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aureus</span> releases several toxins from other endotoxins&#46; Several other components found in its cell walls&#44; such as peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid &#40;LTA&#41;&#44; can respond to inflammatory responses and are immediately responded to by macrophages using proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-&#945; and Interleukin 1-Beta &#40;IL-1&#946;&#41;&#46; TNF-&#945; is the main cytokine in the acute inflammatory response to bacteria and other microbes&#44; severe infection against the production of large amounts of TNF-&#945;&#44; which results in a systemic reaction&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Early management of mastitis involves general steps to improve the flow of breastfeeding and reduce inflammation&#46; Various drugs used to control and suppress inflammation&#44; such as steroid drugs&#44; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs&#44; and immunosuppressants&#44; which is minimum doze are adequate&#44; high efficacy&#44; and few side effects&#46; Frequently&#44; postpartum mothers aspire to natural ingredients as natural anti-inflammatory drug therapy to achieve an increase in pharmacological responses with low side effects&#46; Studies currently use anti-inflammatory ingredients from nature&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Centella asiatica</span> has been used as an anti-inflammatory treatment&#46; Its leaf extract has shown high anti-oxidant&#44; anti-proliferative&#44; and has the extra ability to regulate inflammatory cytokines&#44; cell death&#59; and It is effective as an anti-diabetic and antimicrobial herb&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;10</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span> as an anti-inflammatory in mastitis is still rarely studied&#44; and this study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica leaf</span> extract to TNF-&#945; levels in mammals of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sprague Dawley</span> mice induced by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; aureus</span>&#46; This is expected to be considered in the treatment of mastitis through traditional medicine from the use of plants around us and easily obtained&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Methods</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The ethical commission has approved this research of the medicine faculty&#44; Hasanuddin University&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Research location</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Research location at the Animal Entomology Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine&#44; Hasanuddin University&#44; Biopharmaceutical Laboratory&#44; Faculty of Pharmacy of Hasanuddin University&#44; Laboratory of the Faculty of Pharmacy&#44; Muslim University of Indonesia for drying and extracting plants&#44; and in the Microbiology Laboratory at Hasanuddin University Hospital&#46; Measurement of TNF-&#945; levels&#46; The research design used was laboratory research with the design of Posttest Only Control Group Design&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Procedure</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All samples of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sprague Dawley</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rattus norvegicus</span>&#41; female white mice were grounded in groups at the Entomology Laboratory of Hasanuddin University&#46; They got the same standard of food and drinking water&#46; S&#46;aureus will induce mice 0&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span> CFU bacteria in one of their mammae on the first day and then on the second day gave a dose of 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 with the suspension of Na CMC 0&#46;5&#37;&#44; cefadroxil 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; extract of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span> leaf 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg BW&#44; and a combination of cefadroxil 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span> leaf extract 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg BW&#46; Blood samples were taken on day three and day six after treatment&#46; Then the preparation of plasma specimens using EDTA&#44; followed by conducting a centrifuge with a speed of 2000&#8211;3000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>RPM for 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#44; then the obtained plasma is stored in a refrigerator with a temperature of &#8722;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; Examination of TNF-&#945; levels using a microplate reader &#40;ELISA reader&#41; at a wavelength of 450<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm&#46; TNF-&#945; levels examination was using the ELISA&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Result</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span> leaves extracted by maceration extract obtained with a weight of 170<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#46; Based on the results of phytochemical screening&#44; it showed that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica leaf</span> extract from South Sulawesi&#44; Wajo Regency contained tannin&#44; saponins&#44; steroids&#44; flavonoids&#44; and phenols &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In general&#44; the mean TNF-&#945; between groups did not have a significant difference &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;630&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; on day 3 and differed significantly after day 6 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;018&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; Although there was no significant difference on day three&#44; the control group had the highest levels of TNF-&#945; &#40;111&#46;21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml&#41; levels&#44; and the lowest group was given antibiotics and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span> &#40;86&#46;08<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml&#41;&#46; On day six the control group remained the highest and experienced an increase &#40;147&#46;04<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml&#41; and the antibiotic and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span> group &#40;80&#46;57<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After being analyzed in more detail&#44; the data showed that on day 3&#44; the control group had a higher TNF-&#945; level of 25&#46;13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml compared to the group given antibiotics and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span>&#44; while when compared to the group given only <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span>&#44; the control group was more height of 17&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; On the 6th day&#44; this condition was changed&#46; The most significant difference found in the group given <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span>&#44; the control group had higher levels of TNF-&#945; 72&#46;34<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml than the group receiving <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span> only &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; Furthermore&#44; then a control group is higher 66&#46;46<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml compared to those given antibiotics and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;03&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Discussion</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data