Ginger honey affects cortisol, estrogen and glutathione levels; preliminary study to target preconceptional women

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preliminary study to target preconceptional women" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "S251" "paginaFinal" => "S253" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Andi Nilawati Usman, Indah Raya, Riska Yasmin, Aliyah, Andi Dirpan, Aryadi Arsyad, Annisa Eka Permatasari, Andi Sumidarti, Nurrahmi Umami, Emmasitah" "autores" => array:10 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Andi Nilawati" "apellidos" => "Usman" "email" => array:3 [ 0 => "andinilawati@pasca.unhas.ac.id" 1 => "nilawatiandi@gmail.com" 2 => "pmc@agri.unhas.ac.id" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Indah" "apellidos" => "Raya" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Riska" "apellidos" => "Yasmin" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "apellidos" => "Aliyah" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Andi" "apellidos" => "Dirpan" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Aryadi" "apellidos" => "Arsyad" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Annisa Eka" "apellidos" => "Permatasari" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Andi" "apellidos" => "Sumidarti" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "f" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Nurrahmi" "apellidos" => "Umami" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 9 => array:2 [ "apellidos" => "Emmasitah" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Midwifery, Graduate School, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Chemistry Faculty, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Pharmacy Faculty, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Agriculture Faculty, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Medicine Faculty, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] 5 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia" "etiqueta" => "f" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionThe significant ways to improve the quality of the preconception phase are to improve nutritional status.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">1</a> Nutrition is associated with increasing the cortisol hormone as a physiological response to stress that is secreted by the adrenal cortex.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175">2–4</a> Working women, during menstruation, pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum, and menopause, are more likely to experience stress up to two times more than men.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175">2,5,6</a>Glutathione hormone is related to oxidative stress. It is a state of imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the ability of biological systems to reduce ROS levels.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">7</a> These conditions can cause several reproductive diseases such as endometriosis, PCOS, decreased oocyte quality, infertility, miscarriage, preeclampsia, IUGR, and premature birth <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205">8,9</a> occurrence of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) associated with reproductive and metabolic diseases, and this condition is characterized by irregular menstruation, oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, anovulation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">10</a>The state of oxidative stress at the cellular level can affect the quality of the women's and men's reproductive organs, decrease fertility, and increase the risk of abortion, and fetal growth is inhibited due to excessive exposure to glucocorticoid hormones.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">11</a> Oxidative stress has been linked to many patterns of disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">12</a> The body's main antioxidant, glutathione, has an important role in preventing cell damage caused by oxidative stress <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">13</a> and is able to maintain vitamin C and vitamin E, which also acts as exogenous antioxidants.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">14</a>Low levels of estrogen and stressful conditions also trigger women to be vulnerable to oxidative stress. Previous studies in experimental animals have suggested that high corticosterone levels are associated with low estradiol and have a negative effect on mood,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">15</a> low estrogen levels leading to amenorrhea and irregular menstruation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">16</a> Young women and menopausal women who experience decreased estrogen are more at risk for autoimmune disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">17</a>The provision of ginger containing antioxidants can reduce oxidation activity,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">18</a> and the ethanol content of ginger increases enzymatic antioxidant activity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">19</a> Ginger can also replace the role of mefenamic acid (NSAIDs) in reducing menstrual pain in women.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">20</a>Honey with antioxidant content such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, enzymes, vitamins (A, E, C),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">21</a> and a minor mineral (copper and iron)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275">22</a> can prevent cancer, heart disease, infectious diseases, decreased neurological function, inflammation, and aging.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">21</a> Honey administration to 2 months mice affects brain development and memory and reduces these mice's anxiety level.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">23</a> Administration of Tualang honey in induced stress mice can reduce ACTH and corticosterone levels, reduce MDA, and increase antioxidant activity in the brain.