Factors associated with early childhood caries in Chile

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Nevertheless, the caries distribution associated with socioeconomic, dietary and oral hygiene factors has not been described for preschool children.We aimed to identify factors associated with caries extent and estimate the prevalence of caries among preschool children in southern Chile.MethodsDesign and sampling processThe following was an observational, cross-sectional study. The sampling frame was the daycare centers register (N=2,473). A stratified multistage probability sampling method was used. Stratification was based on age (2 and 4-year-old) and geographical region (Bio-Bío, Araucanía, Los Lagos-Los Ríos, and Aysén-Magallanes). The sampling unit was daycare centers in each stratum. We included children attending all three types of daycare centers (public without out-of-pocket charges, subsidized, and private).This study was approved by the Bioethics Committee of Universidad Mayor, Chile.Study variables and surveyClinical variables included the traditional dental caries index (dmft),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">6</a> caries prevalence (dmft ≥1), and gingivitis (only measured in 4-years-olds). A socioeconomic position index was created using educational level of the head of the household and household income variables. Sociodemographic variables included gender, age, educational level, and region of residence; family composition was assessed with the number of children and adults living in the household.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090">2,7</a> Nutritional factors were evaluated with bedtime sugary beverages frequency, tea consumption (because of its fluoride composition), and persistence of night-time breastfeeding. Oral hygiene habits included tooth brushing frequency and adult supervision. A self-administered questionnaire for caregivers evaluated these variables.Data collectionData was collected between October 2009 and May 2010. Caregivers of children aged 2 and 4 were sent a letter describing the study and asking for consent to examine their child. The letter also included a survey for the caregivers to fill out at home. Children of parents who consented underwent a standardized dental examination<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">6</a> performed by two trained dentists. Calibration was conducted in 20 children. The caries index kappa coefficient for inter-rater agreement was K=0.89 and K1=0.98,K2=0.91 for intra-rater agreement. The gingivitis kappa coefficient was K=0.773 for inter-rater agreement and K1=1.00,K2=1.00 for intra-rater agreement.Data analysisAccording to the sample design and to obtain representative results by region, sampling weights were calculated as the inverse probability of being included in the study. Frequency tables, point estimates and 95% confidence intervals were used. The prevalence of dental caries, dmft index, and Significant Caries Index (SiC, which identifies the third most affected by caries in the population) were calculated for each stratum.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">8</a>We used a zero inflated regression model to analyze the association of sociodemographic factors, family composition, nutritional and oral habits with the dmft index for 2 and 4-year-old children. The association of gingivitis with the dmft index was evaluated only in 4-year-olds. We used the Vuong test to select between the Poisson (ZIP) and negative binomial (ZINB) distributions. Data analysis was performed using Stata 13.ResultsThe final sample size was 1,387 two-year-old children and 1,600 four-year-old children. The response rate was 75.4% and 76.2% respectively. A total of 65.7% of the 2-year-olds and 59.1% of the 4-year-olds were from families with low socioeconomic position. The socioeconomic position distribution was similar between regions (data not showed). The highest educational level reported by 65.4% of the 2-year-olds’ caretakers and 63.8% of those of 4-year-olds was secondary school or less.Caries prevalence in 2-years-olds was 20.3% and 52.7% in 4-year-olds. In both groups, the prevalence of caries was lower as the household's socioeconomic position category was higher (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>The mean dmft was 0.6 in 2-year-olds (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 0.5-0.8). In this group, the mean number of decayed teeth was 0.6 (95%CI: 0.5-0.7) and mean number of filled teeth was 0.0 (95%CI: 0.0-0.1). No extractions were found. The mean dmft was higher in children from low socioeconomic position households than in those from high socioeconomic position households (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). No statistically significant differences between boys and girls were found for the dmft index (p-value for U Mann-Whitney test was 0.097).In 4-year-olds, the mean dmft was 2.5. This group had a mean number of decayed teeth of 2.0 (95%CI: 1.7-2.4), mean number of filled teeth of 0.4 (95%CI: 0.3-0.6), and mean number of extracted teeth of 0.0 (95%CI: 0.0-0.1). The mean dmft was 3.2 in 4-year-olds from low socioeconomic position households, compared with 0.6 in those from high socioeconomic position households.The SiC index was 1.8 for 2-years-old children and 6.0 for 4-years-olds. In both age groups, children from low socioeconomic position households had higher SiC indexes than children from other socioeconomic position households.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> shows the results obtained from the multivariable model for dmft. For 2-year-old children living in the Bio-Bío region, the dmft was 1.65 times larger than it was for those living in the region of Aysén-Magallanes, whereas for 4-years-old it was 1.44 times as large. Children in low and middle socioeconomic position households had a significantly larger dmft index than those in higher socioeconomic position households.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Four-year-old children who drank sugary beverages before bedtime with high frequency had a dmft 1.30 times as large as those who drank before bedtime less than 3 times per week. Four-year-olds who did not brush their teeth daily had a dmft 1.37 times larger than those who brushed their teeth daily. In this age group gingivitis was associated with the dmft index (PR=1.64).DiscussionOur findings reveal a high prevalence of dental caries in the preschool children in Chile. Countries such as the United States<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">9</a> and Brazil<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">4</a> have reported lower caries prevalences among comparable populations. Despite these differences, caries showed a similar distribution pattern among socioeconomic levels as described in other studies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100">4,9</a> It is important to note that the dental caries index used for this study followed the guidelines of the WHO,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">6</a> which does not differentiate between stages of development of dental cavities. This situation might underestimate the caries prevalence in this population.The mean dmft in 4-year-olds was lower than that reported in similar studies in Chile,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">10</a> but higher than that reported in similar populations in other Latin American countries<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">11</a> and indicates considerable oral damage due to caries. Health disparities can be further understood with the SiC index which showed that children in low socioeconomic position households had extensive caries experience.The multivariable and descriptive analyses confirmed large-scale inequalities in socioeconomic position in both age groups, which is consistent with the literature describing older children.