Analysis on microplastics in dug wells around Tamangapa Landfills, Makassar City, Indonesia

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Fajaruddin Natsir, Makmur Selomo, Erniwati Ibrahim, Andi Arsunan Arsin, Nurul Chaerani Alni" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Muh." "apellidos" => "Fajaruddin Natsir" "email" => array:2 [ 0 => "ahmadfajarislam@gmail.com" 1 => "pmc@agri.unhas.ac.id" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Makmur" "apellidos" => "Selomo" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Erniwati" "apellidos" => "Ibrahim" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Andi Arsunan" "apellidos" => "Arsin" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Nurul Chaerani" "apellidos" => "Alni" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1469 "Ancho" => 2083 "Tamanyo" => 239561 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Sampling points." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionMakassar is one of the major cities in Indonesia with a population of 1339 million people. The large population will certainly cause various problems. One of the problems that arise is the increasing amount of waste generated every day.Garbage in the city of Makassar is collected at the Tamangapa Landfills, Antang. Around Tamangapa landfills, there are many houses. There are even some residents who live in the Tamangapa landfills location. Of course this is very worrying because it can endanger health from various factors. One of them is seepage water from landfills which affects the quality of groundwater.Water that comes from groundwater, such as dug wells water or borehole water, is very susceptible to pollution. Dug wells water can be contaminated through seepage from various sources of pollution<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">1</a> such as septic tanks,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110">2,3</a> human waste, animal waste, domestic waste, and so on. Apart from distance from pollutant sources, dug well construction that does not meet the requirements also affects the pollutant content in dug wells water.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105">1,2,4</a>The source of pollutants with high potential to contaminate dug well water is the landfills (TPA).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125">5,6</a> Landfills have the potential to produce leachate that contains a lot of pollutants that can contaminate dug well water.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135">7,8</a>Apart from contamination caused by bacteria and heavy metals, clean water sources are now also contaminated by solid waste such as plastic. The use of plastic is one of the materials most widely used by humans. Its application is very wide, both in daily activities and in commercial matters. Humans are very much using plastics in a variety of applications without realizing the long-term impact it causes. Plastic waste produced by humans will eventually return to the environment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">9</a> The composition of plastic waste dumped into landfills is also quite high, namely 16.66%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">10</a>Plastic waste that pollutes the environment can be in the form of microplastics. These microplastics can contaminate clean water sources such as dug wells because they are recycled using hazardous chemicals. In addition, the decomposition process can take hundreds of years.MethodThe research method used is quantitative research with a descriptive approach to determine the quality of clean water in dug wells around Tamangapa landfills. This research was conducted in Manggala District, Makassar City, especially in clean water sources around Tamangapa landfills. The study was conducted from August to September 2020. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. Sampling is carried out at dug wells that are less than 1km from the landfills with a total of 8 dug wells sampled.ResultsThe water sampling locations are scattered in several points in Manggala District, sampling is carried out at a radius of 0 to 1km from the landfills. The total wells sampled were 8 dug wells, 4 dug wells less than 500m from the TPA and 4 dug wells more than 500m from the landfills (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>The results showed that the most common forms of microplastics were fiber (72%) and fragments (28%). The microplastic sizes found ranged from 0.069mm to 4.459mm with the largest size being smaller than 2mm (86%). The most microplastic color found was blue (53.6%). The lowest amount of microplastic content was 0.25particles/L and the highest was 0.95particles/L. (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionBased on the results of the observations, it was found that several wells were dug less than 10 meters from pollutant sources, such as garbage dumps and incinerators, septic tanks and sewers. The results of the interviews revealed that the water from the dug wells was used by the local community for bathing and washing purposes, but they did not use it for cooking or as drinking water. One of the 10 samples taken has a cloudy yellow color, but based on the results of interviews in other locations it is known that the well water tastes salty and cloudy and smells during the dry season.The results of measurements of microplastics levels in the 8 dug wells samples were all positive abundance microplastics. The most common types of microplastics were in the form of fiber by 70 (72%) and fragments by 27 (28%). Several other studies have also found that fiber microplastics are more common in surface water.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155">11–14</a> In several other waters, microplastic fragments were found more frequently than fiber types.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175">15–17</a> Apart from waters and sediments, fragment-type microplastics are also found in plastic drinking water bottles.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">18</a> Fiber microplastics are more commonly found because they come from community activities around dug wells.The size of the microplastics found in the eight samples of dug wells around Tamangapa landfills varied from 0.069mm to 4.459mm. The most microplastics found were those smaller than 2mm, which was 86%. Microplastics with sizes smaller than 2mm are also more common in several locations such as Lake Wuliangshui China.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">12</a>The most common microplastic colors were blue (53.6%), red (28.9%), transparent (0.7%), green (0.06%), and purple (0.04%). This result is different from the waters in Kupang Bay which mostly get black microplastics, namely 38.02% at high tide and 49.25% at low tide.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">14</a>The number of microplastic particles in each sample examined is different. The distance between the dug well and the landfills does not affect the microplastics abundance of the well. The lowest microplastic abundance is found in sample 6 which is less than 500m from the landfill location, namely 0.25particles/L, while the dug well sample with the highest microplastic abundance is found in sample 8 which is more than 500m from the landfill, which is 0.95particles/L. This research is in line with research in Banyuarip waters which obtained yields lower than 1particle/L.