers&#44; 18&#46;5&#37; had more than 20 authors&#44; whereas among the non-COVID-19 papers this percentage was 12&#46;8&#37;&#59; for COVID-19 papers&#44; the country with most publications was China&#44; whereas in 23&#46;1&#37; of the non-COVID-19 papers the first author&#39;s country was the USA&#46; While 63&#37; of the COVID-19 papers had a descriptive design and 3 &#40;3&#46;7&#37;&#41; were experimental studies&#44; among the non-COVID-19 papers&#44; the percentage of papers included with an experimental design was 24&#46;9&#37;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a> show that the time to publication of COVID-19 papers was shorter than that of non-COVID-19 papers &#40;p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; it was observed that COVID-19 articles received a higher number of citations compared to non-COVID-19 articles &#40;p <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#60;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; COVID-19 articles received a median of 3 citations &#40;interquartile range&#58; 0-25&#41;&#44; while non-COVID-19 articles received a median of 1 citation &#40;interquartile range&#58; 0-3&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As can be seen in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#44; descriptive observational and analytical observational studies had a 56-fold &#40;OR&#58; 56&#46;43&#59; 95&#37;CI&#58; 9&#46;40-338&#46;67&#59; p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and 20-fold &#40;OR&#58; 19&#46;94&#59; 95&#37;CI&#58; 3&#46;77-105&#46;58&#59; p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; higher likelihood of being COVID-19 papers&#44; respectively&#44; taking experimental design as the reference category&#46; The studies with the smallest sample size &#40;&#60;500 individuals&#41; had a 6-fold higher likelihood of being COVID-19 papers &#40;OR&#58; 5&#46;96&#59; 95&#37;CI&#58; 2&#46;19-16&#46;28&#59; p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; as compared to studies with the largest sample size &#40;&#62;500 individuals included in the study&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Discussion</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results observed in this study suggest that there are differences among original research papers published in the first months of the pandemic&#44; according to whether they report COVID-19 or non-COVID-19 studies&#46; Despite receiving more citations&#44; COVID-19 studies are more likely to have certain characteristics &#40;study design&#44; sample size&#41; which are generally associated with low methodological quality than are non-COVID-19 studies&#44; according to some quality assessment tools&#44; such as GRADE&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The process of scientific publication has been influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic&#46; On the one hand&#44; in line with the results of this study&#44; a number of authors had already found evidence to show that time to publication is significantly shortened in the case of COVID-19 papers&#44; in comparison with papers on other scientific topics&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;16&#44;17</span></a> This phenomenon is the result of scientific journals expediting the publication process and peer review of COVID-19 papers&#44; with the aim of disseminating results more quickly&#46; The results of the study conducted by Horbach indicate that COVID-19 papers are accepted after a single peer-review round&#44; whereas non-COVID-19 papers require more rounds before being accepted by the journal&#44; thus increasing the time between manuscript submission and publication&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> In this context&#44; doubts arise as to whether editorial teams apply the same quality criteria when it comes to evaluating COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 articles&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Added to this is the fact that&#44; according to our results&#44; COVID-19 studies published in the first months of the pandemic have a greater likelihood of having a descriptive design and smaller sample size than do non-COVID-19 papers&#46; Different studies have analyzed the quality of COVID-19 papers using different methods and all agree on the fact that&#44; generally speaking&#44; their quality is low&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;17&#44;18</span></a> Accorsi et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> have identified many biases in COVID-19-related observational studies in aspects such as interpretation of results or enrollment of a non-representative sample of the study population&#44; among others&#46; This poses a problem&#44; since papers with a low methodological quality and a greater presence of biases can induce readers to draw erroneous conclusions&#44; which is&#44; in itself&#44; a potential health threat&#46; Associated with this is the fact that health professionals may base themselves on erroneous or invalid conclusions to guide their clinical practice&#44; with the potential harm that this entails for patients&#59; similarly&#44; the health authorities could take decisions which might endanger population health&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#44;21</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mention should be made of the great popularity enjoyed by preprint servers during the pandemic&#46; The use of preprint servers had already been on the rise before the pandemic&#44; due to the criticisms leveled at scientific journals&#8217; current publication system&#44; and peer review in particular&#44; for slowing down the dissemination of results&#46; In the context of the pandemic&#44; a considerable number of COVID-19-related manuscripts were published as preprints&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;22</span></a> It should be borne in mind that there is no mechanism which would verify that information published as a preprint is in fact genuine and reliable&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> During the pandemic&#44; results published in the form of preprints have led some political and medical personalities to promote certain treatments for COVID-19&#44; without these having been validated in any way&#44; with the potential harm that this could entail for the population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;22</span></a> A formal approach to the role of preprints in COVID-19 pandemic is clearly needed&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It