Letters to Editor
Physical activity environment measurement and same source bias
Medición del entorno para realizar actividad física y sesgo de la misma fuente
a Social and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
b Escuela Nacional de Sanidad, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
c Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, MD, USA
d Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Cardiovascular Imaging, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
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The authors then estimated the probability of having moderate to high levels of physical activity given certain environmental characteristics as reported by each participant.Research efforts trying to understand how environmental features may promote active transportation, not only leisure physical activity, is currently a relevant topic offering insight for possible political action.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of self-reported measures is one of the approaches that can be used in the study of urban environment and health. It represents an unexpensive and feasible approach that can provide useful information about the environment. One of the problems associated with the use of self-reported for both result and exposure variables, is the possibility of same source bias.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3–5</span></a> Same source bias may result in spurious associations between exposures and outcomes because the measurement error between the two variables is correlated. To be more precise, exposure self-reporting may be influenced by the self-reported outcome. For example, persons who are not physically active may be more likely to perceive their environment as less favorable for physical activity, regardless of the actual condition of the urban environment.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Given that the article by Rodríguez-Romo et al. models the probability of having the self-reported outcome on the self-reported environmental exposure same-source bias is likely to happen. Several tools are available to minimize same source bias in studies that rely on self-reported information by study participants, including the aggregation of environment perceptions by study participants living in the same neighborhood using techniques such as Conditional Empirical Bayes (CEB).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> The best way to get rid of same-source bias is avoiding self-reports of environmental measures by study participants and the use of other environmental measurements (different reporters, systematic social observation, georeferenced databases and GIS)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> but we acknowledge that measuring the environment is difficult and may not be feasible in all studies. Using self-reported measures may be desirable if the research question relates to how people perceive their environment and the effect of this perception on physical activity, although the interpretation of these results may be more difficult. Nonetheless same-source bias should be avoided in these situations too.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Author contributions</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">U. Bilal conceived the idea. P. Gullón prepared a first draft of the manuscript. The three authors performed the literature search, edited the draft and approved the final version.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Funding</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Author contributions" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 3 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Asociación entre las características del entorno de residencia y la actividad física" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "G. 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| 2019 Agosto | 25 | 17 | 42 |
| 2019 Julio | 35 | 16 | 51 |
| 2019 Junio | 23 | 15 | 38 |
| 2019 Mayo | 33 | 33 | 66 |
| 2019 Abril | 74 | 32 | 106 |
| 2019 Marzo | 13 | 10 | 23 |
| 2019 Febrero | 26 | 23 | 49 |
| 2019 Enero | 27 | 19 | 46 |
| 2018 Diciembre | 32 | 17 | 49 |
| 2018 Noviembre | 60 | 24 | 84 |
| 2018 Octubre | 63 | 40 | 103 |
| 2018 Septiembre | 87 | 14 | 101 |
| 2018 Agosto | 46 | 16 | 62 |
| 2018 Julio | 44 | 11 | 55 |
| 2018 Junio | 61 | 11 | 72 |
| 2018 Mayo | 66 | 20 | 86 |
| 2018 Abril | 49 | 16 | 65 |
| 2018 Marzo | 36 | 11 | 47 |
| 2018 Febrero | 49 | 11 | 60 |
| 2018 Enero | 98 | 11 | 109 |
| 2017 Diciembre | 100 | 11 | 111 |
| 2017 Noviembre | 62 | 14 | 76 |
| 2017 Octubre | 49 | 13 | 62 |
| 2017 Septiembre | 43 | 14 | 57 |
| 2017 Agosto | 20 | 4 | 24 |
| 2017 Julio | 33 | 24 | 57 |
| 2017 Junio | 44 | 28 | 72 |
| 2017 Mayo | 47 | 8 | 55 |
| 2017 Abril | 35 | 10 | 45 |
| 2017 Marzo | 28 | 42 | 70 |
| 2017 Febrero | 13 | 2 | 15 |
| 2017 Enero | 21 | 8 | 29 |
| 2016 Diciembre | 27 | 13 | 40 |
| 2016 Noviembre | 49 | 22 | 71 |
| 2016 Octubre | 41 | 19 | 60 |
| 2016 Septiembre | 38 | 25 | 63 |
| 2016 Agosto | 0 | 8 | 8 |
| 2016 Julio | 0 | 14 | 14 |
| 2016 Junio | 0 | 20 | 20 |
| 2016 Mayo | 0 | 19 | 19 |
| 2016 Marzo | 0 | 13 | 13 |
| 2016 Febrero | 0 | 15 | 15 |
| 2015 Diciembre | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2015 Septiembre | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2014 Diciembre | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2014 Septiembre | 1 | 0 | 1 |
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