and analysis in this study show TNF-&#945; levels between groups did not have a significant on day three and differed significantly after day 6&#46; On day 3&#44; the control group had a higher TNF-&#945; level of 25&#46;13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml than the group given antibiotics and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span>&#44; while the group given only <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span> the control group was more height of 17&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml&#46; On the 6th day&#44; this condition was changed&#46; The most significant difference was found in the group given <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span>&#59; the control group had higher levels of TNF-&#945; 72&#46;34<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml than the group receiving <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span>&#46; Then&#44; the control group is higher than 66&#46;46<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml than those given antibiotics and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span>&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Severe infections could trigger the production of large amounts of TNF-&#945; and cause systemic reactions&#46; Low levels of TNF-&#945; works against leukocytes and endothelium&#44; inducing acute inflammation&#44; moderate level of TNF-&#945; plays a role in systemic inflammation&#44; and at high levels of TNF-&#945; causes pathological abnormalities of septic shock&#46; TNF-&#945; has many biological effects&#44; including migrating neutrophils and monocytes to the infection site and activating these cells to eliminate microbes&#46; Stimulates macrophages to secrete chemokines and induces chemotaxis and leukocyte deposition&#46; and stimulates mononuclear phagocytes to secrete IL-1 with the same effect as TNF-&#945;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most important compound in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span> leaves is triterpenoid&#44; which strengthens and improves skin cells&#8217; repair&#44; stimulates blood cells&#44; the immune system&#44; and as a natural antibiotic&#46; Research shows effective anti-inflammatory activity in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Centella asiatica extract</span> in various cases&#44; both in healing wounds involving acute and chronic bacteria and inflammation due to a systemic immune response&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#8211;19</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Conclusion</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica leaf</span> extract is effective in reducing TNF-&#945; both given alone and given along with antibiotics&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span> leaf extract has the potential to be explored into alternative and complementary treatments in mastitis cases with human trials&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1456631"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
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        2 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
        ]
        3 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Methods"
          "secciones" => array:2 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "Research location"
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            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Procedure"
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        4 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0025"
          "titulo" => "Result"
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        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0030"
          "titulo" => "Discussion"
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          "titulo" => "Conclusion"
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        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0040"
          "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest"
        ]
        8 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2021-06-28"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2021-07-30"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1456631"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Centella asiatica</span>"
            1 => "Mastitis"
            2 => "TNF-&#945;"
            3 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sprague Dawley</span>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Centella asiatica leaf</span> extract <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">to</span> TNF-&#945; levels&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">There were four treatment groups &#40;each group consisted of five rats&#41;&#46; Group I was given 0&#46;5&#37; Na CMC&#44; group II was given Cefadroxil 45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg WB&#44; Group III <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica leaf</span> extract 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg BW&#44; and group IV combination <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cefadroxil and Centella leaf</span> extract&#46; Each group was given treatment twice for 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h a day for five days&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">TNF-&#945; levels between groups did not significantly affect day three and differed significantly after day 6&#46; On day 3&#44; the control group had a higher TNF-&#945; level of 25&#46;13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml than the group given antibiotics and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica&#46;</span> While when compared to the group given only <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span> leaf extract&#44; the control group was more height of 17&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml&#46; On the 6th day&#44; this condition was changed&#46; The most significant difference was found in the group given <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span>&#44; in which the control group had higher levels of TNF-&#945; 72&#46;34<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml than the group receiving <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span>&#46; Then&#44; the control group is higher than 66&#46;46<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml than those given antibiotics and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica&#46;</span></p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica leaf</span> extract effectively reduces TNF both given alone and given along with antibiotics&#46; It is potential to be explored into alternative and complementary treatments in mastitis cases with human trials&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd International Nursing&#44; Health Science Students &#38; Health Care Professionals Conference&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Phytochemical compounds&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Result&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tanin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Saponin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Steroids&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Flavonoids&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Phenol&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Phytochemical compounds of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Centella asiatica&#46;</span></p>"
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      1 => array:8 [