should be noted that only 3&#46;5&#37; of COVID-19 studies included in the analysis had an experimental design versus 29&#46;4&#37; in the case of non-COVID-19 studies&#46; During the first months of the pandemic&#44; it was common for studies to have an observational design and small sample size&#44; thus making them methodologically inferior&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> With the passage of time&#44; however&#44; it is to be hoped that COVID-19-related studies may improve their methodological quality&#44; since higher-quality studies require better planning and execution and&#44; thus&#44; more time&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Even so&#44; the results of our study highlight the fact that almost one year after the outbreak of the pandemic&#44; the number of experimental studies published on COVID-19 is still low in comparison with non-COVID-19 studies&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another worrying phenomenon is the impact and visibility of COVID-19 studies&#46; The results indicate that COVID-19 papers accumulate a higher number of citations than do non-COVID-19 papers&#46; Our results are in line with the study conducted by Yang et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> and by Zdravkovic et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#44; which not only indicate that COVID-19 papers receive a higher number of citations&#44; but also show that the citations received by papers on other scientific topics have decreased with respect to 2019&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The information which has been published on COVID-19 does not always make for any real advance in scientific knowledge&#46; Encouragement should be given to the publication of systematic literature reviews which compile and summarize the information generated on different aspects of COVID-19&#44; with the aim of making it more manageable&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> It should likewise be borne in mind that there is an unnecessary overlapping of COVID-19-related scientific evidence&#44; with the ensuing loss of time and resources &#40;human and economic&#41; that this entails&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;21&#44;24</span></a> However&#44; there are COVID-19-related fields that are hardly being studied&#44; such as the effects of the pandemic on other diseases or the use of new technologies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> One solution to this problem could be the pre-registration of studies on purpose-designed platforms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> It should also be noted that by prioritizing the publication of COVID-19 studies&#44; relevant higher-quality studies addressing other scientific topics might possibly be overlooked or even ruled out&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is important that editors be more alert to the quality of COVID-19 papers submitted for publication by using of checklists&#44; such as STROBE or CONSORT<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> or by enhancing open peer reviews&#44; making it known what reviews have been conducted and by whom these have been conducted&#46; Open peer reviews could have some benefits as it might increase the transparency of the peer review process by shifting the responsibility to reviewers to perform more thoughtful reviews&#46; Also&#44; open peer review enables greater visibility for peer review activities&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> It is worth mentioned that most authors&#44; reviewers&#44; and editors are in favor of this type of peer review&#44; especially among younger generations&#46; However&#44; a large number of authors also believe that open identities could lead to worse and less critical peer reviews&#44; mostly because of the potential consequences from the aggrieved authors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> Another strategy could be the promoting of unsolicited reviews carried out spontaneously after the publication of the paper in a peer reviewed journal as it might favor early detection of errors or scientific misconduct in all scientific papers&#44; and not only in those pertaining to COVID-19&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This paper has some limitations&#46; On the one hand&#44; the sample size is small for the design used&#46; This is due to the inclusion criterion which determines the selection of original research studies&#46; Rather than being original research studies&#44; a good part of the COVID-19 articles published to date are in the form of letters or editorials&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> We&#44; however&#44; chose to include original papers only&#44; whether COVID-19 or non-COVID-19&#44; since these must meet a single common standard of quality&#46; On the other hand&#44; this study included papers published in scientific journals which were subjected to peer review&#44; and as a consequence other type of publication&#44; such as preprints&#44; are not taken into account&#46; A further limitation is the number of missing values in some of the variables collected&#44; due to lack of availability of data&#44; especially on aspects such as time to publication and enrollment centers&#46; Another limitation is that the selection of the papers where made based on the order of appearance of the articles in the selected issues&#46; A further limitation is that we have not used any tool or scale to formally measure the methodological quality of the studies included and compare it between COVID and non-COVID studies&#46; It would have been interesting to include the authors gender as a variable&#44; however&#44; it is difficult to determine it through the name and affiliation of the authors&#46; Because of that&#44; the collection of the variable gender could be prone to errors&#44; especially in the case of Asiatic authors&#44; and this is especially relevant in COVID-19 papers&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One of the strengths of this study is its design&#44; established to favor comparison of the quality of studies in a single journal across the period analyzed&#44; as well as between quartiles of different areas of JCR knowledge&#46; This design facilitates comparison between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 papers&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; characteristics of COVID-19 papers differed from those of non-COVID-19 papers published in the first months of the pandemic&#46; Many