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085">1,12</a> These inequalities are reflected in the descriptive results, which showed that 2 year old children of low socioeconomic groups had 10 times more caries than those of higher socioeconomic groups. Also the multivariable model showed a prevalence ratio of caries in children of low socioeconomic groups of at least twice that of higher socioeconomic groups. On the other hand, nutritional factors contributed independently to caries prevalence. We hypothesize that these behaviors replaced previous behaviors also associated with nighttime feeding at earlier ages. Oral hygiene habits were found to be protective factors at age 4 which might be due in part to increased motor control,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">13</a> and their increased ability to understand instructions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">14</a> Other factors such as parents educational level and dental education in daycare centers might also affect oral hygiene among individuals, but they could not explain the difference between ages. The higher risk of developing caries in the region of Bio-Bío could be explained by the extremely low levels of fluoridated water in this area (0.003 to 0.055ppm).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">15</a>Our results showed that there were no statistically significant differences between boys and girls in the number of carious lesions. The literature regarding this topic for this age group is scarce and not conclusive.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">16</a>The study limitations are that all sampled children attended daycare facilities, affecting the results’ external validity; also the cross-sectional study design emphasizes the need to be cautious with the interpretation of its results. It is important to consider that nutritional and oral hygiene variables might be influenced by oral health status and therefore we cannot establish these as risk factors for dental caries.On the other hand, the strength of this study relies on the sample size and on the heterogeneity of the sample in terms of geographical distribution, family characteristics, and type of daycare centers (public without out-of-pocket charges, subsidized, and private).In conclusion, this study found a high caries prevalence in children at very young ages in this region of Latin America. Socioeconomic position was found to be associated with caries experience. Nutritional habits were associated with caries development in all children, independent of their socioeconomic status and region of residency. We suggest that other factors such as family traditions might be related to dietary habits in this population. We encourage the implementation of oral health education and prevention programs aimed at improving nutritional habits at a familial level so that children can experience a healthy home environment.Editor in chargeGlòria Pérez.Transparency declarationThe corresponding author on behalf of the other authors guarantee the accuracy, transparency and honesty of the data and information contained in the study, that no relevant information has been omitted and that all discrepancies between authors have been adequately resolved and described.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tb0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Authorship contributionsL. Hoffmeister and P. Moya were involved in the conception and design of the work. C. Vidal carried out the analysis and interpretation of data. D. Benadof contributed to the writing and its critical review with important intellectual contributions. All authors have approved the final version and are jointly accountable for all aspects of the work.FundingThe Ministry of Health of Chile contributed to the accomplishment of this work.Conflicts of interestNone." 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MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in a random sample of 2,987 children. Dental examinations were performed in all participating children and a self-administered survey was administered to their primary caregivers. The statistical analysis included a zero inflated negative binomial regression model. ResultsThe prevalence of caries was 20.3% for 2-year-olds and 52.7% for 4-year-olds. The factors associated with caries included the following: living in the Bio-Bío region, PR2year-old: 1.65 (1.10-2.47), PR4year-old: 1.44 (1.18-1.75) and having a low socioeconomic position, PR2year-old: 5.39 (2.14-13.57), PR4year-old: 3.71 (2.68-5.13) or a medium socioeconomic position, PR2year-old: 2.79 (1.06-7.33), PR4year-old: 2.70 (1.92-3.79). In 4-year-olds, a high frequency of consuming sugary drinks at bedtime (PR: 1.30; 1.06-1.59), not brushing teeth daily (PR: 1.37; 1.18-1.60), and the presence of gingivitis (PR: 1.64; 1.28-2.09) were also associated with caries. ConclusionsThe high prevalence of caries in this young group is concerning. The factors associated with caries identified in this study could help in the design of preventive interventions at early ages." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "ObjetivoDeterminar la prevalencia y los factores asociados a la caries en niños y niñas de 2 y 4 años de edad en el sur de Chile. MétodosEstudio transversal, con muestra probabilística de 2987 niños y niñas. Se realizaron exámenes dentales a los participantes y una encuesta autoadministrada a sus cuidadores. El análisis estadístico incluyó un modelo binomial negativo cero inflado. ResultadosLa prevalencia de caries fue del 20,3% (2 años de edad) y del 52,7% (4 años de edad). Los factores asociados a la caries fueron vivir en la región del Bio-Bío, RP2años: 1,65 (1,10-2,47), RP4años: 1,44 (1,18-1,75), y la posición socioeconómica baja, RP2años: 5,39 (2,14-13,57), RP4años: 3,71 (2,68-5,13), o media, RP2años: 2,79 (1,06-7,33), RP4años: 2,70 (1,92-3,79). En los niños y las niñas de 4 años de edad, la alta frecuencia de consumo de bebestibles azucarados antes de dormir (RP: 1,30; 1,06-1,59), no lavarse los dientes a diario (RP: 1,37; 1,18-1,60) y la gingivitis (RP: 1,64; 1,28-2,09) se asociaron a tener caries. ConclusionesEsta alta prevalencia de caries es preocupante. Los factores asociados a la caries identificados pueden ayudar en el diseño de intervenciones preventivas en etapas precoces." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "95%CI: 95% confidence interval.a Weighted analyses." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2 years</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">4 years</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Value (95%CI) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Value (95%CI) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">Prevalence of caries (%)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Low SEP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">198/902 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">24.5 (21.0-28.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">544/944 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">58.8 (51.0-66.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Middle SEP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">34/280 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.4 (7.6-16.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">172/374 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">51.6 (41.1-62.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">High SEP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4/102 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.3 (0.6-7.