Ecological risk assessment of hexavalent chromium and silicon dioxide in well water in Maros Regency, Indonesia

array:24 ["pii" => "S0213911120302594" "issn" => "02139111" "doi" => "10.1016/j.gaceta.2020.12.002" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2021-01-01" "aid" => "1953" "copyright" => "SESPAS" "copyrightAnyo" => "2020" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Gac Sanit. 2021;35S1:S4-S8" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0213911120302600" "issn" => "02139111" "doi" => "10.1016/j.gaceta.2020.12.003" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2021-01-01" "aid" => "1954" "copyright" => "SESPAS" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Gac Sanit. 2021;35S1:S9-S11" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:10 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Health Belief Model on women's cancer recovery (a phenomenological study on cancer survivors)" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "S9" "paginaFinal" => "S11" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => " Azriful, Emmi Bujawati, Nildawati, Rezki Ramdan, Fatmawaty Mallapiang, Syarfaini Suyuti" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:1 [ "apellidos" => "Azriful" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Emmi" "apellidos" => "Bujawati" ] 2 => array:1 [ "apellidos" => "Nildawati" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Rezki" "apellidos" => "Ramdan" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Fatmawaty" "apellidos" => "Mallapiang" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Syarfaini" "apellidos" => "Suyuti" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0213911120302600?idApp=WGSE" "url" => "/02139111/00000035000000S1/v1_202104060920/S0213911120302600/v1_202104060920/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0213911120302582" "issn" => "02139111" "doi" => "10.1016/j.gaceta.2020.12.001" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2021-01-01" "aid" => "1952" "copyright" => "SESPAS" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Gac Sanit. 2021;35S1:S1-S3" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:10 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "How is the correlation job crafting to job satisfaction of hospital staff at disruption era in hospital industries" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "S1" "paginaFinal" => "S3" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Andi Indahwaty Sidin, Lalu Muhammad Saleh, Eka Fatmawati, Indah Nur Insani" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Andi Indahwaty" "apellidos" => "Sidin" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Lalu Muhammad" "apellidos" => "Saleh" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Eka" "apellidos" => "Fatmawati" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Indah Nur" "apellidos" => "Insani" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0213911120302582?idApp=WGSE" "url" => "/02139111/00000035000000S1/v1_202104060920/S0213911120302582/v1_202104060920/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:18 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Ecological risk assessment of hexavalent chromium and silicon dioxide in well water in Maros Regency, Indonesia" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "S4" "paginaFinal" => "S8" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Annisa Utami Rauf, Anwar Mallongi, Anwar Daud, Muhammad Hatta, Ratna Dwi Puji Astuti" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Annisa Utami" "apellidos" => "Rauf" "email" => array:2 [ 0 => "annisautamirauf@gmail.com" 1 => "pmc@agri.unhas.ac.id" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Anwar" "apellidos" => "Mallongi" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Anwar" "apellidos" => "Daud" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Muhammad" "apellidos" => "Hatta" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Ratna Dwi Puji" "apellidos" => "Astuti" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Doctoral Program of Public Health, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 2069 "Ancho" => 2925 "Tamanyo" => 381065 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Spatial distribution of Cr (VI)." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionChromium has two common forms based on oxidation state namely Cr(III) and Cr(VI). Cr(III) are more insoluble (<20μg/L) between pH 7 and pH 10, with a minimum pH solubility of about 1μg/L at pH 8.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">1</a> pH values in Cr(VI) tends to be acid in pH 6–7. IARC classifies Cr(VI) as a carcinogenic and harmful substance to humans. The high concentration of chromium in drinking water in Spain can be inferred from piping and fittings tool.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">2</a> In Indonesia, a high accumulation of Cr(VI) can be found around the river near the interaction of Talawaan–Tatelu, North Sulawesi.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">3</a> Residents exposed to Cr(VI) are confirmed to have digestion, dermatological and hematological abnormalities.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">4</a>Silicon dioxide is a dominant minerals and easily discovered in mountains area. This compound may undergo different dissolution or erosion in the environment. Silicon dioxide is a toxic compound and frequently accumulated around the cement plant.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">5</a> Inhalation and oral pathways are the primary pathways of human exposure to silicon dioxide. Potential effects of long-term exposure to c-silica include silicosis, COPD and kidney disease. Soluble silicon dioxide in drinking water possibly increase health problems which is correlated to acute gastrointestinal disease, where silicon dioxide was found at high concentrations in hemodialysis patients and kidney disorder.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">6</a>The risk level of drinking water is determined based on the HQ (Hazard Quotient) ratio which used to estimate ecological risks of a media.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">7</a> HQ values are assessed based on contaminant concentrations in research area and Minimum Risk Level (MRL), a dosage where it should represent long-term effect of contaminants exposure.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">8</a> This study aims to assess the ecological risks associated with human consumption of well water containing Cr(VI) and SiO2. The local should aware about long-term effects of drinking water consumption.MethodStudy areaMaros is an area with a large karst sources. The region is a part of the Bulusaraung Mountains. People is commonly work in agricultural, cement industry, and karst mining. The Maros-Pangkep Karst is a karst region located in South Sulawesi with a surface area of 400km2. The minimum temperature in the research site is 22.8C in July and the maximum temperature is 33.7C in October. The research area is a residential area close to one of the largest cement industries in East Indonesia. Groundwater was used for household and drinking purposes. It is therefore essential to determine its chemical composition periodically.Spatial distribution in this research were performed with ArcGIS 10.8 and Google Earth Pro by the interpolation method. The tools used to obtain the exact coordinate points by using GPS Garmin 64. The main areas in this study were Kecamatan Lau (Mattiro Deceng), Kecamatan Bontoa (Salenrang), and Kecamatan Bantimurung (Baruga, Tukamasea, Bungaeja, Leang-Leang, Mattoangin, and Manarang).ProceduresSampling was carried out for 2 days in 5–6 May, 2020. A total of 14 well water samples were taken using HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene) bottle and collected directly from resident wells. The samples were using pre-labeled and pH of is measured in situ using the pH meter ATC-PH2011. The samples were analyzed using the SNI (Indonesian National Standard) 06-2477-1991 guidelines for silicon dioxide and 6989.71:2009 for hexavalent chromium. For the determination of silicon dioxide levels, each sample had a volume 50mL of well water samples added by 50mL and 1mL of HCl 1:1 and 2mL of ammonium molybdate. Ease the mixture for 5min and added by oxalic acid. The sample measured using the PinAAcle 900H Atomic Absorbance Spectroscopy (AAS) PerkinElmer instrument at wavelength 410nm.Heavy metal analysis need to acidified and digested concentrated acid immediately before analysis until reach a pH<2 with 69% HNO3. This method is used to avoid the presence of precipitating base salts on the sample bottles that possibly reducing the metal concentration. The samples were first filtered. Filtrates were piped by 2.5mL and dissolved by 2 drops of H3PO4, 2mL H2SO4 2M, 0.5mL of diphenylcarbazide, and 25mL aquabidest in volumetric flask. The sample measured its absorbance with a UV–vis. Laboratory quality control was using a Standard Reference Material (SRM 1646a estuarine sediment) from the Department of Commerce, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 with 3 replications.Assessment methodRisk assessment approach is used to describe health-related value for toxic compound in drinking water, food, or air sample. The highest possible dose of Cr total in consumable drinking water is 0.003mg/kg/day.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190">8,9</a> The potential risk resulting from the accumulation of contaminants in environmental media may be determined by the Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA). Estimated risk expressed in the Hazard Quotient ratio is as follows:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0005"></elsevierMultimedia>EEC (Estimated Environmental Concentration) is the actual concentration of contaminants in soil and water. NOAEL or Screening Benchmark is highest exposure level with no biologically increases of adverse effect. The reference threshold (minimum) based on animal testing for health effects on receptors, in this case, humans. If the value is HQ<0.1; no hazard exists, HQ 0.1–1; low risk, HQ 1–10; moderate risk, HQ>10, high risk.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">7</a> The critical health effect of chromium in drinking water is the hyperplasia of small intestinal diffuses that are the most sensitive endpoints and precursors to tumor formation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">10</a>ResultsMapping areaIn <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>, the highest concentration of silicon dioxide is located in station 6. This result data owing to silicon dioxide constitutes as one of the majority compounds in the Karst mountains.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">11</a> The concentration of silicon dioxide in groundwater varies between 1 and 30mg/L.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">12</a> The value of silicon dioxide is critical in understanding the origin of groundwater and geogenic or anthropogenic processes that may affect the distribution of ions. As showcased in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>, the highest Cr (VI) concentration rate occurred in station 10. This area is an agricultural region in Manarang village in Tukamasea. It is 3 kilometers away from the cement factory.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Ecological risk assessmentEcological risk assessment is generally used for the assessment of potential environmental media risks through oral, inhalation, and dermal pathways.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">13</a> The pH and concentration of Cr(VI) and SiO2 of drinking water in research area is represented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>. Only 3 stations are specifically at risk for Cr(VI). Nevertheless, heavy metals are toxic and able to accumulate over long periods.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220">14,15</a><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionThe maximum WHO contamination level for total chromium in drinking water is 50μg/L. The safe concentration for drinking water consumption of Cr total chromium in Canada is 0.1mg/L.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">10</a> Based on Duckham’s research, Cr(VI) minimum risk level is 0.07μg/L. This value based on increased risk to one per million of the average person affected by cancer as a result of drinking well water with Cr(VI) for approximately 70 years.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230">16,17</a> NOAEL or Screening Benchmark values for Cr(VI) in this study were taken from the CPHGCDW which collected levels of 0.002mg/L.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">14</a> The level of health protection taken through toxicity experiment in female mice in the NTP study.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">18</a>Heavy metals can pollute wells through the movement of groundwater and surface water.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">15</a> Leaching processes from topsoil and rock soils are natural sources and play an important role in the flow of chromium to groundwater. The cement industry produces heavy metal dust, gas and particulate matter.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">4</a> Research in cement factories in Calabar, consist of the chromium and cadmium content of all water samples (surface water, wells, boreholes, and streams) which found that Cr(VI) concentrations far above WHO recommendations in the region.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">17</a> Generally, Cr(VI) concentration in drinking water is about 0.01 to 0.05mg/L and could be more higher in region with deposited of fly ash.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">19</a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> shows some concentration data, with different source and area that polluted with Cr(VI) in groundwater.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Cr(VI) can be produced naturally in soil and sediment. Solid reactions with solubility and period time are enough to determine the concentration of Cr(VI) in groundwater.