Letter to the Editor
Opinions on a car smoking ban: a needed guide for public health decision-makers
Opiniones sobre la prohibición de fumar en el coche: la guía necesaria para la toma de decisiones de salud pública
José Preciosoa,
, Fátima Reisb, Isabel Sousaa, Carla Sousab, José Machadoc, Luís Diasa, Catarina Samorinhad, Henedina Antunese
Autor para correspondencia
a Instituto de Educação, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal
b Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Instituto de Medicina Preventiva e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
c Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal
d EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
e Serviço de Pediatria, Hospital de Braga; Instituto de Ciências da Vida e da Saúde (ICVS); Escola de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade do Minho e Laboratório associado ICVS/3B's, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
Leído
7117
Vecesse ha leído el artículo
2703
Total PDF
4414
Total HTML
Compartir estadísticas
array:24 [ "pii" => "S0213911115001570" "issn" => "02139111" "doi" => "10.1016/j.gaceta.2015.08.001" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2016-01-01" "aid" => "1162" "copyright" => "SESPAS" "copyrightAnyo" => "2015" "documento" => "simple-article" "crossmark" => 0 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "cor" "cita" => "Gac Sanit. 2016;30:86-7" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 3097 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 215 "HTML" => 1933 "PDF" => 949 ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S0213911115001995" "issn" => "02139111" "doi" => "10.1016/j.gaceta.2015.09.004" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2016-01-01" "aid" => "1181" "documento" => "book-review" "crossmark" => 0 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "brv" "cita" => "Gac Sanit. 2016;30:88-9" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 2410 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 178 "HTML" => 1356 "PDF" => 876 ] ] "es" => array:9 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Recensión bibliográfica</span>" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => "Benach J, Tarafa G, Recio A, coordinadores. Sin trabajo, sin derechos, sin miedo. Las reformas laborales y sus efectos sobre el trabajo y la salud. Barcelona: Icaria editorial-Asaco; 2014. 110 p. ISBN: 978-84-9888-469-2" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "88" "paginaFinal" => "89" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Vanessa Puig-Barrachina" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Vanessa" "apellidos" => "Puig-Barrachina" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0213911115001995?idApp=WGSE" "url" => "/02139111/0000003000000001/v2_201603031726/S0213911115001995/v2_201603031726/es/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0213911115001624" "issn" => "02139111" "doi" => "10.1016/j.gaceta.2015.08.004" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2016-01-01" "aid" => "1167" "copyright" => "SESPAS" "documento" => "simple-article" "crossmark" => 0 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "cor" "cita" => "Gac Sanit. 2016;30:85-6" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 2555 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 188 "HTML" => 1529 "PDF" => 838 ] ] "es" => array:10 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Carta a la directora</span>" "titulo" => "Concentración de 25-hidroxivitamina D. Un parámetro importante en los/las trabajadores/as con trabajos a turnos" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "85" "paginaFinal" => "86" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration. An important parameter in shift workers" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Jesús González Sánchez" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jesús" "apellidos" => "González Sánchez" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0213911115001624?idApp=WGSE" "url" => "/02139111/0000003000000001/v2_201603031726/S0213911115001624/v2_201603031726/es/main.assets" ] "en" => array:15 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Letter to the Editor</span>" "titulo" => "Opinions on a car smoking ban: a needed guide for public health decision-makers" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "saludo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">To the editor:</span>" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "86" "paginaFinal" => "87" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "José Precioso, Fátima Reis, Isabel Sousa, Carla Sousa, José Machado, Luís Dias, Catarina Samorinha, Henedina Antunes" "autores" => array:8 