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">37/176 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">27.3 (11.8-51.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">All groups \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">236/1,284 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20.3 (17.3-23.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">753/1,494 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">52.7 (46.8-58.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="char" valign="top">dmft (mean)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Low SEP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">902 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.8 (0.7-1.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">944 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.2 (2.5-3.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Middle SEP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">280 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.3 (0.1-0.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">374 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.8 (1.4-2.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">High SEP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">102 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.1 (0.0-0.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">176 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.6 (0.3-0.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">All groups \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1,284 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.6 (0.5- 0.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">1,494 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.5 (2.1-3.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Low SEP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">271 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.1 (1.7-2.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">375 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.1 (6.4-7.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="char" valign="top">SiC (mean)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Middle SEP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">56 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.7 (0.4-1.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">105 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.6 (4.0-5.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">High SEP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">28 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.3 (0.0-0.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.2 (0.5-1.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">All groups \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">355 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.8 (1.5-2.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">499 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.0 (5.3-6.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1002663.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Summary statistics for the caries prevalence (%), dental caries index mean (dmft), and significant caries index mean (SiC) according to socioeconomic position categories (SEP), in 2 and 4 year-olds, southern Chile." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "95%CI: 95% confidence interval; SEP: socioeconomic position.Reference categories:" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">2 years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">4 years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PR (95%CI) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PR (95%CI) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top">Socio-demographics</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Region: Aysén-Magallanes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Region: Bio-Bío \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.65 (1.10-2.47) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.44 (1.18-1.75) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Region: Araucanía \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.27 (0.823-1.96) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 .88 (0.72-1.07) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Region: Los Ríos- Los Lagos \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.65 (0.40-1.03) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.94 (0.75- 1.17) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Household SEP: high \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Household SEP: low \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.39 (2.14-13.57) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.71 (2.68-5.13) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Household SEP: middle \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.79 (1.06-7.33) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.70 (1.92-3.79) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Young maternal age (<21 years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.32 (0.87-2.02) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.11 (0.73-1.67) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">≥2 children living in the household \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.89 (0.65-1.21) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.02 (0.87-1.20) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">≥3 adults in household \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.99 (0.74-1.33) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.06 (0.92-1.23) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Gender of child (girl) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.96 (0.71-1.29) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.89 (0.77-1.02) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="3" align="char" valign="top">Nutritional habits</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">High frequency of sugary drinks at bedtime<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.43 (0.97-2.10) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.30 (1.06-1.59) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">High frequency of juices or fizzy drinks<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.14 (0.79-1.63) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.08 (0.88-1.32) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">High frequency of nocturnal bottle feeding<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.95 (0.70-1.30) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.97 (0.84-1.13) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">High frequency of breast feeding<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.33 (0.93-1.91) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.07 (0.74-1.52) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">High frequency of tea drinking<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.81(0.59-1.10) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.07 (0.92-1.23) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="3" align="char" valign="top">Oral hygiene</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Not brushing teeth daily<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.96 (0.71-1.29) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.37 (1.18-1.60) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Supervision of brushing by an adult<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">c</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.09 (0.81-1.48) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.95 (0.82-1.10) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Gingivitis (yes)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">d</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.64 (1.28-2.09) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1002664.