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">20</a> Cr(VI) and other heavy metals that found around the industrial area is strongly associated with anthropogenic contamination.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">21</a>There are various data of genotoxicity and mutagenicity of Cr(VI) in vivo and in vitro. In specific, chromium in its hexavalent form is considered to be a carcinogen.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">26</a> Based on <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>, three stations with potential exposure of Cr(VI) through the consumption of well water containing Cr(VI) are station 10 (HQ=3.05), station 11 (HQ=1.45), and station 4 (HQ=1.1). Whereas in the other stations, the HQ value is still below 1 (low risk).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia>Silicon dioxide does not react directly with water because of its complex covalent structure. In high temperature and concentrated solution, silicon dioxide possibly reacts with sodium hydroxide.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285">27</a> A feasible positive correlation was found for SiO2 which showed that more silicon dioxide was dissolved by high-temperature water. The risk of well water consumption around the cement industry and karst mines should be limited to reduce human health effects in the future. The quantity of silicon dioxide in well water varies from 1 to 30mg/L.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">28</a>Silicon dioxide is one of the compounds that commonly found on Earth's surface. Land expansion will reduce environmental quality due to the entry of silicon dioxide and other toxic minerals into groundwater which is connected to all water sources from karst mountains and resident wells. This process will poses a health hazard to the surrounding population. Data of MRL of silicon dioxide through oral from male rat experiments is 2.030mg/day.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295">29</a> This is the minimum dose where gastrointestinal problems, hematology and lethality are present. From <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>, it can be seen that SiO2 has higher HQ values than Cr(VI). All stations have HQ>1. This indicates that mostly areas have a moderate level of ecological risk. Only two stations with HQ value are more than 10, both of them located in Tukamasea Village.The pH trends throughout the station are in neutral (slightly acid) conditions. Other mineral contents may affect the composition of hydrogen ions so the obtained pH is less acid due to the rock weathering process.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300">30</a> In a region with the highest Cr(VI) content, pH 5.52 was recorded. In contrast, the station with the highest silicon dioxide concentration was slightly alkali (pH 7.74). The possible way to reducing Cr(VI) and SiO2 pollutants in environment are reductions, coagulation, and filtration process. Low base ion exchange and strong base ion exchange are effective technologies for removing Cr(VI) from drinking water. The risk of water consumption of wells around the cement industry and karst mines should be limited to reduce acute and carcinogenic effects in the future.ConclusionsThe HQ was calculated to assess the well water quality of 14 samples from Maros Karst area, Indonesia, and health risks caused by exposure to Cr(VI), and silicon dioxide were also considered. Understand and aware contaminants origin from groundwater through the leaching, geological and anthropogenic processes are necessary. The obtained HQ values shall be considered as an evidence base and provide valuable information to identify the source of chemical species. This research is really important in managing and preserving valuable groundwater resources.Conflicts of interestsThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1492585" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Method" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1355228" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Method" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Study area" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Procedures" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Assessment method" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Mapping area" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Ecological risk assessment" ] ] ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interests" ] 8 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2020-08-24" "fechaAceptado" => "2020-12-04" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1355228" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Hexavalent chromium" 1 => "Silicon dioxide" 2 => "Well water" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "ObjectiveThis paper assesses the potential ecological risk of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) and silicon dioxide/silica (SiO2) in well water. Both of pollutants have been classified as carcinogenic compound. The ecological risk assessment of drinking water is an effective tool to evaluate drinking water quality to reduce further risk. MethodFourteen well water samples were collected around the residential area near cement industrial activity and karst mining area. Estimating the ecological risk of well water which consumed daily evaluated based on Hazard Quotient (HQ) ratio. ResultsThe mean values of Cr(VI) and SiO2 in well water samples were 0.0017mg/L and 12.94mg/L, respectively. Drinking water in this area are unacceptable. HQ values for SiO2 at all stations are more than 1 (moderate level). ConclusionsCr(VI) and SiO2 are discoverable within well water surrounding the research location. This finding is used as scientific data and references for ecological protection of drinking water in Maros." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Method" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Safety and Public Health (ICOS-PH 2020). Full-text and the content of it is under responsibility of authors of the article." ] ] "multimedia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2064 "Ancho" => 2925 "Tamanyo" => 386702 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Spatial distribution of SiO2." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 2069 "Ancho" => 2925 "Tamanyo" => 381065 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Spatial distribution of Cr (VI)." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1122 "Ancho" => 2091 "Tamanyo" => 155428 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "HQ of Cr (VI) and SiO2." ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "n/a: not available (below instrument limitation).Source: Primary Data, 2020." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sampling location \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cr (VI) (mg/L) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SiO2 (mg/L) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">pH \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Temperature (°C) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">n/a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.5253 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26.80 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0007 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">27.31 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0009 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13.3476 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.61 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">24.53 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0022 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.3564 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">27.07 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0012 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12.179 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25.60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0006 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20.9002 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.74 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25.43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0017 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.4394 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.91 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25.16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">n/a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.5054 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25.93 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0004 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15.397 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.46 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26.22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0061 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20.8758 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.61 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0029 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16.2762 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26.46 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">n/a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14.9187 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25.50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">n/a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17.9368 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">27.45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0010 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10.5715 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.55 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26.42 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mean \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0017 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12.94 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.47 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Min \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0006 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.4394 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">24.53 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Max \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0061 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20.9002 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.74 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">27.45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2564104.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Cr (VI) and SiO2 concentration, pH and temperature." ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Location \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Source \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cr(VI) concentration \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Reference \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sarigkiol, Northern Greece \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Geochemical process and fly ash \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">60μg/L \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">19</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Budderoo, Somersby, Australia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Geogenic factor \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.01μg/L0.03μg/L \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">22</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">North Central China \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Chemical compostion from rock-interaction \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.004 to 0.192mg/L \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">23</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Castle HaynePiedmont and Blue Ridge Crystalline-Rock \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Geogenic through water rock interactions \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.095μg/L0.66μg/L \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">12</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">California, USA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Agricultural and land uses \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1μg/L to 32μg/L \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">24</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Buzian, Libya \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Weathered materials \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.002mg/L \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275">25</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2564105.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Concentration and source of Cr(VI) in some research." ] ] 5 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "eq0005" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "HQ = EECScreening Benchmark" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si1.