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "José" "apellidos" => "Precioso" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "precioso@ie.uminho.pt" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Fátima" "apellidos" => "Reis" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Isabel" "apellidos" => "Sousa" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Carla" "apellidos" => "Sousa" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "José" "apellidos" => "Machado" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Luís" "apellidos" => "Dias" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Catarina" "apellidos" => "Samorinha" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Henedina" "apellidos" => "Antunes" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Instituto de Educação, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Instituto de Medicina Preventiva e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Serviço de Pediatria, Hospital de Braga; Instituto de Ciências da Vida e da Saúde (ICVS); Escola de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade do Minho e Laboratório associado ICVS/3B's, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Opiniones sobre la prohibición de fumar en el coche: la guía necesaria para la toma de decisiones de salud pública" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">About half of the children worldwide are exposed secondhand smoke (SHS) at home.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Additionally, children are also exposed to SHS inside the vehicles in which they are usually carried, where smoking use results in high levels of SHS concentration.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The largest study conducted in Portugal about children exposure at SHS in the car revealed that 28.9% of children had been daily or occasionally exposed to tobacco smoke inside cars.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">SHS exposure among children is associated with the development of respiratory infections and chronic symptoms such as cough, impaired lung growth and function, wheezing or dyspnea.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Beyond the risks for children's health, evidence support the fact that children who live in a microsocial environment where tobacco use is a common behavior have an increased risk of becoming smokers.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Also, on a different perspective, smoking while driving represents an increased risk of traffic accidents.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Laws banning smoking in cars carrying children have been introduced in a number of jurisdictions in the United States, Australia and Canada, and others, as the United Kingdom, will introduce a similar law in the near future. South Africa and Bahrain have bans on smoking in cars with children, while Mauritius has banned smoking in all cars carrying any passenger.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Understanding the public opinion about the implementation of new policies is a needful guide for public health decision-makers.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Taking into account the lack of information on this important matter in Portugal, a study aiming to describe the level of agreement with a car smoking ban was developed. It consisted in a cross-sectional study with telephone interviews (based on the protocol of López et al.)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>, conducted between May 2013 and October 2014, with a random and representative sample of the population of three Portuguese cities: Barcelos (Bar), Braga (Br) and Lisbon (Lx). The sample consisted of 129 individuals in Br (67 women), 85 in Bar (44 women) and 146 in Lx (74 women), proportional in city size, sex and age group. Overall, 360 individuals, aged between 15-74 years, were asked about their level of agreement on a nation-wide ban on smoking in cars–with and without children. Descriptive analysis was performed.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The majority of the participants supported a smoking ban in cars with children (85% Bar; Br 93%, 88% Lx). Non-smokers were more likely to support this policy (90% Bar, 100% Br, 90% Lx) than smokers (80% Bar, 76% Br, 77% Lx). <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> presents the agreement with a smoking ban in cars, with and without children, by city and smoking status of the respondents.