of the aspects relating to COVID-19 remain unknown&#44; despite the effort of the scientific community to generate and disseminate information about the disease&#46; Hence&#44; more evidence of better quality must be generated with the aim of guiding decision-making in the context of the pandemic&#46; That said&#44; however&#44; the urgency with which information is needed is no excuse for conducting low-quality research&#44; which is ultimately of little use&#44; leads to a waste of research resources&#44; and may even pose a health threat and&#47;or undermine scientific credibility&#46; For all the above-mentioned reasons&#44; measures are required that guarantee and improve the quality of COVID-19-related research studies&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Availability of databases and material for replication</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These data are not public since they are being used for the PhD work of the first author&#46; Data are available upon reasonable request &#40;contact&#58; A&#46; Ruano-Ravina&#44; alberto&#46;ruano&#64;usc&#46;es&#41;&#46;<elsevierMultimedia ident="tb0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Editor in charge</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Carlos &#193;lvarez-Dardet&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Transparency declaration</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The corresponding author on behalf of the other authors guarantee the accuracy&#44; transparency and honesty of the data and information contained in the study&#44; that no relevant information has been omitted and that all discrepancies between authors have been adequately resolved and described&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Authorship contributions</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The corresponding author attests that all listed authors meet authorship criteria and that no others meeting the criteria have been omitted&#46; A&#46; Ruano-Ravina and M&#46; P&#233;rez-R&#237;os had the original idea and designed the study&#46; C&#46; Candal-Pedreira collected and analyzed the data and drafted the first version of the manuscript&#46; All authors made contributions in the final draft&#46; All authors take public responsibility of the manuscript content and have approved the final version&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Funding</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work is part of the research conducting to the PhD degree of C&#46; Candal-Pedreira&#44; who has received a PFIS fellowship &#40;reference number FI21&#47;00149&#41; from the Health Institute Carlos III &#40;ISCIII&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The need to generate evidence related to COVID-19&#44; the acceleration of publication and peer-review process and the competition between journals may have influenced the quality of COVID-19 papers&#46; Our objective was to compare the characteristics of COVID-19 papers against those of non-COVID-19 papers and identify the variables in which they differ&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Method</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We conducted a journal-matched case-control study&#46; Cases were COVID-19 papers and controls were non-COVID-19 papers published between March 2020 and January 2021&#46; Journals belonging to five different Journal Citations Reports categories were selected&#46; Within each selected journal&#44; a COVID-19 paper &#40;where there was one&#41; and another non-COVID-19 paper were selected&#46; Conditional logistic regression models were fitted&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We included 81 COVID-19 and 143 non-COVID-19 papers&#46; Descriptive observational studies and analytical observational studies had&#44; respectively&#44; a 55-fold &#40;odds ratio &#91;OR&#93;&#58; 55&#46;12&#59; 95&#37; confidence interval &#91;95&#37;CI&#93;&#58; 7&#46;41-409&#46;84&#41; and 19-fold &#40;OR&#58; 19&#46;28&#59; 95&#37;CI&#58; 3&#46;09-120&#46;31&#41; higher likelihood of being COVID-19 papers&#44; respectively&#44; and also a higher probability of having a smaller sample size &#40;OR&#58; 7&#46;15&#59; 95&#37;CI&#58; 2&#46;33-21&#46;94&#41;&#46; COVID-19 papers had a higher probability of being cited since their publication &#40;OR&#58; 4&#46;97&#59; 95&#37;CI&#58; 1&#46;63-15&#46;10&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The characteristics of COVID-19 papers differed from those of non-COVID-19 papers published in the first months of the pandemic&#46; In order to ensure the publication of good scientific evidence the quality of COVID-19-papers should be preserved&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La necesidad de generar evidencia relacionada con la COVID-19&#44; la aceleraci&#243;n del proceso de revisi&#243;n por pares y publicaci&#243;n&#44; y la competencia entre revistas&#44; pueden haber influido en la calidad de los art&#237;culos sobre la COVID-19&#46; El objetivo fue comparar las caracter&#237;sticas de los art&#237;culos sobre la COVID-19 con las de los art&#237;culos no COVID-19 e identificar las variables en las que difieren&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se realiz&#243; un estudio de casos y controles emparejados por revista&#46; Los casos eran art&#237;culos COVID-19 y los controles eran art&#237;culos no COVID-19 publicados en el mismo periodo&#46; Se seleccionaron revistas pertenecientes a cinco categor&#237;as diferentes del <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Journal Citations Reports&#46;</span> Dentro de cada revista seleccionada&#44; se escogi&#243; un art&#237;culo COVID-19 &#40;cuando hab&#237;a uno&#41; y otro art&#237;culo no COVID-19&#46; Se ajustaron modelos de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica condicional&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron 81 art&#237;culos COVID-19 y 143 art&#237;culos no COVID-19&#46; Los estudios observacionales descriptivos y los estudios observacionales anal&#237;ticos ten&#237;an&#44; respectivamente&#44; una probabilidad 55 veces mayor &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">odds ratio</span> &#91;OR&#93;&#58; 55&#44;12&#59; intervalo de confianza del 95&#37; &#91;IC95&#37;&#93;&#58; 7&#44;41-409&#44;84&#41; y 19 veces mayor &#40;OR&#58; 19&#44;28&#59; IC95&#37;&#58; 3&#44;09-120&#44;31&#41; de ser art&#237;culos COVID-19 y de tener un tama&#241;o de muestra menor &#40;OR&#58; 7&#44;15&#59; IC95&#37;&#58; 2&#44;33-21&#44;94&#41;&#46; Los art&#237;culos m&#225;s citados