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 2027 "Alto" => 35 "Ancho" => 195 ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:30 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0155" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Chromium(III) hydrolysis constants and solubility of chromium(II1) hydroxide" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "D. Rai" 1 => "B.M. Sass" 2 => "D.A. Moore" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am Chem Soc" "fecha" => "1987" "paginaInicial" => "345" "paginaFinal" => "349" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0160" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Nitrate and trace elements in municipal and bottled water in Spain" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "N.E. Herrera" 1 => "M. Kogevinas" 2 => "G.C. Vinyals" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.gaceta.2012.02.002" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Gac Sanit" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "27" "paginaInicial" => "156" "paginaFinal" => "160" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22444517" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0165" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Heavy metals in water of stream near an amalgamation tailing ponds in Talawaan – Tatelu Gold Mining, North Sulawesi, Indonesia" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "T. Martho" 1 => "A. Andrew" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.proche.2015.03.058" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Proc Chem" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "14" "paginaInicial" => "428" "paginaFinal" => "436" ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0170" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Heavy metal contributions on human skin disease near cement plant: a systematic review" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "A.U. Rauf" 1 => "A. Mallongi" 2 => "R.D.P. Astuti" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3889/oamjms.2020.4396" "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Open Access Maced J Med Sci" "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "8" ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0175" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Risks assessment of silica contamination on the communities living surround the cement industry, Pangkep Indonesia" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "A. Mallongi" 1 => "Stang" 2 => "M. Syamsuar" 3 => "M.N. Fajar" 4 => "R.D.P. Pujiastuti" 5 => "A.U. Rauf" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.5958/0976-5506.2019.03072.9" "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Indian J Med Res" "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "10" ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0180" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation Increased silicon levels in dialysis patients due to high silicon content in the drinking water, inadequate water treatment procedures, and concentrate contamination: a multicentre study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "P.C.D. Haese" 1 => "F.A. Shaheen" 2 => "S.O. Huraib" 3 => "L. Djukanovic" 4 => "M.H. Polenakovic" 5 => "G. Spasovski" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1093/ndt/16.9.1838" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Nephrol Dial Transplant" "fecha" => "1995" "paginaInicial" => "1838" "paginaFinal" => "1844" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11522867" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0185" "etiqueta" => "7" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Chapter 7 – assessment technologies for hazards/risks of wastewater" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "X. He" 1 => "K. Huang" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:3 [ "fecha" => "2020" "editorial" => "Elsevier Inc." "editorialLocalizacion" => "Nanjing" ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0190" "etiqueta" => "8" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in drinking water of Sistan and Baluchistan, Southeastern Iran" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "M. Mirzabeygi" 1 => "A. Abbasnia" 2 => "M. Yunesian" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1080/10807039.2017.1322895" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Hum Ecol Risk Assess" "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "23" "paginaInicial" => "1893" "paginaFinal" => "1905" ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0195" "etiqueta" => "9" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Water quality hazard assessment for hand dug wells in Rafin Zurfi, Bauchi State, Nigeria" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "A.H. Jagaba" 1 => "S.R.M. Kutty" 2 => "G. Hayder" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.asej.2020.02.004" "Revista" => array:2 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ain Shams Eng J" "fecha" => "2020" ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0200" "etiqueta" => "10" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Water committe on drinking water. Chromium in drinking water" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "Federal-Provincial-Territorial" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:2 [ "fecha" => "2015" "editorial" => "Health Canada" ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0205" "etiqueta" => "11" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A study on variation in dissolved silica concentration in groundwater of hard rock aquifers in Southeast coast of India A study on variation in dissolved silica concentration in groundwater of hard rock aquifers in Southeast coast of India" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "P. Kamaraj" 1 => "A. Science" 2 => "M. Nepolian" 3 => "R. Kaviyarasan" 4 => "M.V. Prasanna" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1088/1757-899X/121/1/012008" "Revista" => array:2 [ "tituloSerie" => "IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng" "fecha" => "2016" ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0210" "etiqueta" => "12" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Occurrence and distribution of hexavalent chromium in groundwater from North Carolina, USA" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "R.M. Coyte" 1 => "K.L. Mckinley" 2 => "S. Jiang" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135135" "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Sci Total Environ" "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "135" ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0215" "etiqueta" => "13" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Ecological risk assessment guidance for superfund: process for designing and conducting ecological risk assessments. EPA 540-R-" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "US EPA" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:2 [ "fecha" => "1997" "editorial" => "United States Environmental Protection Agency" ] ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0220" "etiqueta" => "14" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Public health goal for hexavalent chromium (Cr VI) in drinking water" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:2 [ "fecha" => "2011" "editorial" => "California Public Health Goal" ] ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0225" "etiqueta" => "15" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "US-EPA. Private Drinking Water Wells. USEPA. Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.epa.gov/privatewells">https://www.epa.gov/privatewells</a> [accessed 28.07.20]." ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0230" "etiqueta" => "16" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Dockham M. Interim Report on the Study of Standards and Health Screening Levels for Hexavalent Chromium and Vanadium [Memorandum]. Raleigh, NC. Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://files.nc.gov/ncdeq/GenX/SAB/April-2016-Study-of-Cr-VI--and-V-Stds.pdf">https://files.nc.gov/ncdeq/GenX/SAB/April-2016-Study-of-Cr-VI--and-V-Stds.pdf</a> [accessed 21.07.20]." ] ] ] 16 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0305" "etiqueta" => "17" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Element content of surface and underground water sources around a cement factory site in Calabar, Nigeria" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "E.R. Egbe" 1 => "A.C. Nsonwu-anyanwu" 2 => "S.J. Offor" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Iran J Toxicol" "fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "11" ] ] ] ] ] ] 17 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0235" "etiqueta" => "18" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "NTP technical report on the toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of sodium dichromate dihydrate in f344/n rats and b6c3f1 mice (drinking water studies)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "National Toxicology Program" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:1 [ "fecha" => "2008" ] ] ] ] ] ] 18 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0245" "etiqueta" => "19" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Origin of hexavalent chromium in groundwater: the example of Sarigkiol Basin, Northern Greece" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "N. Kazakis" 1 => "N. Kantiranis" 2 => "K. Kalaitzidou" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.128" "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Sci Total Environ" "fecha" => "2017" "paginaInicial" => "593" "paginaFinal" => "594" ] ] ] ] ] ] 19 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0250" "etiqueta" => "20" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Toxicological Profile For Chromium. Georgia" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "ATSDR" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:1 [ "fecha" => "2008" ] ] ] ] ] ] 20 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0255" "etiqueta" => "21" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Mercury and chromium distribution in soil near maros karst ecosystem" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "A.U. Rauf" 1 => "A. Mallongi" 2 => "R.D.P. Pujiastuti" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.26471/cjees/2020/015/144" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Carpathian J Earth Environ Sci" "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "15" "paginaInicial" => "283" "paginaFinal" => "289" ] ] ] ] ] ] 21 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0260" "etiqueta" => "22" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The toxicity of arsenic (III), chromium (VI) and zinc to groundwater copepods" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "G.C. Hose" 1 => "K. Symington" 2 => "M.J. Lott" 3 => "M.J. Lategan" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s11356-016-7046-x" "Revista" => array:2 [ "tituloSerie" => "Environ Sci Pollut Res" "fecha" => "2016" ] ] ] ] ] ] 22 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0265" "etiqueta" => "23" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The distribution and influencing factors of chromium in regional groundwater at Sanmenxia Basin north-central China The distribution and influencing factors of chromium in regional groundwater at Sanmenxia Basin north-central China" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "Y. Li" 1 => "S. Hu" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.5004/dwt.2019.23633" "Revista" => array:2 [ "tituloSerie" => "Desalin Water Treat" "fecha" => "2019" ] ] ] ] ] ] 23 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0270" "etiqueta" => "24" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cr(VI) occurrence and geochemistry in water from public-supply wells in California" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "J.A. Izbicki" 1 => "M.T. Wright" 2 => "W.A. Seymour" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.apgeochem.2015.08.007" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Appl Geochem" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "63" "paginaInicial" => "203" "paginaFinal" => "217" ] ] ] ] ] ] 24 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0275" "etiqueta" => "25" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Concentration of Heavy Metals in underground water wells in Gharian district, Libya" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "E. Alhibshi" 1 => "K. Albriky" 2 => "A. Bushita" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.15242/IICBE.C0214005" "Revista" => array:2 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int Conf Agric Med Sci" "fecha" => "2014" ] ] ] ] ] ] 25 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0280" "etiqueta" => "26" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "IARC MONOGRAPH" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:3 [ "fecha" => "2020" "editorial" => "IARC" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Lyon" ] ] ] ] ] ] 26 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0285" "etiqueta" => "27" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Hydrothermal dissolution of low-quartz in sodium hydroxide lyes-kinetics and equilibrium" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "T. Pfeiffer" 1 => "S.A.H. Sander" 2 => "D. Enke" 3 => "H. Roggendorf" 4 => "T. Pfeiffer" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1002/cite.201800092" "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Chem Ing Tech" "fecha" => "2018" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "11" ] ] ] ] ] ] 27 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0290" "etiqueta" => "28" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Significance of silica analysis in groundwater in parts of Central Ganga Plain, Uttar Prades, India" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "M.M.A. Khan" 1 => "R. Umar" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Curr Sci" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "98" ] ] ] ] ] ] 28 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0295" "etiqueta" => "29" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Toxicological profile for Silica" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "ATSDR" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:1 [ "fecha" => "2017" ] ] ] ] ] ] 29 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0300" "etiqueta" => "30" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Karst environments: karren formation in high mountains" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "M. Veress" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:3 [ "fecha" => "2010" "editorial" => "Springer Science+Business Media" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Szombathely" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/02139111/00000035000000S1/v1_202104060920/S0213911120302594/v1_202104060920/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => null "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/02139111/00000035000000S1/v1_202104060920/S0213911120302594/v1_202104060920/en/main.pdf?idApp=WGSE&text.app=https://gacetasanitaria.org/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0213911120302594?idApp=WGSE"]