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">20</a>It takes innovations to helps humans reduce stress in the preconception phase to effort a healthy reproduction. Therefore, we need an intervention with minimal side effects on the body; one of the alternatives is those derived from natural ingredients or food. Honey and ginger are two natural ingredients whose acceptance for consumption is very easy for people. This study is expected to contribute as primary research for preconception problems, especially in subjects with mild stress. It is also expected to strengthen the use of inexpensive natural ingredients to solve health problems and impact local honey entrepreneurs by increasing sales.This study strengthens previous research conducted by the team because it needs to check the reliability of the previous study, except that the previous study used two doses and examined each hormone separately. The study was repeated using the highest dose and evaluating the hormone simultaneously.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285">24−27</a>MethodsThis research was an in vivo laboratory research and is carried out in the Biopharmacy Laboratory and the Microbiology Laboratory of the Teaching Hospital of Hasanuddin University with a pretest–posttest control group research design. Honey and ginger were local products from south Sulawesi, Indonesia.The sample of this study was female Balb/c mice aged 2–3 months, divided into 2 groups (5 of each group). Group 1 as a control group) is given standard feed, and group 2 as ginger honey as much as 42mg/20g BW is given by oral sonde and standard feed for 14 days. Before administering the intervention, the mice were given swimming treatment for 15min to increase the stress state. The examination of cortisol hormone levels, glutathione levels, and estrogen hormone levels is carried out using the ELISA method on the 15th day. 2. This research was approved by The Ethics Committee of Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University.ResultThe analysis results showed that ginger honey increased 1.892ng/ml of the hormone cortisol, although this increase was not significant (p=0.165). However, this increase was still lower than the control group, which increased its cortisol hormone to 3.450ng/ml, although it was also not significant (p=0.064) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> shows that ginger honey significantly increased glutathione hormone levels by 2.438ng/ml (p=0.002), while the control group showed a decrease in glutathione levels by 0.148ng/ml (p=0.554).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> shows a significant increase in estrogen levels of 22.754ng/ml (p=0.001) compared to the control group, which increased by 3.598ng/ml (p=0.134).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>Based on the data of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>, in the Intervention group, ginger honey had the most significant effect on increasing estrogen level hormone by 22.754ng/ml (p=0.001).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionAs much as 42mg/20g BW in female Balb/c mice, Ginger honey can increase glutathione and estrogen levels that handle oxidative stress and increase cortisol levels insignificantly.Glutathione exists in almost all body cells that act as antioxidants, hydrogen donors, to free radicals to prevent oxidative stress.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0310">29,30</a> Oxidative stress is a trigger for PCO disease, oocyte damage, and infertility.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320">31</a> A mixture of ginger and gelam honey can overcome oxidative stress conditions in diabetes mellitus patients by decreasing ROS production by increasing Glutathione levels in the blood.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325">32</a> Our research shows that the administration of ginger honey supplements can significantly increase glutathione levels by 0.447ng/ml. In a previous study on 12 Sprague Dawley rats given Gelam honey as much as 2.5ml/kg BW, which is equivalent to 1 tsp for adults in 8 months, can reduce levels of MDA and levels of DNA damage.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330">33</a> Previous research also states that Rambutan Honey contains flavonoids and phenolic as a natural antioxidant which plays a role in reducing lipid peroxide and free radicals.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">9</a>The existence of stressful conditions can suppress the circulation of gonadotropins and steroid hormones, which will result in the disruption of the menstrual cycle. The decrease in GnRH is due to the increased secretion of CRH.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">16</a> On the other hand, an increase in LH, testosterone due to metabolic disorders in the body can cause infertility due to ovulation abnormalities. The provision of ginger in mice with ovulation abnormalities can improve and be effective in balancing the hormones LH, FSH, estrogen, and progesterone.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">28</a>ConclusionGinger honey affects reducing cortisol levels, increasing glutathione and estrogen levels. Therefore, ginger honey supplements are the potential to use as complementary therapies. The limitation of this study is that it only tested one dose and did not compare it with positive controls given anti-depressants. Future studies can test this product on humans with preconception subjects who experience mild stress.Conflict of interestThe authors declare no conflict of interest." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1632471" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Method" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1456623" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Result" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 8 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2021-06-28" "fechaAceptado" => "2021-07-30" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1456623" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Cortisol" 1 => "Ginger Honey" 2 => "Glutathione" 3 => "Estrogen" 4 => "Stress" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "ObjectiveThis study was aimed to determine the effect of ginger honey supplementation on cortisol, glutathione, and estrogen levels. The study was conducted on mice that had not yet experienced conception, and prior stress induction was carried out so that they could be continued for human trials at the preconception stage and subjects who experienced mild stress. MethodIt was an in vivo study, pretest–posttest control group design. The sample of this study was 2–3 months female Balb/c mice, divided into negative control and ginger honey intervention as much as 28mg/20g BW for 14 days—the ELISA method used to examine cortisol hormone, glutathione levels, and estrogen levels. The mice chosen were those that had never experienced conception, and before the intervention, swimming activities were carried out on the mice until they showed symptoms of stress. ResultsResults show 42mg/20g BW of ginger honey administration for 14 days increased 1.892 ng/dl of cortisol (p = 0.165), increased 2.438 ng/dl of glutathione (p=0.002), and also increased 22.754ng/ml estrogen levels in induced stress Balb/c female mice (p=0.001). ConclusionGinger honey did not affect reducing cortisol levels but increasing glutathione and estrogen levels significantly. Ginger honey supplements are the potential to use as complementary therapies." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Method" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd International Nursing, Health Science Students & Health Care Professionals Conference. Full-text and the content of it is under responsibility of authors of the article." ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Time \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cortisol level (ng/ml)</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ginger Honey Mean±SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Pre \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.029±0.579 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.041±0.218 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Post \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11.480±3.331 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.933±2.367 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Different Mean \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+3.450 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1.892 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a>p-value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.064 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.165 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2781735.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "Paired T-test. Description: Ginger Honey: Cortisol level." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Analysis of cortisol hormone levels." ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Time \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Glutathione hormone level (ng/ml)</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Control Mean±SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ginger Honey Mean±SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Pre \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.986±0.781 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.588±0.158 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Post \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.837±0.744 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.026±0.810 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Different Mean \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.148 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.438 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">*</a>p value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.554 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.002 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2781734.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "Paired T-test. Description: Ginger Honey; glutathione." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Analysis of glutathione hormone level." ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Time \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Estrogen hormone level (ng/ml)</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Control Mean±SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ginger Honey Mean±SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Pre \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.253±1.029 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.476±3.461 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Post \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.851±4.506 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26.230±3.839 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Different Mean \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.598 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">22.754 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">*</a>p value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.134 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2781733.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0015" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "Paired T-test. Description: Ginger Honey; glutathione." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Analysis of estrogen hormone level." ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at4" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Time \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ginger Honey</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cortisol Hormone (ng/dL) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Glutathione Hormone (ng/dL) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Estrogen Hormone (ng/dL) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Pre-test \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.041±0.218 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.588±0.158 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.476±3.461 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Post-test \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.933±2.367 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.026±0.810 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26.230±3.839 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Diff. Mean \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1.892 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.438 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">22.754 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">*</a>p value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.165 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.002 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2781736.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0020" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "Paired T-test. 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Andi Nilawati Usmana,