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "Less than three times a week." ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "Brushing teeth daily." ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0015" "etiqueta" => "c" "nota" => "No supervision by adult." ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0020" "etiqueta" => "d" "nota" => "Absence of gingivitis." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Zero inflated negative binomial regression models for dental caries index (number of teeth with history of caries) in children aged 2 and 4 years old." ] ] 2 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "tb0005" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATEXTO" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "texto" => array:1 [ "textoCompleto" => "What is known about the topic?Early childhood caries is a significant public health problem that greatly affects children's quality of life. In the Americas the impact of income inequalities affects people's oral health.What does this study add to the literature?This study provides insight into the oral health of children aged 2 and 4 years in Chile. This study is among the first in Latin America to evaluate the relationship between caries and socioeconomic, dietary and oral hygiene in this group." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:16 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0085" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Measuring inequalities in the distribution of dental caries" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "J.L.F. Antunes" 1 => "P.C. Narvai" 2 => "Z.J. 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Factors associated with early childhood caries in Chile

Factores asociados con la caries infantil precoz en Chile

Lorena Hoffmeister, Patricia Moya

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salud.publica@umayor.cl

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, Carolina Vidal, Dafna Benadof

Escuela de Salud Pública, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile

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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Early childhood caries is a significant public health problem due to its high prevalence in economically disadvantaged groups&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Factors such as consumption of sugary foods&#44; dental plaque accumulation&#44; and number of people in the household have been found to be associated with caries&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Few studies have evaluated oral health and socioeconomic disparities in preschool children in Latin American countries&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> In Chile&#44; efforts have been made to diminish health disparities &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; water fluoridation programs&#41;&#46; Nevertheless&#44; the caries distribution associated with socioeconomic&#44; dietary and oral hygiene factors has not been described for preschool children&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We aimed to identify factors associated with caries extent and estimate the prevalence of caries among preschool children in southern Chile&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Design and sampling process</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following was an observational&#44; cross-sectional study&#46; The sampling frame was the daycare centers register &#40;N<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;473&#41;&#46; A stratified multistage probability sampling method was used&#46; Stratification was based on age &#40;2 and 4-year-old&#41; and geographical region &#40;Bio-B&#237;o&#44; Araucan&#237;a&#44; Los Lagos-Los R&#237;os&#44; and Ays&#233;n-Magallanes&#41;&#46; The sampling unit was daycare centers in each stratum&#46; We included children attending all three types of daycare centers &#40;public without out-of-pocket charges&#44; subsidized&#44; and private&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was approved by the Bioethics Committee of Universidad Mayor&#44; Chile&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Study variables and survey</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical variables included the traditional dental caries index &#40;dmft&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> caries prevalence &#40;dmft &#8805;1&#41;&#44; and gingivitis &#40;only measured in 4-years-olds&#41;&#46; A socioeconomic position index was created using educational level of the head of the household and household income variables&#46; Sociodemographic variables included gender&#44; age&#44; educational level&#44; and region of residence&#59; family composition was assessed with the number of children and adults living in the household&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;7</span></a> Nutritional factors were evaluated with bedtime sugary beverages frequency&#44; tea consumption &#40;because of its fluoride composition&#41;&#44; and persistence of night-time breastfeeding&#46; Oral hygiene habits included tooth brushing frequency and adult supervision&#46; A self-administered questionnaire for caregivers evaluated these variables&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Data collection</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data was collected between October 2009 and May 2010&#46; Caregivers of children aged 2 and 4 were sent a letter describing the study and asking for consent to examine their child&#46; The letter also included a survey for the caregivers to fill out at home&#46; Children of parents who consented underwent a standardized dental examination<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> performed by two trained dentists&#46; Calibration was conducted in 20 children&#46; The caries index kappa coefficient for inter-rater agreement was K<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;89 and K<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;98&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>K<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;91 for intra-rater agreement&#46; The gingivitis kappa coefficient was K<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;773 for inter-rater agreement and K<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;00&#44;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>K<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;00 for intra-rater agreement&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Data analysis</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the sample design and to obtain representative results by region&#44; sampling weights were calculated as the inverse probability of being included in the study&#46; Frequency tables&#44; point estimates and 95&#37; confidence intervals were used&#46; The prevalence of dental caries&#44; dmft index&#44; and Significant Caries Index &#40;SiC&#44; which identifies the third most affected by caries in the population&#41; were calculated for each stratum&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We used a zero inflated regression model to analyze the association of sociodemographic factors&#44; family composition&#44; nutritional and oral habits with the dmft index for 2 and 4-year-old children&#46; The association of gingivitis with the dmft index was evaluated only in 4-year-olds&#46; We used the Vuong test to select between the Poisson &#40;ZIP&#41; and negative binomial &#40;ZINB&#41; distributions&#46; Data analysis was performed