Estadísticas

Annisa Utami Raufa,

Autor para correspondencia

annisautamirauf@gmail.com
pmc@agri.unhas.ac.id

Corresponding author.

, Anwar Mallongib, Anwar Daudb, Muhammad Hattac, Ratna Dwi Puji Astutia

a Doctoral Program of Public Health, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia

b Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia

c Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia

Leído

3779

Veces
se ha leído el artículo

1501

Total PDF

2278

Total HTML

Compartir estadísticas

 array:24 [
  "pii" => "S0213911120302594"
  "issn" => "02139111"
  "doi" => "10.1016/j.gaceta.2020.12.002"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2021-01-01"
  "aid" => "1953"
  "copyright" => "SESPAS"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2020"
  "documento" => "article"
  "crossmark" => 1
  "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"
  "subdocumento" => "fla"
  "cita" => "Gac Sanit. 2021;35S1:S4-S8"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => true
    "ES2" => true
    "LATM" => true
  ]
  "gratuito" => true
  "lecturas" => array:1 [
    "total" => 0
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [
    "pii" => "S0213911120302600"
    "issn" => "02139111"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.gaceta.2020.12.003"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2021-01-01"
    "aid" => "1954"
    "copyright" => "SESPAS"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 1
    "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Gac Sanit. 2021;35S1:S9-S11"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:1 [
      "total" => 0
    ]
    "en" => array:10 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "titulo" => "Health Belief Model on women&#39;s cancer recovery &#40;a phenomenological study on cancer survivors&#41;"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "tieneResumen" => "en"
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "S9"
          "paginaFinal" => "S11"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => " Azriful, Emmi Bujawati,  Nildawati, Rezki Ramdan, Fatmawaty Mallapiang, Syarfaini Suyuti"
          "autores" => array:6 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "apellidos" => "Azriful"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Emmi"
              "apellidos" => "Bujawati"
            ]
            2 => array:1 [
              "apellidos" => "Nildawati"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Rezki"
              "apellidos" => "Ramdan"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Fatmawaty"
              "apellidos" => "Mallapiang"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Syarfaini"
              "apellidos" => "Suyuti"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0213911120302600?idApp=WGSE"
    "url" => "/02139111/00000035000000S1/v1_202104060920/S0213911120302600/v1_202104060920/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "itemAnterior" => array:19 [
    "pii" => "S0213911120302582"
    "issn" => "02139111"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.gaceta.2020.12.001"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2021-01-01"
    "aid" => "1952"
    "copyright" => "SESPAS"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 1
    "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Gac Sanit. 2021;35S1:S1-S3"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:1 [
      "total" => 0
    ]
    "en" => array:10 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "titulo" => "How is the correlation job crafting to job satisfaction of hospital staff at disruption era in hospital industries"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "tieneResumen" => "en"
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "S1"
          "paginaFinal" => "S3"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Andi Indahwaty Sidin, Lalu Muhammad Saleh, Eka Fatmawati, Indah Nur Insani"
          "autores" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Andi Indahwaty"
              "apellidos" => "Sidin"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Lalu Muhammad"
              "apellidos" => "Saleh"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Eka"
              "apellidos" => "Fatmawati"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Indah Nur"
              "apellidos" => "Insani"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0213911120302582?idApp=WGSE"
    "url" => "/02139111/00000035000000S1/v1_202104060920/S0213911120302582/v1_202104060920/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "en" => array:18 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "titulo" => "Ecological risk assessment of hexavalent chromium and silicon dioxide in well water in Maros Regency&#44; Indonesia"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => true
    "paginas" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "paginaInicial" => "S4"
        "paginaFinal" => "S8"
      ]
    ]
    "autores" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "autoresLista" => "Annisa Utami Rauf, Anwar Mallongi, Anwar Daud, Muhammad Hatta, Ratna Dwi Puji Astuti"
        "autores" => array:5 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "nombre" => "Annisa Utami"
            "apellidos" => "Rauf"
            "email" => array:2 [
              0 => "annisautamirauf@gmail.com"
              1 => "pmc@agri.unhas.ac.id"
            ]
            "referencia" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span>"
                "identificador" => "cor0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Anwar"
            "apellidos" => "Mallongi"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0010"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Anwar"
            "apellidos" => "Daud"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0010"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          3 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Muhammad"
            "apellidos" => "Hatta"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0015"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          4 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Ratna Dwi Puji"
            "apellidos" => "Astuti"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:3 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Doctoral Program of Public Health&#44; Faculty of Public Health&#44; Hasanuddin University&#44; Makassar&#44; Indonesia"
            "etiqueta" => "a"
            "identificador" => "aff0005"
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Department of Environmental Health&#44; Faculty of Public Health&#44; Hasanuddin University&#44; Makassar&#44; Indonesia"
            "etiqueta" => "b"
            "identificador" => "aff0010"
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Department of Marine Science&#44; Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries&#44; Hasanuddin University&#44; Makassar&#44; Indonesia"
            "etiqueta" => "c"
            "identificador" => "aff0015"
          ]
        ]
        "correspondencia" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "cor0005"
            "etiqueta" => "&#8270;"
            "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author&#46;"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
      "original" => 0
      "multimedia" => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 2069
            "Ancho" => 2925
            "Tamanyo" => 381065
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Spatial distribution of Cr &#40;VI&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chromium has two common forms based on oxidation state namely Cr&#40;III&#41; and Cr&#40;VI&#41;&#46; Cr&#40;III&#41; are more insoluble &#40;&#60;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;L&#41; between pH 7 and pH 10&#44; with a minimum pH solubility of about 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;L at pH 8&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> pH values in Cr&#40;VI&#41; tends to be acid in pH 6&#8211;7&#46; IARC classifies Cr&#40;VI&#41; as a carcinogenic and harmful substance to humans&#46; The high concentration of chromium in drinking water in Spain can be inferred from piping and fittings tool&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> In Indonesia&#44; a high accumulation of Cr&#40;VI&#41; can be found around the river near the interaction of Talawaan&#8211;Tatelu&#44; North Sulawesi&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Residents exposed to Cr&#40;VI&#41; are confirmed to have digestion&#44; dermatological and hematological abnormalities&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Silicon dioxide is a dominant minerals and easily discovered in mountains area&#46; This compound may undergo different dissolution or erosion in the environment&#46; Silicon dioxide is a toxic compound and frequently accumulated around the cement plant&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Inhalation and oral pathways are the primary pathways of human exposure to silicon dioxide&#46; Potential effects of long-term exposure to c-silica include silicosis&#44; COPD and kidney disease&#46; Soluble silicon dioxide in drinking water possibly increase health problems which is correlated to acute gastrointestinal disease&#44; where silicon dioxide was found at high concentrations in hemodialysis patients and kidney disorder&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The risk level of drinking water is determined based on the HQ &#40;Hazard Quotient&#41; ratio which used to estimate ecological risks of a media&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> HQ values are assessed based on contaminant concentrations in research area and Minimum Risk Level &#40;MRL&#41;&#44; a dosage where it should represent long-term effect of contaminants exposure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> This study aims to assess the ecological risks associated with human consumption of well water containing Cr&#40;VI&#41; and SiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#46; The local should aware about long-term effects of drinking water consumption&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Method</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Study area</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Maros is an area with a large karst sources&#46; The region is a part of the Bulusaraung Mountains&#46; People is commonly work in agricultural&#44; cement industry&#44; and karst mining&#46; The Maros-Pangkep Karst is a karst region located in South Sulawesi with a surface area of 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; The minimum temperature in the research site is 22&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C in July and the maximum temperature is 33&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C in October&#46; The research area is a residential area close to one of the largest cement industries in East Indonesia&#46; Groundwater was used for household and drinking purposes&#46; It is therefore essential to determine its chemical composition periodically&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Spatial distribution in this research were performed with ArcGIS 10&#46;8 and Google Earth Pro by the interpolation method&#46; The tools used to obtain the exact coordinate points by using GPS Garmin 64&#46; The main areas in this study were Kecamatan Lau &#40;Mattiro Deceng&#41;&#44; Kecamatan Bontoa &#40;Salenrang&#41;&#44; and Kecamatan Bantimurung &#40;Baruga&#44; Tukamasea&#44; Bungaeja&#44; Leang-Leang&#44; Mattoangin&#44; and Manarang&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Procedures</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sampling was carried out for 2 days in 5&#8211;6 May&#44; 2020&#46; A total of 14 well water samples were taken using HDPE &#40;High-Density Polyethylene&#41; bottle and collected directly from resident wells&#46; The samples were using pre-labeled and pH of is measured in situ using the pH meter ATC-PH2011&#46; The samples were analyzed using the SNI &#40;Indonesian National Standard&#41; 06-2477-1991 guidelines for silicon dioxide and 6989&#46;71&#58;2009 for hexavalent chromium&#46; For the determination of silicon dioxide levels&#44; each sample had a volume 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL of well water samples added by 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL and 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL of HCl 1&#58;1 and 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL of ammonium molybdate&#46; Ease the mixture for 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min and added by oxalic acid&#46; The sample measured using the PinAAcle 900H Atomic Absorbance Spectroscopy &#40;AAS&#41; PerkinElmer instrument at wavelength 410<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Heavy metal analysis need to acidified and digested concentrated acid immediately before analysis until reach a pH<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 with 69&#37; HNO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&#46; This method is used to avoid the presence of precipitating base salts on the sample bottles that possibly reducing the metal concentration&#46; The samples were first filtered&#46; Filtrates were piped by 2&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL and dissolved by 2 drops of H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>PO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#44; 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>SO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M&#44; 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL of diphenylcarbazide&#44; and 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL aquabidest in volumetric flask&#46; The sample measured its absorbance with a UV&#8211;vis&#46; Laboratory quality control was using a Standard Reference Material &#40;SRM 1646a estuarine sediment&#41; from the Department of Commerce&#44; NIST&#44; Gaithersburg&#44; MD 20899 with 3 