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">15</a> This study is not in line with research that measured microplastic levels in mineral water refill bottles of 188±88particles/L and 14±14particles/L single-use bottles.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">18</a>Microplastics found in clean water sources will be dangerous if consumed by humans. Microplastics that are in the lumen, can interact with blood through the adsorption process and will fill protein, so that it can affect the immune system and intestinal swelling. Transport to other body tissues and other organs is also possible because the size of microplastics are very smalls.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">19</a>Microplastics found in waters will also be dangerous for aquatic biota. The very small size of the microplastic also allows it to enter the body of aquatic biota such as fish. The existence of these plastic pollutants in fish can pose a food safety risk that needs to be studied further. Microplastics can also be a pathogenic factor because they have the potential to carry microbial species into the waters and will accumulate in aquatic biota which is dangerous if consumed by humans.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">20</a>ConclusionsBased on the results of research that has been conducted regarding the analysis of microplastic in dug wells water around the Tamangapa landfills, Antang area, Makassar City. It was found that the eight positive samples contained microplastics with a total of 0.25particles/L to 0.95 particles with a size of 0.069–4.459mm. It is recommended to the community around the landfill to keep the dug wells from contaminants so that they do not cause disease.Conflicts of interestThe authors declare no conflict of interest." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1492598" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Method" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1355241" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Method" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 8 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2020-08-24" "fechaAceptado" => "2020-12-04" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1355241" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Dug wells" 1 => "Landfills" 2 => "Microplastics" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "ObjectiveThis study aims to determine the microplastics abundance of dug wells around Tamangapa Landfills in Makassar area. MethodThe research method used is quantitative research with a descriptive. The number of samples is 8 dug wells with the criteria of 4 dug wells that are <500m from landfills and 4 dug wells that are 500m–1km from landfills. ResultsThe most common forms of microplastics were fiber (72%) and fragments (28%). The microplastic sizes found ranged from 0.069mm to 4.459mm with the largest size being smaller than 2mm (86%). The most microplastics color found was blue (53.6%). The lowest amount of microplastics content was 0.25particles/L and the highest was 0.95particles/L. ConclusionsThis study found that the eight samples dug wells around Tamangapa landfills area were positive for microplastics and there was no relationship between the landfill distance and the dug wells on their microplastic abundance." 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"tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sample \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Distance from landfills \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Form (N) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Color (N) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Size (mm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Abundance (particle/L) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sample 1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><500m \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Fiber (13), Fragment (2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Blue (6), Green (1), Red (5), Transparent (2), Purple (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.346–4.459 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.75 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sample 2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">>500m \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Fiber (10), Fragment (3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Blue (7), Green (1), Red (4), Purple (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.175–2.844 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sample 3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">>500m \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Fiber (11) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Blue (3), Green (1), Red (6), Purple (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.573–2.36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.55 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sample 4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><500m \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Fiber (5), Fragment (4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Blue (6), Transparent (3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.131–1.534 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sample 5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><500m \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Fiber (7), Fragment (4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Blue (6), Green (1), Red (4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.196–2.635 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.55 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sample 6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><500m \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Fiber (5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Blue (2), Red (2), Purple (1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.709–1.631 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sample 7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">>500m \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Fiber (8), Fragment (6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Blue (11), Red (3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.173–2.625 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sample 8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">>500m \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Fiber (11), Fragment (8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Blue (11), Green (2), Red (4), Transparent (2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.173–1.708 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.95 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2564124.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Microplastic abundance in clean water around Tamangapa Landfills, Antang, Makassar City." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:20 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0105" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Hubungan Antara Faktor Konstruksi dan Jarak Sumur Gali terhadap Sumber Pencemar dengan Total Coliform Air Sumur Gali di Kelurahan Motto Kecamatan Lembeh Utara" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "T.S. 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Muh. Fajaruddin Natsira,