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        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "detalles" => array:1 [
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            "identificador" => "at2"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TNF-&#945; &#40;pg&#47;ml&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TNF-&#945; levels &#40;pg&#47;ml&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Standard deviation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3rd day&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">111&#46;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22&#46;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;630<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Antibiotics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">97&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Centella asiatica leaf extract</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">94&#46;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40&#46;40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Antibiotics<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Centella asiatica leaf extract</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">86&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">34&#46;37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6th day&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">147&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">46&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;018<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Antibiotics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Centella asiatica leaf extract</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Centella asiatica leaf extract</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Antibiotics<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Centella asiatica leaf extract</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Antibiotics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;88<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Centella asiatica leaf extract</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Antibiotics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Antibiotics<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Centella asiatica leaf extract</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Centella asiatica leaf extract</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Antibiotics<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Centella asiatica leaf extract</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6th day&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Antibiotics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">100&#46;06<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>27&#46;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;01<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">&#42;&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Centella asiatica leaf extract</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;03<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">&#42;&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Antibiotics<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Centella asiatica leaf extract</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">80&#46;57<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>37&#46;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Antibiotics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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Effects of Centella asiatica (L.) Urban extract in TNF-α levels
Melliyana Nurdina, Risfah Yuliantyb,
Autor para correspondencia
, Syamsa Latiefa, Prihantonoc, Jasmin Abua, Andi Nilawati Usmana
a Midwifery Study Program, Graduated School, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia
b Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmacy Faculty, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia
c Department of Oncology, Medicine Faculty, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia
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aureus</span> releases several toxins from other endotoxins&#46; Several other components found in its cell walls&#44; such as peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid &#40;LTA&#41;&#44; can respond to inflammatory responses and are immediately responded to by macrophages using proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-&#945; and Interleukin 1-Beta &#40;IL-1&#946;&#41;&#46; TNF-&#945; is the main cytokine in the acute inflammatory response to bacteria and other microbes&#44; severe infection against the production of large amounts of TNF-&#945;&#44; which results in a systemic reaction&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Early management of mastitis involves general steps to improve the flow of breastfeeding and reduce inflammation&#46; Various drugs used to control and suppress inflammation&#44; such as steroid drugs&#44; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs&#44; and immunosuppressants&#44; which is minimum doze are adequate&#44; high efficacy&#44; and few side effects&#46; Frequently&#44; postpartum mothers aspire to natural ingredients as natural anti-inflammatory drug therapy to achieve an increase in pharmacological responses with low side effects&#46; Studies currently use anti-inflammatory ingredients from nature&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Centella asiatica</span> has been used as an anti-inflammatory treatment&#46; Its leaf extract has shown high anti-oxidant&#44; anti-proliferative&#44; and has the extra ability to regulate inflammatory cytokines&#44; cell death&#59; and It is effective as an anti-diabetic and antimicrobial herb&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;10</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span> as an anti-inflammatory in mastitis is still rarely studied&#44; and this study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica leaf</span> extract to TNF-&#945; levels in mammals of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sprague Dawley</span> mice induced by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; aureus</span>&#46; This is expected to be considered in the treatment of mastitis through traditional medicine from the use of plants around us and easily obtained&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Methods</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The ethical commission has approved this research of the medicine faculty&#44; Hasanuddin University&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Research location</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Research location at the Animal Entomology Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine&#44; Hasanuddin University&#44; Biopharmaceutical Laboratory&#44; Faculty of Pharmacy of Hasanuddin University&#44; Laboratory of the Faculty of Pharmacy&#44; Muslim University of Indonesia for drying and extracting plants&#44; and in the Microbiology Laboratory at Hasanuddin University Hospital&#46; Measurement of TNF-&#945; levels&#46; The research design used was laboratory research with the design of Posttest Only Control Group Design&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Procedure</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All samples of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sprague Dawley</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rattus norvegicus</span>&#41; female white mice were grounded in groups at the Entomology Laboratory of Hasanuddin University&#46; They got the same standard of food and drinking water&#46; S&#46;aureus will induce mice 0&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span> CFU bacteria in one of their mammae on the