replications&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Assessment method</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Risk assessment approach is used to describe health-related value for toxic compound in drinking water&#44; food&#44; or air sample&#46; The highest possible dose of Cr total in consumable drinking water is 0&#46;003<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;day&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a> The potential risk resulting from the accumulation of contaminants in environmental media may be determined by the Ecological Risk Assessment &#40;ERA&#41;&#46; Estimated risk expressed in the Hazard Quotient ratio is as follows&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">EEC &#40;Estimated Environmental Concentration&#41; is the actual concentration of contaminants in soil and water&#46; NOAEL or Screening Benchmark is highest exposure level with no biologically increases of adverse effect&#46; The reference threshold &#40;minimum&#41; based on animal testing for health effects on receptors&#44; in this case&#44; humans&#46; If the value is HQ<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;1&#59; no hazard exists&#44; HQ 0&#46;1&#8211;1&#59; low risk&#44; HQ 1&#8211;10&#59; moderate risk&#44; HQ<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#44; high risk&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> The critical health effect of chromium in drinking water is the hyperplasia of small intestinal diffuses that are the most sensitive endpoints and precursors to tumor formation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Results</span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Mapping area</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#44; the highest concentration of silicon dioxide is located in station 6&#46; This result data owing to silicon dioxide constitutes as one of the majority compounds in the Karst mountains&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> The concentration of silicon dioxide in groundwater varies between 1 and 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;L&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> The value of silicon dioxide is critical in understanding the origin of groundwater and geogenic or anthropogenic processes that may affect the distribution of ions&#46; As showcased in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#44; the highest Cr &#40;VI&#41; concentration rate occurred in station 10&#46; This area is an agricultural region in Manarang village in Tukamasea&#46; It is 3 kilometers away from the cement factory&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Ecological risk assessment</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ecological risk assessment is generally used for the assessment of potential environmental media risks through oral&#44; inhalation&#44; and dermal pathways&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> The pH and concentration of Cr&#40;VI&#41; and SiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> of drinking water in research area is represented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; Only 3 stations are specifically at risk for Cr&#40;VI&#41;&#46; Nevertheless&#44; heavy metals are toxic and able to accumulate over long periods&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Discussion</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The maximum WHO contamination level for total chromium in drinking water is 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;L&#46; The safe concentration for drinking water consumption of Cr total chromium in Canada is 0&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;L&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Based on Duckham&#8217;s research&#44; Cr&#40;VI&#41; minimum risk level is 0&#46;07<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;L&#46; This value based on increased risk to one per million of the average person affected by cancer as a result of drinking well water with Cr&#40;VI&#41; for approximately 70 years&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a> NOAEL or Screening Benchmark values for Cr&#40;VI&#41; in this study were taken from the CPHGCDW which collected levels of 0&#46;002<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;L&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> The level of health protection taken through toxicity experiment in female mice in the NTP study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Heavy metals can pollute wells through the movement of groundwater and surface water&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Leaching processes from topsoil and rock soils are natural sources and play an important role in the flow of chromium to groundwater&#46; The cement industry produces heavy metal dust&#44; gas and particulate matter&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Research in cement factories in Calabar&#44; consist of the chromium and cadmium content of all water samples &#40;surface water&#44; wells&#44; boreholes&#44; and streams&#41; which found that Cr&#40;VI&#41; concentrations far above WHO recommendations in the region&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Generally&#44; Cr&#40;VI&#41; concentration in drinking water is about 0&#46;01 to 0&#46;05<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;L and could be more higher in region with deposited of fly ash&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> shows some concentration data&#44; with different source and area that polluted with Cr&#40;VI&#41; in groundwater&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cr&#40;VI&#41; can be produced naturally in soil and sediment&#46; Solid reactions with solubility and period time are enough to determine the concentration of Cr&#40;VI&#41; in groundwater&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Cr&#40;VI&#41; and other heavy metals that found around the industrial area is strongly associated with anthropogenic contamination&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are various data of genotoxicity and mutagenicity of Cr&#40;VI&#41; in vivo and in vitro&#46; In specific&#44; chromium in its hexavalent form is considered to be a carcinogen&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> Based on <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#44; three stations with potential exposure of Cr&#40;VI&#41; through the consumption of well water containing Cr&#40;VI&#41; are station 10 &#40;HQ<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;05&#41;&#44; station 11 &#40;HQ<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;45&#41;&#44; and station 4 &#40;HQ<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;1&#41;&#46; Whereas in the other stations&#44; the HQ value is still below 1 &#40;low risk&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Silicon dioxide does not react directly with water because of its complex covalent structure&#46; In high temperature and concentrated solution&#44; silicon dioxide possibly reacts with sodium hydroxide&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> A feasible positive correlation was found for SiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> which showed that more silicon dioxide was dissolved by high-temperature water&#46; The risk of well water consumption around the cement industry and karst mines should be limited to reduce human health effects in the future&#46; The quantity of silicon dioxide in well water varies from 1 to 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;L&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Silicon dioxide is one of the compounds that commonly found on Earth&#39;s surface&#46; Land expansion will reduce environmental quality due to the entry of silicon dioxide and other toxic minerals into groundwater which is connected to all water sources from karst mountains and resident wells&#46; This process will poses a health hazard to the surrounding population&#46; Data of MRL of silicon dioxide through oral from male rat experiments is 2&#46;030<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;day&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> This is the minimum dose where gastrointestinal problems&#44; hematology and lethality are present&#46; From <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#44; it can be seen that SiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> has higher HQ values than Cr&#40;VI&#41;&#46; All stations have HQ<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46; This indicates that mostly areas have a moderate level of ecological risk&#46; Only two stations with HQ value are more than 10&#44; both of them located in Tukamasea Village&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The pH trends throughout the station are in neutral &#40;slightly acid&#41; conditions&#46; Other mineral contents may affect the composition of hydrogen ions so the obtained pH is less acid due to the rock weathering process&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> In a region with the highest Cr&#40;VI&#41; content&#44; pH 5&#46;52 was recorded&#46; In contrast&#44; the station with the highest silicon dioxide concentration was slightly alkali &#40;pH 7&#46;74&#41;&#46; The possible way to reducing Cr&#40;VI&#41; and SiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> pollutants in environment are reductions&#44; coagulation&#44; and filtration process&#46; Low base ion exchange and strong base ion exchange are effective technologies for removing Cr&#40;VI&#41; from drinking water&#46; The risk of water consumption of wells around the cement industry and karst mines should be limited to reduce acute and carcinogenic effects in the future&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Conclusions</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The HQ was calculated to assess the well water quality of 14 samples from Maros Karst area&#44; Indonesia&#44; and health risks caused by exposure to Cr&#40;VI&#41;&#44; and silicon dioxide were also considered&#46; Understand and aware contaminants origin from groundwater through the leaching&#44; geological and anthropogenic processes are necessary&#46; The obtained HQ values shall be considered as an evidence base and provide valuable information to identify the source of chemical species&#46; This research is really important in managing and preserving valuable groundwater resources&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Conflicts of interests</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
    "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [
      "secciones" => array:9 [
        0 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "xres1492585"
          "titulo" => "Abstract"
          "secciones" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0005"
              "titulo" => "Objective"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0010"
              "titulo" => "Method"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0015"
              "titulo" => "Results"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0020"
              "titulo" => "Conclusions"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1355228"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
        ]
        2 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
        ]
        3 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Method"
          "secciones" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "Study area"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Procedures"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Assessment method"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        4 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0030"
          "titulo" => "Results"
          "secciones" => array:2 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0035"
              "titulo" => "Mapping area"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0040"
              "titulo" => "Ecological risk assessment"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0045"
          "titulo" => "Discussion"
        ]
        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0050"
          "titulo" => "Conclusions"
        ]
        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0055"
          "titulo" => "Conflicts of interests"
        ]
        8 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleBold">References</span>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2020-08-24"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2020-12-04"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1355228"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Hexavalent chromium"
            1 => "Silicon dioxide"
            2 => "Well water"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This paper assesses the potential ecological risk of hexavalent chromium &#40;Cr&#40;VI&#41;&#41; and silicon dioxide&#47;silica &#40;SiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; in well water&#46; Both of pollutants have been classified as carcinogenic compound&#46; The ecological risk assessment of drinking water is an effective tool to evaluate drinking water quality to reduce further risk&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Method</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fourteen well water samples were collected around the residential area near cement industrial activity and karst mining area&#46; Estimating the ecological risk of well water which consumed daily evaluated based on <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hazard Quotient</span> &#40;HQ&#41; ratio&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The mean values of Cr&#40;VI&#41; and SiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> in well water samples were 0&#46;0017<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;L and 12&#46;94<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;L&#44; respectively&#46; Drinking water in this area are unacceptable&#46; HQ values for SiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> at all stations are more than 1 &#40;moderate level&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cr&#40;VI&#41; and SiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> are discoverable within well water surrounding the research location&#46; This finding is used as scientific data and references for ecological protection of drinking water in Maros&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Objective"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Method"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Safety and Public Health &#40;ICOS-PH 2020&#41;&#46; Full-text and the content of it is under responsibility of authors of the article&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:6 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 2064