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A large public support to ban smoking in cars carrying children was shown. Raising awareness among parents and educators about the health consequences of tobacco use inside the car and encouraging them not to smoke indoors is an urgent need to promote smoke-free cars. Mainly, a ban on smoking inside cars would have immediate impacts on children's health protection. Results from this study strengthens the call for policy-makers to implement strategies to protect this fragile group, starting by banning tobacco use inside vehicles while carrying children.</p><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Funding</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was supported through FEDER from the Operational Programme Factors of Competitiveness–COMPETE and through national funding from the Foundation for Science and Technology–FCT (Portuguese Ministry of Education and Science) (FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-009117).</p></span><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Statement of authorship</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was designed by J. Precioso, F. Reis and J. Machado. J. Precioso and L Dias wrote the first draft of the manuscript. I. Sousa and C. Sousa collected the data. J. Precioso and J. Machado designed and carried out statistical analysis. All authors gave a substantial contribution to the interpretation of data, critical discussion and revision of the manuscript, and approved its final version.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Statement of authorship" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Conflicts of Interest" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack206290" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 4 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Agreement with a smoking ban in cars</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">With children \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Without children \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">N \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Non-smoker</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Barcelos \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">77 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">69 (89.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">68 (88.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Braga \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">91 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">91 (100.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">82 (90.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Lisboa \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">115 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">103 (90.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">63 (54.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Smoker</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Barcelos \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 (75.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5 (62.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Braga \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">29 (76.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13 (34.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Lisboa \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">31 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">24 (77.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8 (25.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1002666.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Agreement with a smoking ban in cars, with and without children, by city and smoking status of the respondents.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "WHO - World Health Organization. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic: implementing smoke-free environments. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009." ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0035" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "USDHHS-U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke: a report of the surgeon general. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2006." ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Portuguese children's exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke in the family car" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "P.D. Vitória" 1 => "J.C. Machado" 2 => "S.B. Ravara" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.gaceta.2014.10.011" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Gac Sanit." "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "29" "paginaInicial" => "131" "paginaFinal" => "134" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25487683" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0045" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Canadian Cancer Society. Laws banning smoking in cars with children – international overview. 