using Stata 13&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Results</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The final sample size was 1&#44;387 two-year-old children and 1&#44;600 four-year-old children&#46; The response rate was 75&#46;4&#37; and 76&#46;2&#37; respectively&#46; A total of 65&#46;7&#37; of the 2-year-olds and 59&#46;1&#37; of the 4-year-olds were from families with low socioeconomic position&#46; The socioeconomic position distribution was similar between regions &#40;data not showed&#41;&#46; The highest educational level reported by 65&#46;4&#37; of the 2-year-olds&#8217; caretakers and 63&#46;8&#37; of those of 4-year-olds was secondary school or less&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Caries prevalence in 2-years-olds was 20&#46;3&#37; and 52&#46;7&#37; in 4-year-olds&#46; In both groups&#44; the prevalence of caries was lower as the household&#39;s socioeconomic position category was higher &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean dmft was 0&#46;6 in 2-year-olds &#40;95&#37; confidence interval &#91;95&#37;CI&#93;&#58; 0&#46;5-0&#46;8&#41;&#46; In this group&#44; the mean number of decayed teeth was 0&#46;6 &#40;95&#37;CI&#58; 0&#46;5-0&#46;7&#41; and mean number of filled teeth was 0&#46;0 &#40;95&#37;CI&#58; 0&#46;0-0&#46;1&#41;&#46; No extractions were found&#46; The mean dmft was higher in children from low socioeconomic position households than in those from high socioeconomic position households &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; No statistically significant differences between boys and girls were found for the dmft index &#40;p-value for U Mann-Whitney test was 0&#46;097&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 4-year-olds&#44; the mean dmft was 2&#46;5&#46; This group had a mean number of decayed teeth of 2&#46;0 &#40;95&#37;CI&#58; 1&#46;7-2&#46;4&#41;&#44; mean number of filled teeth of 0&#46;4 &#40;95&#37;CI&#58; 0&#46;3-0&#46;6&#41;&#44; and mean number of extracted teeth of 0&#46;0 &#40;95&#37;CI&#58; 0&#46;0-0&#46;1&#41;&#46; The mean dmft was 3&#46;2 in 4-year-olds from low socioeconomic position households&#44; compared with 0&#46;6 in those from high socioeconomic position households&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The SiC index was 1&#46;8 for 2-years-old children and 6&#46;0 for 4-years-olds&#46; In both age groups&#44; children from low socioeconomic position households had higher SiC indexes than children from other socioeconomic position households&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> shows the results obtained from the multivariable model for dmft&#46; For 2-year-old children living in the Bio-B&#237;o region&#44; the dmft was 1&#46;65 times larger than it was for those living in the region of Ays&#233;n-Magallanes&#44; whereas for 4-years-old it was 1&#46;44 times as large&#46; Children in low and middle socioeconomic position households had a significantly larger dmft index than those in higher socioeconomic position households&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Four-year-old children who drank sugary beverages before bedtime with high frequency had a dmft 1&#46;30 times as large as those who drank before bedtime less than 3 times per week&#46; Four-year-olds who did not brush their teeth daily had a dmft 1&#46;37 times larger than those who brushed their teeth daily&#46; In this age group gingivitis was associated with the dmft index &#40;PR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;64&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Discussion</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our findings reveal a high prevalence of dental caries in the preschool children in Chile&#46; Countries such as the United States<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> and Brazil<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> have reported lower caries prevalences among comparable populations&#46; Despite these differences&#44; caries showed a similar distribution pattern among socioeconomic levels as described in other studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;9</span></a> It is important to note that the dental caries index used for this study followed the guidelines of the WHO&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> which does not differentiate between stages of development of dental cavities&#46; This situation might underestimate the caries prevalence in this population&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean dmft in 4-year-olds was lower than that reported in similar studies in Chile&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> but higher than that reported in similar populations in other Latin American countries<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> and indicates considerable oral damage due to caries&#46; Health disparities can be further understood with the SiC index which showed that children in low socioeconomic position households had extensive caries experience&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The multivariable and descriptive analyses confirmed large-scale inequalities in socioeconomic position in both age groups&#44; which is consistent with the literature describing older children&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;12</span></a> These inequalities are reflected in the descriptive results&#44; which showed that 2 year old children of low socioeconomic groups had 10 times more caries than those of higher socioeconomic groups&#46; Also the multivariable model showed a prevalence ratio of caries in children of low socioeconomic groups of at least twice that of higher socioeconomic groups&#46; On the other hand&#44; nutritional factors contributed independently to caries prevalence&#46; We hypothesize that these behaviors replaced previous behaviors also associated with nighttime feeding at earlier ages&#46; Oral hygiene habits were found to be protective factors at age 4 which might be due in part to increased motor control&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> and their increased ability to understand instructions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Other factors such as parents educational level and dental education in daycare centers might also affect oral hygiene among individuals&#44; but they could not explain the difference between ages&#46; The higher risk of developing caries in the region of Bio-B&#237;o could be explained by the extremely low levels of fluoridated water in this area &#40;0&#46;003 to 0&#46;055<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ppm&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our results showed that there were no statistically significant differences between boys and girls in the number of carious lesions&#46; The literature regarding this topic for this age group is scarce and not conclusive&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study limitations are that all sampled children attended daycare facilities&#44; affecting the results&#8217; external validity&#59; also the cross-sectional study design emphasizes the need to be cautious with the interpretation of its results&#46; It is important to consider that nutritional and oral hygiene variables might be influenced by oral health status and therefore we cannot establish these as risk factors for dental caries&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the other hand&#44; the strength of this study relies on the sample size and on the heterogeneity of the sample in terms of geographical distribution&#44; family characteristics&#44; and type of daycare centers &#40;public without out-of-pocket charges&#44; subsidized&#44; and private&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; this