            "Ancho" => 2925
            "Tamanyo" => 386702
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Spatial distribution of SiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 2069
            "Ancho" => 2925
            "Tamanyo" => 381065
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Spatial distribution of Cr &#40;VI&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1122
            "Ancho" => 2091
            "Tamanyo" => 155428
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">HQ of Cr &#40;VI&#41; and SiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at1"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">n&#47;a&#58; not available &#40;below instrument limitation&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Source&#58; Primary Data&#44; 2020&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sampling location&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cr &#40;VI&#41; &#40;mg&#47;L&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;mg&#47;L&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">pH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Temperature &#40;&#176;C&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">n&#47;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;5253&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26&#46;80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;0007&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27&#46;31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;0009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#46;3476&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24&#46;53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;0022&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;3564&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;0012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46;179&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&#46;60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;0006&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&#46;9002&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;0017&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;4394&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">n&#47;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;5054&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&#46;93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;0004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&#46;397&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26&#46;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;0061&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&#46;8758&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;0029&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16&#46;2762&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26&#46;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">n&#47;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&#46;9187&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&#46;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">n&#47;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&#46;9368&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27&#46;45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;0010&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;5715&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26&#46;42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mean&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;0017&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;0006&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;4394&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24&#46;53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Max&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;0061&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&#46;9002&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27&#46;45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2564104.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cr &#40;VI&#41; and SiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> concentration&#44; pH and temperature&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at2"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Location&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Source&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cr&#40;VI&#41; concentration&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Reference&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sarigkiol&#44; Northern Greece&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Geochemical process and fly ash&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;L&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">19</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Budderoo&#44; Somersby&#44; Australia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Geogenic factor&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;01<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;L0&#46;03<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;L&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">22</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">North Central China&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Chemical compostion from rock-interaction&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;004 to 0&#46;192<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;L&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">23</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Castle HaynePiedmont and Blue Ridge Crystalline-Rock&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Geogenic through water rock interactions&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;095<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;L0&#46;66<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;L&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">12</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">California&#44; USA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Agricultural and land uses&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;L to 32<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g&#47;L&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">24</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Buzian&#44; Libya&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Weathered materials&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;002<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;L&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275">25</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2564105.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Concentration and source of Cr&#40;VI&#41; in some research&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:5 [
        "identificador" => "eq0005"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA"
        "mostrarFloat" => false
        "mostrarDisplay" => true
        "Formula" => array:5 [
          "Matematica" => "HQ&#8201;&#61;&#8201;EECScreening&#8201;Benchmark"
          "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si1.jpeg"
          "Tamanyo" => 2027
          "Alto" => 35
          "Ancho" => 195
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleBold">References</span>"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0015"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:30 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0155"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Chromium&#40;III&#41; hydrolysis constants and solubility of chromium&#40;II1&#41; hydroxide"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "D&#46; Rai"
                            1 => "B&#46;M&#46; Sass"
                            2 => "D&#46;A&#46; Moore"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:4 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am Chem Soc"
                        "fecha" => "1987"
                        "paginaInicial" => "345"
                        "paginaFinal" => "349"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0160"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Nitrate and trace elements in municipal and bottled water in Spain"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "N&#46;E&#46; Herrera"
                            1 => "M&#46; Kogevinas"
                            2 => "G&#46;C&#46; Vinyals"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.gaceta.2012.02.002"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Gac Sanit"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "27"
                        "paginaInicial" => "156"
                        "paginaFinal" => "160"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22444517"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0165"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Heavy metals in water of stream near an amalgamation tailing ponds in Talawaan &#8211; Tatelu Gold Mining&#44; North Sulawesi&#44; Indonesia"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "T&#46; Martho"
                            1 => "A&#46; Andrew"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.proche.2015.03.058"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Proc Chem"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "14"
                        "paginaInicial" => "428"
                        "paginaFinal" => "436"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0170"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Heavy metal contributions on human skin disease near cement plant&#58; a systematic review"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "A&#46;U&#46; Rauf"
                            1 => "A&#46; Mallongi"
                            2 => "R&#46;D&#46;P&#46; Astuti"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.3889/oamjms.2020.4396"
                      "Revista" => array:3 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Open Access Maced J Med Sci"
                        "fecha" => "2020"
                        "volumen" => "8"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0175"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Risks assessment of silica contamination on the communities living surround the cement industry&#44; Pangkep Indonesia"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Mallongi"
                            1 => "Stang"
                            2 => "M&#46; Syamsuar"
                            3 => "M&#46;N&#46; Fajar"
                            4 => "R&#46;D&#46;P&#46; Pujiastuti"
                            5 => "A&#46;U&#46; Rauf"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.5958/0976-5506.2019.03072.9"
                      "Revista" => array:3 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Indian J Med Res"
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                        "volumen" => "10"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0180"
              "etiqueta" => "6"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation Increased silicon levels in dialysis patients due to high silicon content in the drinking water&#44; inadequate water treatment procedures&#44; and concentrate contamination&#58; a multicentre study"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "P&#46;C&#46;D&#46; Haese"
                            1 => "F&#46;A&#46; Shaheen"
                            2 => "S&#46;O&#46; Huraib"
                            3 => "L&#46; Djukanovic"
                            4 => "M&#46;H&#46; Polenakovic"
                            5 => "G&#46; Spasovski"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1093/ndt/16.9.1838"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Nephrol Dial Transplant"
                        "fecha" => "1995"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1838"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1844"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11522867"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0185"
              "etiqueta" => "7"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Chapter 7 &#8211; assessment technologies for hazards&#47;risks of wastewater"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "X&#46; He"
                            1 => "K&#46; Huang"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "2020"
                        "editorial" => "Elsevier Inc&#46;"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Nanjing"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0190"
              "etiqueta" => "8"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Human and Ecological Risk Assessment&#58; An International Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in drinking water of Sistan and Baluchistan&#44; Southeastern Iran"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Mirzabeygi"
                            1 => "A&#46; Abbasnia"
                            2 => "M&#46; Yunesian"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1080/10807039.2017.1322895"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Hum Ecol Risk Assess"
                        "fecha" => "2017"
                        "volumen" => "23"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1893"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1905"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0195"