Autor para correspondencia

andinilawati@pasca.unhas.ac.id
nilawatiandi@gmail.com
pmc@agri.unhas.ac.id

Corresponding author.

, Indah Rayab, Riska Yasmina, Aliyahc, Andi Dirpand, Aryadi Arsyade, Annisa Eka Permatasaria, Andi Sumidartif, Nurrahmi Umamia, Emmasitaha

a Department of Midwifery, Graduate School, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia

b Chemistry Faculty, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia

c Pharmacy Faculty, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia

d Agriculture Faculty, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia

e Medicine Faculty, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia

f Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia

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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The significant ways to improve the quality of the preconception phase are to improve nutritional status&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Nutrition is associated with increasing the cortisol hormone as a physiological response to stress that is secreted by the adrenal cortex&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;4</span></a> Working women&#44; during menstruation&#44; pregnancy&#44; childbirth&#44; postpartum&#44; and menopause&#44; are more likely to experience stress up to two times more than men&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;5&#44;6</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Glutathione hormone is related to oxidative stress&#46; It is a state of imbalance between reactive oxygen species &#40;ROS&#41; and the ability of biological systems to reduce ROS levels&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> These conditions can cause several reproductive diseases such as endometriosis&#44; PCOS&#44; decreased oocyte quality&#44; infertility&#44; miscarriage&#44; preeclampsia&#44; IUGR&#44; and premature birth <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a> occurrence of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome &#40;PCOS&#41; associated with reproductive and metabolic diseases&#44; and this condition is characterized by irregular menstruation&#44; oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea&#44; anovulation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The state of oxidative stress at the cellular level can affect the quality of the women&#39;s and men&#39;s reproductive organs&#44; decrease fertility&#44; and increase the risk of abortion&#44; and fetal growth is inhibited due to excessive exposure to glucocorticoid hormones&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Oxidative stress has been linked to many patterns of disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> The body&#39;s main antioxidant&#44; glutathione&#44; has an important role in preventing cell damage caused by oxidative stress <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> and is able to maintain vitamin C and vitamin E&#44; which also acts as exogenous antioxidants&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Low levels of estrogen and stressful conditions also trigger women to be vulnerable to oxidative stress&#46; Previous studies in experimental animals have suggested that high corticosterone levels are associated with low estradiol and have a negative effect on mood&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> low estrogen levels leading to amenorrhea and irregular menstruation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Young women and menopausal women who experience decreased estrogen are more at risk for autoimmune disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The provision of ginger containing antioxidants can reduce oxidation activity&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> and the ethanol content of ginger increases enzymatic antioxidant activity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> Ginger can also replace the role of mefenamic acid &#40;NSAIDs&#41; in reducing menstrual pain in women&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Honey with antioxidant content such as flavonoids&#44; phenolic acids&#44; enzymes&#44; vitamins &#40;A&#44; E&#44; C&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> and a minor mineral &#40;copper and iron&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> can prevent cancer&#44; heart disease&#44; infectious diseases&#44; decreased neurological function&#44; inflammation&#44; and aging&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Honey administration to 2 months mice affects brain development and memory and reduces these mice&#39;s anxiety level&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Administration of Tualang honey in induced stress mice can reduce ACTH and corticosterone levels&#44; reduce MDA&#44; and increase antioxidant activity in the brain&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It takes innovations to helps humans reduce stress in the preconception phase to effort a healthy reproduction&#46; Therefore&#44; we need an intervention with minimal side effects on the body&#59; one of the alternatives is those derived from natural ingredients or food&#46; Honey and ginger are two natural ingredients whose acceptance for consumption is very easy for people&#46; This study is expected to contribute as primary research for preconception problems&#44; especially in subjects with mild stress&#46; It is also expected to strengthen the use of inexpensive natural ingredients to solve health problems and impact local honey entrepreneurs by increasing sales&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study strengthens previous research conducted by the team because it needs to check the reliability of the previous study&#44; except that the previous study used two doses and examined each hormone separately&#46; The study was repeated using the highest dose and evaluating the hormone simultaneously&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24&#8722;27</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Methods</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research was an in vivo laboratory research and is carried out in the Biopharmacy Laboratory and the Microbiology Laboratory of the Teaching Hospital of Hasanuddin University with a pretest&#8211;posttest control group research design&#46; Honey and ginger were local products from south Sulawesi&#44; Indonesia&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sample of this study was female Balb&#47;c mice aged 2&#8211;3 months&#44; divided into 2 groups &#40;5 of each group&#41;&#46; Group 1 as a control group&#41; is given standard feed&#44; and group 2 as ginger honey as much as 42<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g BW is given by oral sonde and standard feed for 14 days&#46; Before administering the intervention&#44; the mice were given swimming treatment for 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min to increase the stress state&#46; The examination of cortisol hormone levels&#44; glutathione levels&#44; and estrogen hormone levels is carried