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Letters to Editor
Physical activity environment measurement and same source bias
Medición del entorno para realizar actividad física y sesgo de la misma fuente
Pedro Gullóna,b, Usama Bilala,c, Manuel Francoa,c,d,
Autor para correspondencia
mfranco@uah.es

Corresponding author.
a Social and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
b Escuela Nacional de Sanidad, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
c Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, MD, USA
d Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Cardiovascular Imaging, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The recent paper by Rodr&#237;guez-Romo et al&#46; studied the relationship between different variables of the self perceived urban environment and physical activity in Madrid&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> To this end&#44; the study participants were asked in a questionnaire about their perception of the urban environment related to physical activity &#40;density&#44; access to public transportation&#44; access to food stores&#44; paths&#44; bike lines&#44; leisure-time physical activity areas&#44; traffic safety&#44; area security&#44; social environment and esthetics&#41;&#44; and in another questionnaire they were asked about levels of physical activity&#46; The authors then estimated the probability of having moderate to high levels of physical activity given certain environmental characteristics as reported by each participant&#46;Research efforts trying to understand how environmental features may promote active transportation&#44; not only leisure physical activity&#44; is currently a relevant topic offering insight for possible political action&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of self-reported measures is one of the approaches that can be used in the study of urban environment and health&#46; It represents an unexpensive and feasible approach that can provide useful information about the environment&#46; One of the problems associated with the use of self-reported for both result and exposure variables&#44; is the possibility of same source bias&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;5</span></a> Same source bias may result in spurious associations between exposures and outcomes because the measurement error between the two variables is correlated&#46; To be more precise&#44; exposure self-reporting may be influenced by the self-reported outcome&#46; For example&#44; persons who are not physically active may be more likely to perceive their environment as less favorable for physical activity&#44; regardless of the actual condition of the urban environment&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Given that the article by Rodr&#237;guez-Romo et al&#46; models the probability of having the self-reported outcome on the self-reported environmental exposure same-source bias is likely to happen&#46; Several tools are available to minimize same source bias in studies that rely on self-reported information by study participants&#44; including the aggregation of environment perceptions by study participants living in the same neighborhood using techniques such as Conditional Empirical Bayes &#40;CEB&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> The best way to get rid of same-source bias is avoiding self-reports of environmental measures by study participants and the use of other environmental measurements &#40;different reporters&#44; systematic social observation&#44; georeferenced databases and GIS&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> but we acknowledge that measuring the environment is difficult and may not be feasible in all studies&#46; Using self-reported measures may be desirable if the research question relates to how people perceive their environment and the effect of this perception on physical activity&#44; although the interpretation of these results may be more difficult&#46; Nonetheless same-source bias should be avoided in these situations too&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Author contributions</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">U&#46; Bilal conceived the idea&#46; P&#46; Gull&#243;n prepared a first draft of the manuscript&#46; The three authors performed the literature search&#44; edited the draft and approved the final version&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Funding</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None&#46;</p></span></span>"
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