              "etiqueta" => "9"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Water quality hazard assessment for hand dug wells in Rafin Zurfi&#44; Bauchi State&#44; Nigeria"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "A&#46;H&#46; Jagaba"
                            1 => "S&#46;R&#46;M&#46; Kutty"
                            2 => "G&#46; Hayder"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.asej.2020.02.004"
                      "Revista" => array:2 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ain Shams Eng J"
                        "fecha" => "2020"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0200"
              "etiqueta" => "10"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Water committe on drinking water&#46; Chromium in drinking water"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "Federal-Provincial-Territorial"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:2 [
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "editorial" => "Health Canada"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0205"
              "etiqueta" => "11"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A study on variation in dissolved silica concentration in groundwater of hard rock aquifers in Southeast coast of India A study on variation in dissolved silica concentration in groundwater of hard rock aquifers in Southeast coast of India"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "P&#46; Kamaraj"
                            1 => "A&#46; Science"
                            2 => "M&#46; Nepolian"
                            3 => "R&#46; Kaviyarasan"
                            4 => "M&#46;V&#46; Prasanna"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1088/1757-899X/121/1/012008"
                      "Revista" => array:2 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng"
                        "fecha" => "2016"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0210"
              "etiqueta" => "12"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Occurrence and distribution of hexavalent chromium in groundwater from North Carolina&#44; USA"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "R&#46;M&#46; Coyte"
                            1 => "K&#46;L&#46; Mckinley"
                            2 => "S&#46; Jiang"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135135"
                      "Revista" => array:3 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Sci Total Environ"
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                        "volumen" => "135"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            12 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0215"
              "etiqueta" => "13"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Ecological risk assessment guidance for superfund&#58; process for designing and conducting ecological risk assessments&#46; EPA 540-R-"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "US EPA"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:2 [
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "editorial" => "United States Environmental Protection Agency"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            13 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0220"
              "etiqueta" => "14"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Public health goal for hexavalent chromium &#40;Cr VI&#41; in drinking water"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:2 [
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "editorial" => "California Public Health Goal"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            14 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0225"
              "etiqueta" => "15"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "US-EPA&#46; Private Drinking Water Wells&#46; USEPA&#46; Available from&#58; <a target="_blank" href="https://www.epa.gov/privatewells">https&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;epa&#46;gov&#47;privatewells</a> &#91;accessed 28&#46;07&#46;20&#93;&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            15 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0230"
              "etiqueta" => "16"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Dockham M&#46; Interim Report on the Study of Standards and Health Screening Levels for Hexavalent Chromium and Vanadium &#91;Memorandum&#93;&#46; Raleigh&#44; NC&#46; Available from&#58; <a target="_blank" href="https://files.nc.gov/ncdeq/GenX/SAB/April-2016-Study-of-Cr-VI--and-V-Stds.pdf">https&#58;&#47;&#47;files&#46;nc&#46;gov&#47;ncdeq&#47;GenX&#47;SAB&#47;April-2016-Study-of-Cr-VI--and-V-Stds&#46;pdf</a> &#91;accessed 21&#46;07&#46;20&#93;&#46;"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            16 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0305"
              "etiqueta" => "17"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Element content of surface and underground water sources around a cement factory site in Calabar&#44; Nigeria"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "E&#46;R&#46; Egbe"
                            1 => "A&#46;C&#46; Nsonwu-anyanwu"
                            2 => "S&#46;J&#46; Offor"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:3 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Iran J Toxicol"
                        "fecha" => "2016"
                        "volumen" => "11"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            17 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0235"
              "etiqueta" => "18"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "NTP technical report on the toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of sodium dichromate dihydrate in f344&#47;n rats and b6c3f1 mice &#40;drinking water studies&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "National Toxicology Program"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:1 [
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            18 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0245"
              "etiqueta" => "19"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Origin of hexavalent chromium in groundwater&#58; the example of Sarigkiol Basin&#44; Northern Greece"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "N&#46; Kazakis"
                            1 => "N&#46; Kantiranis"
                            2 => "K&#46; Kalaitzidou"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.128"
                      "Revista" => array:4 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Sci Total Environ"
                        "fecha" => "2017"
                        "paginaInicial" => "593"
                        "paginaFinal" => "594"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            19 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0250"
              "etiqueta" => "20"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Toxicological Profile For Chromium&#46; Georgia"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "ATSDR"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:1 [
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            20 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0255"
              "etiqueta" => "21"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Mercury and chromium distribution in soil near maros karst ecosystem"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "A&#46;U&#46; Rauf"
                            1 => "A&#46; Mallongi"
                            2 => "R&#46;D&#46;P&#46; Pujiastuti"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.26471/cjees/2020/015/144"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Carpathian J Earth Environ Sci"
                        "fecha" => "2020"
                        "volumen" => "15"
                        "paginaInicial" => "283"
                        "paginaFinal" => "289"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            21 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0260"
              "etiqueta" => "22"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The toxicity of arsenic &#40;III&#41;&#44; chromium &#40;VI&#41; and zinc to groundwater copepods"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "G&#46;C&#46; Hose"
                            1 => "K&#46; Symington"
                            2 => "M&#46;J&#46; Lott"
                            3 => "M&#46;J&#46; Lategan"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s11356-016-7046-x"
                      "Revista" => array:2 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Environ Sci Pollut Res"
                        "fecha" => "2016"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            22 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0265"
              "etiqueta" => "23"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The distribution and influencing factors of chromium in regional groundwater at Sanmenxia Basin north-central China The distribution and influencing factors of chromium in regional groundwater at Sanmenxia Basin north-central China"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "Y&#46; Li"
                            1 => "S&#46; Hu"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.5004/dwt.2019.23633"
                      "Revista" => array:2 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Desalin Water Treat"
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            23 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0270"
              "etiqueta" => "24"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cr&#40;VI&#41; occurrence and geochemistry in water from public-supply wells in California"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "J&#46;A&#46; Izbicki"
                            1 => "M&#46;T&#46; Wright"
                            2 => "W&#46;A&#46; Seymour"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.apgeochem.2015.08.007"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Appl Geochem"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "63"
                        "paginaInicial" => "203"
                        "paginaFinal" => "217"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            24 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0275"
              "etiqueta" => "25"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Concentration of Heavy Metals in underground water wells in Gharian district&#44; Libya"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "E&#46; Alhibshi"
                            1 => "K&#46; Albriky"
                            2 => "A&#46; Bushita"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.15242/IICBE.C0214005"
                      "Revista" => array:2 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Int Conf Agric Med Sci"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            25 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0280"
              "etiqueta" => "26"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "IARC MONOGRAPH"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "2020"
                        "editorial" => "IARC"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Lyon"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            26 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0285"
              "etiqueta" => "27"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Hydrothermal dissolution of low-quartz in sodium hydroxide lyes-kinetics and equilibrium"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "T&#46; Pfeiffer"
                            1 => "S&#46;A&#46;H&#46; Sander"
                            2 => "D&#46; Enke"
                            3 => "H&#46; Roggendorf"
                            4 => "T&#46; Pfeiffer"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1002/cite.201800092"
                      "Revista" => array:4 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Chem Ing Tech"
                        "fecha" => "2018"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "11"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            27 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0290"
              "etiqueta" => "28"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Significance of silica analysis in groundwater in parts of Central Ganga Plain&#44; Uttar Prades&#44; India"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "M&#46;M&#46;A&#46; Khan"
                            1 => "R&#46; Umar"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:3 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Curr Sci"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "98"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            28 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0295"
              "etiqueta" => "29"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Toxicological profile for Silica"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "ATSDR"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:1 [
                        "fecha" => "2017"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            29 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0300"
              "etiqueta" => "30"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Karst environments&#58; karren formation in high mountains"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Veress"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "editorial" => "Springer Science&#43;Business Media"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Szombathely"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  "url" => "/02139111/00000035000000S1/v1_202104060920/S0213911120302594/v1_202104060920/en/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => null
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/02139111/00000035000000S1/v1_202104060920/S0213911120302594/v1_202104060920/en/main.pdf?idApp=WGSE&text.app=https://gacetasanitaria.org/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0213911120302594?idApp=WGSE"
]