Autor para correspondencia

ahmadfajarislam@gmail.com
pmc@agri.unhas.ac.id

Corresponding author.

, Makmur Selomoa, Erniwati Ibrahima, Andi Arsunan Arsinb, Nurul Chaerani Alnia

a Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia

b Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia

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such as dug wells water or borehole water&#44; is very susceptible to pollution&#46; Dug wells water can be contaminated through seepage from various sources of pollution<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> such as septic tanks&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> human waste&#44; animal waste&#44; domestic waste&#44; and so on&#46; Apart from distance from pollutant sources&#44; dug well construction that does not meet the requirements also affects the pollutant content in dug wells water&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2&#44;4</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The source of pollutants with high potential to contaminate dug well water is the landfills &#40;TPA&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> Landfills have the potential to produce leachate that contains a lot of pollutants that can contaminate dug well water&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Apart from contamination caused by bacteria and heavy metals&#44; clean water sources are now also contaminated by solid waste such as plastic&#46; The use of plastic is one of the materials most widely used by humans&#46; Its application is very wide&#44; both in daily activities and in commercial matters&#46; Humans are very much using plastics in a variety of applications without realizing the long-term impact it causes&#46; Plastic waste produced by humans will eventually return to the environment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> The composition of plastic waste dumped into landfills is also quite high&#44; namely 16&#46;66&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Plastic waste that pollutes the environment can be in the form of microplastics&#46; These microplastics can contaminate clean water sources such as dug wells because they are recycled using hazardous chemicals&#46; In addition&#44; the decomposition process can take hundreds of years&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Method</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The research method used is quantitative research with a descriptive approach to determine the quality of clean water in dug wells around Tamangapa landfills&#46; This research was conducted in Manggala District&#44; Makassar City&#44; especially in clean water sources around Tamangapa landfills&#46; The study was conducted from August to September 2020&#46; The sampling technique used was purposive sampling&#46; Sampling is carried out at dug wells that are less than 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km from the landfills with a total of 8 dug wells sampled&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The water sampling locations are scattered in several points in Manggala District&#44; sampling is carried out at a radius of 0 to 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km from the landfills&#46; The total wells sampled were 8 dug wells&#44; 4 dug wells less than 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m from the TPA and 4 dug wells more than 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m from the landfills &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results showed that the most common forms of microplastics were fiber &#40;72&#37;&#41; and fragments &#40;28&#37;&#41;&#46; The microplastic sizes found ranged from 0&#46;069<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm to 4&#46;459<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm with the largest size being smaller than 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm &#40;86&#37;&#41;&#46; The most microplastic color found was blue &#40;53&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#46; The lowest amount of microplastic content was 0&#46;25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>particles&#47;L and the highest was 0&#46;95<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>particles&#47;L&#46; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Discussion</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the results of the observations&#44; it was found that several wells were dug less than 10 meters from pollutant sources&#44; such as garbage dumps and incinerators&#44; septic tanks and sewers&#46; The results of the interviews revealed that the water from the dug wells was used by the local community for bathing and washing purposes&#44; but they did not use it for cooking or as drinking water&#46; One of the 10 samples taken has a cloudy yellow color&#44; but based on the results of interviews in other locations it is known that the well water tastes salty and cloudy and smells during the dry season&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of measurements of microplastics levels in the 8 dug wells samples were all positive abundance microplastics&#46; The most common types of microplastics were in the form of fiber by 70 &#40;72&#37;&#41; and fragments by 27 &#40;28&#37;&#41;&#46; Several other studies have also found that fiber microplastics are more common in surface water&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#8211;14</span></a> In several other waters&#44; microplastic fragments were found more frequently than fiber types&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#8211;17</span></a> Apart from waters and sediments&#44; fragment-type microplastics are also found in plastic drinking water bottles&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Fiber microplastics are more commonly found because they come from community activities around dug wells&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The size of the microplastics found in the eight samples of dug wells around Tamangapa landfills varied from 0&#46;069<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm to 4&#46;459<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46; The most microplastics found were those smaller than 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; which was 86&#37;&#46; Microplastics with sizes smaller than 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm are also more common in several locations such as Lake Wuliangshui China&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most common microplastic colors were blue &#40;53&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#44; red &#40;28&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#44; transparent &#40;0&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#44; green &#40;0&#46;06&#37;&#41;&#44; and purple &#40;0&#46;04&#37;&#41;&#46; This result is different from the waters in Kupang Bay which mostly get black microplastics&#44; namely 38&#46;02&#37; at high tide and 49&#46;25&#37; at low tide&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The number of microplastic particles in each sample examined is different&#46; The distance between the dug well and the landfills does not affect the microplastics abundance of the well&#46; The lowest microplastic abundance is found in sample 6 which is less than 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m from the landfill location&#44; namely 0&#46;25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>particles&#47;L&#44; while the dug well sample with the highest microplastic abundance is found in sample 8 which is more than 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m from the landfill&#44; which is 0&#46;95<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>particles&#47;L&#46; This research is in line with research in Banyuarip waters which obtained yields lower than 