2014. [Consulted on 14/04/2015]. Available at: http://www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_909.pdf." ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0050" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "López MJ, Schiaffino A, Pérez-Ríos M, et al. Opiniones sobre la prohibición de fumar en espacios exteriores tras la ley de control del tabaquismo de 2011 (ley 42/2010). In: Congreso Iberoamericano de Epidemiología y Salud Pública; 4 September 2013. Granada, Spain. Gaceta Sanitaria; 2013; p.125." ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "agradecimientos" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "identificador" => "xack206290" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" "texto" => "<p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors gratefully acknowledge all the participants in the study.</p>" "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/02139111/0000003000000001/v2_201603031726/S0213911115001570/v2_201603031726/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "638" "tipo" => "SECCION" "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cartas a la Directora" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/02139111/0000003000000001/v2_201603031726/S0213911115001570/v2_201603031726/en/main.pdf?idApp=WGSE&text.app=https://gacetasanitaria.org/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0213911115001570?idApp=WGSE" ]
| año/Mes | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 Noviembre | 3 | 4 | 7 |
| 2024 Octubre | 54 | 47 | 101 |
| 2024 Septiembre | 47 | 18 | 65 |
| 2024 Agosto | 60 | 43 | 103 |
| 2024 Julio | 50 | 23 | 73 |
| 2024 Junio | 40 | 19 | 59 |
| 2024 Mayo | 58 | 24 | 82 |
| 2024 Abril | 44 | 13 | 57 |
| 2024 Marzo | 42 | 20 | 62 |
| 2024 Febrero | 47 | 33 | 80 |
| 2024 Enero | 45 | 20 | 65 |
| 2023 Diciembre | 32 | 10 | 42 |
| 2023 Noviembre | 46 | 20 | 66 |
| 2023 Octubre | 48 | 18 | 66 |
| 2023 Septiembre | 35 | 21 | 56 |
| 2023 Agosto | 46 | 15 | 61 |
| 2023 Julio | 39 | 16 | 55 |
| 2023 Junio | 30 | 15 | 45 |
| 2023 Mayo | 49 | 13 | 62 |
| 2023 Abril | 71 | 17 | 88 |
| 2023 Marzo | 103 | 40 | 143 |
| 2023 Febrero | 45 | 27 | 72 |
| 2023 Enero | 44 | 21 | 65 |
| 2022 Diciembre | 76 | 43 | 119 |
| 2022 Noviembre | 63 | 39 | 102 |
| 2022 Octubre | 74 | 56 | 130 |
| 2022 Septiembre | 35 | 36 | 71 |
| 2022 Agosto | 43 | 67 | 110 |
| 2022 Julio | 43 | 39 | 82 |
| 2022 Junio | 35 | 32 | 67 |
| 2022 Mayo | 35 | 50 | 85 |
| 2022 Abril | 36 | 35 | 71 |
| 2022 Marzo | 45 | 45 | 90 |
| 2022 Febrero | 40 | 35 | 75 |
| 2022 Enero | 42 | 36 | 78 |
| 2021 Diciembre | 55 | 46 | 101 |
| 2021 Noviembre | 50 | 50 | 100 |
| 2021 Octubre | 49 | 48 | 97 |
| 2021 Septiembre | 31 | 41 | 72 |
| 2021 Agosto | 28 | 36 | 64 |
| 2021 Julio | 20 | 38 | 58 |
| 2021 Junio | 31 | 32 | 63 |
| 2021 Mayo | 42 | 61 | 103 |
| 2021 Abril | 71 | 63 | 134 |
| 2021 Marzo | 74 | 48 | 122 |
| 2021 Febrero | 33 | 26 | 59 |
| 2021 Enero | 25 | 25 | 50 |
| 2020 Diciembre | 39 | 28 | 67 |
| 2020 Noviembre | 20 | 17 | 37 |
| 2020 Octubre | 31 | 22 | 53 |
| 2020 Septiembre | 39 | 16 | 55 |
| 2020 Agosto | 25 | 13 | 38 |
| 2020 Julio | 28 | 15 | 43 |
| 2020 Junio | 30 | 28 | 58 |
| 2020 Mayo | 25 | 10 | 35 |
| 2020 Abril | 39 | 24 | 63 |
| 2020 Marzo | 41 | 31 | 72 |
| 2020 Febrero | 54 | 74 | 128 |
| 2020 Enero | 34 | 13 | 47 |
| 2019 Diciembre | 34 | 27 | 61 |
| 2019 Noviembre | 32 | 9 | 41 |
| 2019 Octubre | 29 | 17 | 46 |
| 2019 Septiembre | 19 | 18 | 37 |
| 2019 Agosto | 27 | 14 | 41 |
| 2019 Julio | 48 | 12 | 60 |
| 2019 Junio | 37 | 8 | 45 |
| 2019 Mayo | 59 | 25 | 84 |
| 2019 Abril | 30 | 11 | 41 |
| 2019 Marzo | 30 | 17 | 47 |
| 2019 Febrero | 36 | 22 | 58 |
| 2019 Enero | 33 | 22 | 55 |
| 2018 Diciembre | 39 | 15 | 54 |
| 2018 Noviembre | 81 | 18 | 99 |
| 2018 Octubre | 104 | 22 | 126 |
| 2018 Septiembre | 123 | 17 | 140 |
| 2018 Agosto | 56 | 13 | 69 |
| 2018 Julio | 43 | 23 | 66 |
| 2018 Junio | 50 | 11 | 61 |
| 2018 Mayo | 59 | 16 | 75 |
| 2018 Abril | 40 | 16 | 56 |
| 2018 Marzo | 90 | 13 | 103 |
| 2018 Febrero | 46 | 8 | 54 |
| 2018 Enero | 75 | 9 | 84 |
| 2017 Diciembre | 53 | 9 | 62 |
| 2017 Noviembre | 70 | 16 | 86 |
| 2017 Octubre | 34 | 11 | 45 |
| 2017 Septiembre | 28 | 20 | 48 |
| 2017 Agosto | 28 | 11 | 39 |
| 2017 Julio | 32 | 25 | 57 |
| 2017 Junio | 40 | 23 | 63 |
| 2017 Mayo | 49 | 15 | 64 |
| 2017 Abril | 35 | 15 | 50 |
| 2017 Marzo | 48 | 56 | 104 |
| 2017 Febrero | 17 | 16 | 33 |
| 2017 Enero | 15 | 9 | 24 |
| 2016 Diciembre | 55 | 17 | 72 |
| 2016 Noviembre | 48 | 28 | 76 |
| 2016 Octubre | 54 | 31 | 85 |
| 2016 Septiembre | 28 | 6 | 34 |
| 2016 Agosto | 0 | 17 | 17 |
| 2016 Julio | 0 | 21 | 21 |
| 2016 Mayo | 1 | 25 | 26 |
| 2016 Febrero | 0 | 69 | 69 |
| 2016 Enero | 0 | 65 | 65 |
Mostrar todo