study found a high caries prevalence in children at very young ages in this region of Latin America&#46; Socioeconomic position was found to be associated with caries experience&#46; Nutritional habits were associated with caries development in all children&#44; independent of their socioeconomic status and region of residency&#46; We suggest that other factors such as family traditions might be related to dietary habits in this population&#46; We encourage the implementation of oral health education and prevention programs aimed at improving nutritional habits at a familial level so that children can experience a healthy home environment&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Editor in charge</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Gl&#242;ria P&#233;rez&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Transparency declaration</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The corresponding author on behalf of the other authors guarantee the accuracy&#44; transparency and honesty of the data and information contained in the study&#44; that no relevant information has been omitted and that all discrepancies between authors have been adequately resolved and described&#46;<elsevierMultimedia ident="tb0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Authorship contributions</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">L&#46; Hoffmeister and P&#46; Moya were involved in the conception and design of the work&#46; C&#46; Vidal carried out the analysis and interpretation of data&#46; D&#46; Benadof contributed to the writing and its critical review with important intellectual contributions&#46; All authors have approved the final version and are jointly accountable for all aspects of the work&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Funding</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Ministry of Health of Chile contributed to the accomplishment of this work&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
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          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Dental caries"
            1 => "Child"
            2 => "Preschool"
            3 => "Socioeconomic factors"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec625884"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Caries dental"
            1 => "Preescolar"
            2 => "Factores socioecon&#243;micos"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To determine the prevalence of caries and identify the associated factors among children aged 2 and 4 years in southern Chile&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A cross-sectional study was conducted in a random sample of 2&#44;987 children&#46; Dental examinations were performed in all participating children and a self-administered survey was administered to their primary caregivers&#46; The statistical analysis included a zero inflated negative binomial regression model&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of caries was 20&#46;3&#37; for 2-year-olds and 52&#46;7&#37; for 4-year-olds&#46; The factors associated with caries included the following&#58; living in the Bio-B&#237;o region&#44; PR<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2year-old</span>&#58; 1&#46;65 &#40;1&#46;10-2&#46;47&#41;&#44; PR<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4year-old</span>&#58; 1&#46;44 &#40;1&#46;18-1&#46;75&#41; and having a low socioeconomic position&#44; PR<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2year-old</span>&#58; 5&#46;39 &#40;2&#46;14-13&#46;57&#41;&#44; PR<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4year-old</span>&#58; 3&#46;71 &#40;2&#46;68-5&#46;13&#41; or a medium socioeconomic position&#44; PR<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2year-old</span>&#58; 2&#46;79 &#40;1&#46;06-7&#46;33&#41;&#44; PR<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4year-old</span>&#58; 2&#46;70 &#40;1&#46;92-3&#46;79&#41;&#46; In 4-year-olds&#44; a high frequency of consuming sugary drinks at bedtime &#40;PR&#58; 1&#46;30&#59; 1&#46;06-1&#46;59&#41;&#44; not brushing teeth daily &#40;PR&#58; 1&#46;37&#59; 1&#46;18-1&#46;60&#41;&#44; and the presence of gingivitis &#40;PR&#58; 1&#46;64&#59; 1&#46;28-2&#46;09&#41; were also associated with caries&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The high prevalence of caries in this young group is concerning&#46; The factors associated with caries identified in this study could help in the design of preventive interventions at early ages&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Objective"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Methods"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
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          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Determinar la prevalencia y los factores asociados a la caries en ni&#241;os y ni&#241;as de 2 y 4 a&#241;os de edad en el sur de Chile&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio transversal&#44; con muestra probabil&#237;stica de 2987 ni&#241;os y ni&#241;as&#46; Se realizaron ex&#225;menes dentales a los participantes y una encuesta autoadministrada a sus cuidadores&#46; El an&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico incluy&#243; un modelo binomial negativo cero inflado&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La prevalencia de caries fue del 20&#44;3&#37; &#40;2 a&#241;os de edad&#41; y del 52&#44;7&#37; &#40;4 a&#241;os de edad&#41;&#46; Los factores asociados a la caries fueron vivir en la regi&#243;n del Bio-B&#237;o&#44; RP<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2a&#241;os</span>&#58; 1&#44;65 &#40;1&#44;10-2&#44;47&#41;&#44; RP<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4a&#241;os</span>&#58; 1&#44;44 &#40;1&#44;18-1&#44;75&#41;&#44; y la posici&#243;n socioecon&#243;mica baja&#44; RP<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2a&#241;os</span>&#58; 5&#44;39 &#40;2&#44;14-13&#44;57&#41;&#44; RP<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4a&#241;os</span>&#58; 3&#44;71 &#40;2&#44;68-5&#44;13&#41;&#44; o media&#44; RP<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2a&#241;os</span>&#58; 2&#44;79 &#40;1&#44;06-7&#44;33&#41;&#44; RP<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4a&#241;os</span>&#58; 2&#44;70 &#40;1&#44;92-3&#44;79&#41;&#46; En los ni&#241;os y las ni&#241;as de 4 a&#241;os de edad&#44; la alta frecuencia de consumo de bebestibles azucarados antes de dormir &#40;RP&#58; 1&#44;30&#59; 1&#44;06-1&#44;59&#41;&#44; no lavarse los dientes a diario &#40;RP&#58; 1&#44;37&#59; 1&#44;18-1&#44;60&#41; y la gingivitis &#40;RP&#58; 1&#44;64&#59; 1&#44;28-2&#44;09&#41; se asociaron a tener caries&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Esta alta prevalencia de caries es preocupante&#46; Los factores asociados a la caries identificados pueden ayudar en el dise&#241;o de intervenciones preventivas en etapas precoces&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Objetivo"
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          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
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          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