Información del artículo

ISSN: 02139111
Idioma original: Inglés

DOI:10.1016/j.gaceta.2020.12.002

Datos actualizados diariamente

año/Mes	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 Noviembre	6	3	9
2024 Octubre	79	38	117
2024 Septiembre	73	20	93
2024 Agosto	78	32	110
2024 Julio	52	23	75
2024 Junio	46	22	68
2024 Mayo	60	22	82
2024 Abril	46	17	63
2024 Marzo	46	23	69
2024 Febrero	38	30	68
2024 Enero	40	20	60
2023 Diciembre	34	24	58
2023 Noviembre	46	19	65
2023 Octubre	51	22	73
2023 Septiembre	35	21	56
2023 Agosto	47	17	64
2023 Julio	43	24	67
2023 Junio	43	11	54
2023 Mayo	49	10	59
2023 Abril	48	19	67
2023 Marzo	65	36	101
2023 Febrero	50	16	66
2023 Enero	26	15	41
2022 Diciembre	60	18	78
2022 Noviembre	78	69	147
2022 Octubre	67	38	105
2022 Septiembre	42	30	72
2022 Agosto	54	70	124
2022 Julio	54	53	107
2022 Junio	46	36	82
2022 Mayo	58	45	103
2022 Abril	58	48	106
2022 Marzo	55	52	107
2022 Febrero	39	40	79
2022 Enero	38	47	85
2021 Diciembre	35	41	76
2021 Noviembre	41	52	93
2021 Octubre	78	58	136
2021 Septiembre	49	48	97
2021 Agosto	32	43	75
2021 Julio	57	22	79
2021 Junio	59	32	91
2021 Mayo	66	56	122
2021 Abril	111	119	230

Mostrar todo

Indexada en:

Síguenos:

Estadísticas

Indexada en:

Síguenos:

Estadísticas

Suscríbase a la newsletter