first day and then on the second day gave a dose of 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 with the suspension of Na CMC 0&#46;5&#37;&#44; cefadroxil 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; extract of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span> leaf 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg BW&#44; and a combination of cefadroxil 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span> leaf extract 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg BW&#46; Blood samples were taken on day three and day six after treatment&#46; Then the preparation of plasma specimens using EDTA&#44; followed by conducting a centrifuge with a speed of 2000&#8211;3000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>RPM for 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#44; then the obtained plasma is stored in a refrigerator with a temperature of &#8722;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; Examination of TNF-&#945; levels using a microplate reader &#40;ELISA reader&#41; at a wavelength of 450<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm&#46; TNF-&#945; levels examination was using the ELISA&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Result</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span> leaves extracted by maceration extract obtained with a weight of 170<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#46; Based on the results of phytochemical screening&#44; it showed that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica leaf</span> extract from South Sulawesi&#44; Wajo Regency contained tannin&#44; saponins&#44; steroids&#44; flavonoids&#44; and phenols &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In general&#44; the mean TNF-&#945; between groups did not have a significant difference &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;630&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; on day 3 and differed significantly after day 6 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;018&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; Although there was no significant difference on day three&#44; the control group had the highest levels of TNF-&#945; &#40;111&#46;21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml&#41; levels&#44; and the lowest group was given antibiotics and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span> &#40;86&#46;08<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml&#41;&#46; On day six the control group remained the highest and experienced an increase &#40;147&#46;04<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml&#41; and the antibiotic and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span> group &#40;80&#46;57<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After being analyzed in more detail&#44; the data showed that on day 3&#44; the control group had a higher TNF-&#945; level of 25&#46;13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml compared to the group given antibiotics and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span>&#44; while when compared to the group given only <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span>&#44; the control group was more height of 17&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; On the 6th day&#44; this condition was changed&#46; The most significant difference found in the group given <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span>&#44; the control group had higher levels of TNF-&#945; 72&#46;34<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml than the group receiving <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span> only &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; Furthermore&#44; then a control group is higher 66&#46;46<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml compared to those given antibiotics and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;03&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Discussion</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data and analysis in this study show TNF-&#945; levels between groups did not have a significant on day three and differed significantly after day 6&#46; On day 3&#44; the control group had a higher TNF-&#945; level of 25&#46;13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml than the group given antibiotics and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span>&#44; while the group given only <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span> the control group was more height of 17&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml&#46; On the 6th day&#44; this condition was changed&#46; The most significant difference was found in the group given <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span>&#59; the control group had higher levels of TNF-&#945; 72&#46;34<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml than the group receiving <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span>&#46; Then&#44; the control group is higher than 66&#46;46<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml than those given antibiotics and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span>&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Severe infections could trigger the production of large amounts of TNF-&#945; and cause systemic reactions&#46; Low levels of TNF-&#945; works against leukocytes and endothelium&#44; inducing acute inflammation&#44; moderate level of TNF-&#945; plays a role in systemic inflammation&#44; and at high levels of TNF-&#945; causes pathological abnormalities of septic shock&#46; TNF-&#945; has many biological effects&#44; including migrating neutrophils and monocytes to the infection site and activating these cells to eliminate microbes&#46; Stimulates macrophages to secrete chemokines and induces chemotaxis and leukocyte deposition&#46; and stimulates mononuclear phagocytes to secrete IL-1 with the same effect as TNF-&#945;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most important compound in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span> leaves is triterpenoid&#44; which strengthens and improves skin cells&#8217; repair&#44; stimulates blood cells&#44; the immune system&#44; and as a natural antibiotic&#46; Research shows effective anti-inflammatory activity in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Centella asiatica extract</span> in various cases&#44; both in healing wounds involving acute and chronic bacteria and inflammation due to a systemic immune response&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#8211;19</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Conclusion</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica leaf</span> extract is effective in reducing TNF-&#945; both given alone and given along with antibiotics&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span> leaf extract has the potential to be explored into alternative and complementary treatments in mastitis cases with human trials&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Centella asiatica leaf</span> extract <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">to</span> TNF-&#945; levels&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">There were four treatment groups &#40;each group consisted of five rats&#41;&#46; Group I was given 0&#46;5&#37; Na CMC&#44; group II was given Cefadroxil 45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg WB&#44; Group III <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica leaf</span> extract 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg BW&#44; and group IV combination <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cefadroxil and Centella leaf</span> extract&#46; Each group was given treatment