desde su publicaci&#243;n ten&#237;an 5 veces m&#225;s probabilidades de ser art&#237;culos COVID-19 &#40;OR&#58; 4&#44;97&#59; IC95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;63-15&#44;10&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los art&#237;culos COVID-19 parecen tener mayor impacto bibliom&#233;trico&#44; a pesar de tener menor calidad metodol&#243;gica&#46; Para asegurar la publicaci&#243;n de buena evidencia cient&#237;fica se debe preservar la calidad de los art&#237;culos relacionados con la COVID-19&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21-25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;8&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;3&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Country of author</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>USA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">33 &#40;23&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>China&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;3&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Denmark&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;11&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;7&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>UK&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Brazil&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Rest&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>University&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">28 &#40;34&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>University<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hospital&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15 &#40;18&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">28 &#40;19&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Research center&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;7&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">15 &#40;10&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Other&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;4&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Characteristics related to the study</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Study design</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Descriptive observational&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">51 &#40;63&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">50 &#40;35&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Analytical observational&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27 &#40;33&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">51 &#40;35&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Experimental&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;3&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42&#40;29&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sample size</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1-500&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">56 &#40;69&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">65 &#40;45&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;500&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25 &#40;30&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">78 &#40;54&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Study scope</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Local&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">48 &#40;64&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">75 &#40;56&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>National&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;24&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">31 &#40;23&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>International&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;12&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26 &#40;19&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enrolment centers</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Unicenter&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30 &#40;50&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">49 &#40;44&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Multicenter&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29 &#40;49&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">61 &#40;55&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Number of variables of adjustment &#40;median and range&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;0-15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;0-14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Time &#40;in days&#41; between manuscript submission and publication in days &#40;median and range&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">240&#46;5 &#40;8-540&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">144 &#40;8-228&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">291 &#40;128-540&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Citations received &#40;median and range&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;0-2193&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;0-2193&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;0-46&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">p &#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">What is known about the topic&#63;</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted in biomedical publishing&#46; The rapid increase in COVID-19-related articles&#44; as well as their rapid publication in scientific journals&#44; may have meant that COVID-19-related studies have been of low methodological quality&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">What does this study add to the literature&#63;</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results show that COVID-19 studies period show different characteristics compared with those of non-COVID-19 papers&#44; i&#46;e&#46; study design or sample size&#46; The citations of COVID-19 studies were greater than that of non-COVID-19 studies&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">What are the implications of the results&#63;</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is necessary to ensure the quality of published studies in order to have the best possible evidence and to avoid the circulation of unreliable results and conclusions&#44; which may have consequences for the population and the scientific community&#46;</p></span></span>"
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                          "autores" => array:3 [
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