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        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">95&#37;CI&#58; 95&#37; confidence interval&#46;</p><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span> Weighted analyses&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2 years</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">4 years</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Value &#40;95&#37;CI&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Value &#40;95&#37;CI&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Prevalence of caries &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Low SEP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">198&#47;902&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">24&#46;5 &#40;21&#46;0-28&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">544&#47;944&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">58&#46;8 &#40;51&#46;0-66&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Middle SEP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">34&#47;280&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&#46;4 &#40;7&#46;6-16&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">172&#47;374&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">51&#46;6 &#40;41&#46;1-62&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>High SEP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#47;102&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;3 &#40;0&#46;6-7&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">37&#47;176&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">27&#46;3 &#40;11&#46;8-51&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>All groups&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">236&#47;1&#44;284&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20&#46;3 &#40;17&#46;3-23&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">753&#47;1&#44;494&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">52&#46;7 &#40;46&#46;8-58&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">dmft &#40;mean&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Low SEP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">902&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;8 &#40;0&#46;7-1&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">944&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;2 &#40;2&#46;5-3&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Middle SEP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">280&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;3 &#40;0&#46;1-0&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">374&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;8 &#40;1&#46;4-2&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>High SEP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">102&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;1 &#40;0&#46;0-0&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">176&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;6 &#40;0&#46;3-0&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>All groups&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#44;284&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;6 &#40;0&#46;5- 0&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">1&#44;494&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;5 &#40;2&#46;1-3&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Low SEP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">271&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;1 &#40;1&#46;7-2&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">375&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;1 &#40;6&#46;4-7&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SiC &#40;mean&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Middle SEP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;7 &#40;0&#46;4-1&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">105&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;6 &#40;4&#46;0-5&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>High SEP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;3 &#40;0&#46;0-0&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;2 &#40;0&#46;5-1&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>All groups&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">355&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;8 &#40;1&#46;5-2&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">499&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;0 &#40;5&#46;3-6&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Summary statistics for the caries prevalence &#40;&#37;&#41;&#44; dental caries index mean &#40;dmft&#41;&#44; and significant caries index mean &#40;SiC&#41; according to socioeconomic position categories &#40;SEP&#41;&#44; in 2 and 4 year-olds&#44; southern Chile&#46;</p>"
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        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">95&#37;CI&#58; 95&#37; confidence interval&#59; SEP&#58; socioeconomic position&#46;</p><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Reference categories&#58;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">2 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">4 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PR &#40;95&#37;CI&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PR &#40;95&#37;CI&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Socio-demographics</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Region&#58; Ays&#233;n-Magallanes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Region&#58; Bio-B&#237;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;65 &#40;1&#46;10-2&#46;47&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;44 &#40;1&#46;18-1&#46;75&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Region&#58; Araucan&#237;a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;27 &#40;0&#46;823-1&#46;96&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0 &#46;88 &#40;0&#46;72-1&#46;07&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Region&#58; Los R&#237;os- Los Lagos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;65 &#40;0&#46;40-1&#46;03&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;94 &#40;0&#46;75- 1&#46;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Household SEP&#58; high&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Household SEP&#58; low&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;39 &#40;2&#46;14-13&#46;57&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;71 &#40;2&#46;68-5&#46;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Household SEP&#58; middle&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;79 &#40;1&#46;06-7&#46;33&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;70 &#40;1&#46;92-3&#46;79&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Young maternal age &#40;&#60;21 years&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;32 &#40;0&#46;87-2&#46;02&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;11 &#40;0&#46;73-1&#46;67&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;2 children living in the household&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;89 &#40;0&#46;65-1&#46;21&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;02 &#40;0&#46;87-1&#46;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;3 adults in household&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;99 &#40;0&#46;74-1&#46;33&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;06 &#40;0&#46;92-1&#46;23&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Gender of child &#40;girl&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;96 &#40;0&#46;71-1&#46;29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;89 &#40;0&#46;77-1&#46;02&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nutritional habits</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>High frequency of sugary drinks at bedtime<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;43 &#40;0&#46;97-2&#46;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;30 &#40;1&#46;06-1&#46;59&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>High frequency of juices or fizzy