out using the ELISA method on the 15<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> day&#46; 2&#46; This research was approved by The Ethics Committee of Faculty of Medicine&#44; Hasanuddin University&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Result</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The analysis results showed that ginger honey increased 1&#46;892<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml of the hormone cortisol&#44; although this increase was not significant &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;165&#41;&#46; However&#44; this increase was still lower than the control group&#44; which increased its cortisol hormone to 3&#46;450<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml&#44; although it was also not significant &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;064&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> shows that ginger honey significantly increased glutathione hormone levels by 2&#46;438<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;002&#41;&#44; while the control group showed a decrease in glutathione levels by 0&#46;148<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;554&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> shows a significant increase in estrogen levels of 22&#46;754<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; compared to the control group&#44; which increased by 3&#46;598<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;134&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the data of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#44; in the Intervention group&#44; ginger honey had the most significant effect on increasing estrogen level hormone by 22&#46;754<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Discussion</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As much as 42<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g BW in female Balb&#47;c mice&#44; Ginger honey can increase glutathione and estrogen levels that handle oxidative stress and increase cortisol levels insignificantly&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Glutathione exists in almost all body cells that act as antioxidants&#44; hydrogen donors&#44; to free radicals to prevent oxidative stress&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29&#44;30</span></a> Oxidative stress is a trigger for PCO disease&#44; oocyte damage&#44; and infertility&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> A mixture of ginger and gelam honey can overcome oxidative stress conditions in diabetes mellitus patients by decreasing ROS production by increasing Glutathione levels in the blood&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> Our research shows that the administration of ginger honey supplements can significantly increase glutathione levels by 0&#46;447<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml&#46; In a previous study on 12 Sprague Dawley rats given Gelam honey as much as 2&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;kg BW&#44; which is equivalent to 1 tsp for adults in 8 months&#44; can reduce levels of MDA and levels of DNA damage&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> Previous research also states that Rambutan Honey contains flavonoids and phenolic as a natural antioxidant which plays a role in reducing lipid peroxide and free radicals&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The existence of stressful conditions can suppress the circulation of gonadotropins and steroid hormones&#44; which will result in the disruption of the menstrual cycle&#46; The decrease in GnRH is due to the increased secretion of CRH&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> On the other hand&#44; an increase in LH&#44; testosterone due to metabolic disorders in the body can cause infertility due to ovulation abnormalities&#46; The provision of ginger in mice with ovulation abnormalities can improve and be effective in balancing the hormones LH&#44; FSH&#44; estrogen&#44; and progesterone&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Conclusion</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ginger honey affects reducing cortisol levels&#44; increasing glutathione and estrogen levels&#46; Therefore&#44; ginger honey supplements are the potential to use as complementary therapies&#46; The limitation of this study is that it only tested one dose and did not compare it with positive controls given anti-depressants&#46; Future studies can test this product on humans with preconception subjects who experience mild stress&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study was aimed to determine the effect of ginger honey supplementation on cortisol&#44; glutathione&#44; and estrogen levels&#46; The study was conducted on mice that had not yet experienced conception&#44; and prior stress induction was carried out so that they could be continued for human trials at the preconception stage and subjects who experienced mild stress&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Method</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">It was an in vivo study&#44; pretest&#8211;posttest control group design&#46; The sample of this study was 2&#8211;3 months female Balb&#47;c mice&#44; divided into negative control and ginger honey intervention as much as 28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g BW for 14 days&#8212;the ELISA method used to examine cortisol hormone&#44; glutathione levels&#44; and estrogen levels&#46; The mice chosen were those that had never experienced conception&#44; and before the intervention&#44; swimming activities were carried out on the mice until they showed symptoms of stress&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Results show 42<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g BW of ginger honey administration for 14 days increased 1&#46;892 ng&#47;dl of cortisol &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#61; 0&#46;165&#41;&#44; increased 2&#46;438 ng&#47;dl of glutathione &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;002&#41;&#44; and also increased 22&#46;754<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml estrogen levels in induced stress Balb&#47;c female mice &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ginger honey did not affect reducing cortisol levels but increasing glutathione and estrogen levels significantly&#46; Ginger honey supplements are the potential to use as complementary therapies&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;480<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;331&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;933<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;367&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Different Mean&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;851<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;506&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Información del artículo

ISSN: 02139111
Idioma original: Inglés

DOI:10.1016/j.gaceta.2021.07.018

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