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>particle&#47;L&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> This study is not in line with research that measured microplastic levels in mineral water refill bottles of 188<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>88<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>particles&#47;L and 14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>particles&#47;L single-use bottles&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Microplastics found in clean water sources will be dangerous if consumed by humans&#46; Microplastics that are in the lumen&#44; can interact with blood through the adsorption process and will fill protein&#44; so that it can affect the immune system and intestinal swelling&#46; Transport to other body tissues and other organs is also possible because the size of microplastics are very smalls&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Microplastics found in waters will also be dangerous for aquatic biota&#46; The very small size of the microplastic also allows it to enter the body of aquatic biota such as fish&#46; The existence of these plastic pollutants in fish can pose a food safety risk that needs to be studied further&#46; Microplastics can also be a pathogenic factor because they have the potential to carry microbial species into the waters and will accumulate in aquatic biota which is dangerous if consumed by humans&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Conclusions</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the results of research that has been conducted regarding the analysis of microplastic in dug wells water around the Tamangapa landfills&#44; Antang area&#44; Makassar City&#46; It was found that the eight positive samples contained microplastics with a total of 0&#46;25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>particles&#47;L to 0&#46;95 particles with a size of 0&#46;069&#8211;4&#46;459<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46; It is recommended to the community around the landfill to keep the dug wells from contaminants so that they do not cause disease&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        2 => array:2 [
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          "titulo" => "Introduction"
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          "identificador" => "sec0030"
          "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest"
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        8 => array:1 [
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    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2020-08-24"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2020-12-04"
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          "clase" => "keyword"
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            1 => "Landfills"
            2 => "Microplastics"
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    "resumen" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study aims to determine the microplastics abundance of dug wells around Tamangapa Landfills in Makassar area&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Method</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The research method used is quantitative research with a descriptive&#46; The number of samples is 8 dug wells with the criteria of 4 dug wells that are &#60;500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m from landfills and 4 dug wells that are 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#8211;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km from landfills&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The most common forms of microplastics were fiber &#40;72&#37;&#41; and fragments &#40;28&#37;&#41;&#46; The microplastic sizes found ranged from 0&#46;069<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm to 4&#46;459<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm with the largest size being smaller than 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm &#40;86&#37;&#41;&#46; The most microplastics color found was blue &#40;53&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#46; The lowest amount of microplastics content was 0&#46;25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>particles&#47;L and the highest was 0&#46;95<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>particles&#47;L&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study found that the eight samples dug wells around Tamangapa landfills area were positive for microplastics and there was no relationship between the landfill distance and the dug wells on their microplastic abundance&#46;</p></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Sampling points&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Source&#58; Primary Data&#44; 2020&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sample&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Distance from landfills&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Form &#40;N&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Color &#40;N&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Size &#40;mm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Abundance &#40;particle&#47;L&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Sample 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fiber &#40;13&#41;&#44; Fragment &#40;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Blue &#40;6&#41;&#44; Green &#40;1&#41;&#44; Red &#40;5&#41;&#44; Transparent &#40;2&#41;&#44; Purple &#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;346&#8211;4&#46;459&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sample 2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#62;500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fiber &#40;10&#41;&#44; Fragment &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Blue &#40;7&#41;&#44; Green &#40;1&#41;&#44; Red &#40;4&#41;&#44; Purple &#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;175&#8211;2&#46;844&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sample 3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#62;500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fiber &#40;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Blue &#40;3&#41;&#44; Green &#40;1&#41;&#44; Red &#40;6&#41;&#44; Purple &#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;573&#8211;2&#46;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sample 4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fiber &#40;5&#41;&#44; Fragment &#40;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Blue &#40;6&#41;&#44; Transparent &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;131&#8211;1&#46;534&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sample 5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fiber &#40;7&#41;&#44; Fragment &#40;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Blue &#40;6&#41;&#44; Green &#40;1&#41;&#44; Red &#40;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;196&#8211;2&#46;635&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sample 6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fiber &#40;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Blue &#40;2&#41;&#44; Red &#40;2&#41;&#44; Purple &#40;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;709&#8211;1&#46;631&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sample 7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#62;500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fiber &#40;8&#41;&#44; Fragment &#40;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Blue &#40;11&#41;&#44; Red &#40;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sample 8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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Información del artículo

ISSN: 02139111
Idioma original: Inglés

DOI:10.1016/j.gaceta.2020.12.024

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