drinks<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;14 &#40;0&#46;79-1&#46;63&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;08 &#40;0&#46;88-1&#46;32&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>High frequency of nocturnal bottle feeding<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;95 &#40;0&#46;70-1&#46;30&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;97 &#40;0&#46;84-1&#46;13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>High frequency of breast feeding<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;07 &#40;0&#46;74-1&#46;52&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>High frequency of tea drinking<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;81&#40;0&#46;59-1&#46;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;07 &#40;0&#46;92-1&#46;23&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Oral hygiene</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Not brushing teeth daily<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;96 &#40;0&#46;71-1&#46;29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;37 &#40;1&#46;18-1&#46;60&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Supervision of brushing by an adult<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;09 &#40;0&#46;81-1&#46;48&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;95 &#40;0&#46;82-1&#46;10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Gingivitis &#40;yes&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;64 &#40;1&#46;28-2&#46;09&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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              "identificador" => "tblfn0005"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Less than three times a week&#46;</p>"
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              "identificador" => "tblfn0010"
              "etiqueta" => "b"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Brushing teeth daily&#46;</p>"
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            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0015"
              "etiqueta" => "c"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">No supervision by adult&#46;</p>"
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              "identificador" => "tblfn0020"
              "etiqueta" => "d"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">Absence of gingivitis&#46;</p>"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Zero inflated negative binomial regression models for dental caries index &#40;number of teeth with history of caries&#41; in children aged 2 and 4 years old&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
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        "identificador" => "tb0005"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATEXTO"
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        "mostrarDisplay" => true
        "texto" => array:1 [
          "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">What is known about the topic&#63;</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Early childhood caries is a significant public health problem that greatly affects children&#39;s quality of life&#46; In the Americas the impact of income inequalities affects people&#39;s oral health&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">What does this study add to the literature&#63;</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study provides insight into the oral health of children aged 2 and 4 years in Chile&#46; This study is among the first in Latin America to evaluate the relationship between caries and socioeconomic&#44; dietary and oral hygiene in this group&#46;</p></span></span>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Measuring inequalities in the distribution of dental caries"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "J&#46;L&#46;F&#46; Antunes"
                            1 => "P&#46;C&#46; Narvai"
                            2 => "Z&#46;J&#46; Nugent"
                          ]
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1600-0528.2004.00125.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Community Dent Oral Epidemiol&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "32"
                        "paginaInicial" => "41"
                        "paginaFinal" => "48"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14961839"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
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                      ]
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              "identificador" => "bib0090"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Risk factors for dental caries in young children&#58; a systematic review of the literature"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "R&#46; Harris"
                            1 => "A&#46;D&#46; Nicoll"
                            2 => "P&#46;M&#46; Adair"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Community Dent Health&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "21"
                        "numero" => "Suppl 1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "71"
                        "paginaFinal" => "85"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15072476"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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                        ]
                      ]
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                ]
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              "identificador" => "bib0095"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Social aspects of dental caries in the context of mother-child pairs"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "S&#46;A&#46;S&#46; Moimaz"
                            1 => "C&#46;B&#46; Fadel"
                            2 => "L&#46;F&#46; Lolli"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1590/1678-775720130122"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Appl Oral Sci&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "22"
                        "paginaInicial" => "73"
                        "paginaFinal" => "78"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24626252"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0100"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Early childhood caries and its relationship with perinatal&#44; socioeconomic and nutritional risks&#58; a cross-sectional study"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "V&#46;E&#46; Dos Santos Junior"
                            1 => "R&#46;M&#46;B&#46; de Sousa"
                            2 => "M&#46;C&#46; Oliveira"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1186/1472-6831-14-47"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "BMC Oral Health&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "14"
                        "paginaInicial" => "47"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24885697"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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                0 => array:2 [
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                      "titulo" => "Early childhood caries and body mass index in young children from low income families"
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                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "L&#46;R&#46; Costa"
                            1 => "A&#46; Daher"
                            2 => "M&#46;G&#46; Queiroz"
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Información del artículo

ISSN: 02139111
Idioma original: Inglés

DOI:10.1016/j.gaceta.2015.09.005

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