twice for 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h a day for five days&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">TNF-&#945; levels between groups did not significantly affect day three and differed significantly after day 6&#46; On day 3&#44; the control group had a higher TNF-&#945; level of 25&#46;13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml than the group given antibiotics and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica&#46;</span> While when compared to the group given only <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span> leaf extract&#44; the control group was more height of 17&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml&#46; On the 6th day&#44; this condition was changed&#46; The most significant difference was found in the group given <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span>&#44; in which the control group had higher levels of TNF-&#945; 72&#46;34<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml than the group receiving <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica</span>&#46; Then&#44; the control group is higher than 66&#46;46<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pg&#47;ml than those given antibiotics and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica&#46;</span></p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; asiatica leaf</span> extract effectively reduces TNF both given alone and given along with antibiotics&#46; It is potential to be explored into alternative and complementary treatments in mastitis cases with human trials&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TNF-&#945; &#40;pg&#47;ml&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TNF-&#945; levels &#40;pg&#47;ml&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Standard deviation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3rd day&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">111&#46;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22&#46;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Antibiotics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">20&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Centella asiatica leaf extract</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">94&#46;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">40&#46;40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Antibiotics<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Centella asiatica leaf extract</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">86&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6th day&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">147&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">46&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;018<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Antibiotics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Centella asiatica leaf extract</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">74&#46;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Antibiotics<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Centella asiatica leaf extract</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">80&#46;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">37&#46;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LevelsTNF-&#945; &#40;ng&#47;ml&#41;Mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LevelsTNF-&#945; &#40;ng&#47;ml&#41;Mean difference&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;33<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Antibiotics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Centella asiatica leaf extract</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Antibiotics<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Centella asiatica leaf extract</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Antibiotics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Centella asiatica leaf extract</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Antibiotics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Antibiotics<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Centella asiatica leaf extract</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Centella asiatica leaf extract</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">94&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>40&#46;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Antibiotics<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Centella asiatica leaf extract</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">86&#46;08<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>34&#46;37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6th day&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">147&#46;04<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>46&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;08<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Antibiotics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">100&#46;06<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>27&#46;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">147&#46;04<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>46&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;01<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">&#42;&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Centella asiatica leaf extract</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">74&#46;69<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21&#46;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">147&#46;04<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>46&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;03<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">&#42;&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Antibiotics<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Centella asiatica leaf extract</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">80&#46;57<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>37&#46;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Antibiotics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">100&#46;06<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>27&#46;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">25&#46;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;14<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Centella asiatica leaf extract</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">74&#46;69<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21&#46;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Antibiotics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">100&#46;06<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>27&#46;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">19&#46;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;37<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Antibiotics<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Centella asiatica leaf extract</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">80&#46;57<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>37&#46;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CentellaAsiatica Leaf extract</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">74&#46;69<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21&#46;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;76<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Antibiotics<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Centella asiatica leaf extract</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">80&#46;57<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>37&#46;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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