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en consecuencia&#44; a&#241;os potenciales de vida perdidos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La exposici&#243;n al HAT en los espacios privados es un fen&#243;meno que preocupa ampliamente a la comunidad cient&#237;fica&#46; Estudios realizados mediante entrevista en diferentes partes del mundo estiman que la exposici&#243;n de los no fumadores al HAT en los veh&#237;culos es muy alta&#46; As&#237;&#44; el estudio multic&#233;ntrico de Hitchman et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> indica que la exposici&#243;n en Australia y Reino Unido es del 29&#37;&#44; en Canad&#225; del 34&#37; y en Estados Unidos del 44&#37;&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue estimar la prevalencia mediante observaci&#243;n directa del consumo de tabaco durante la conducci&#243;n de veh&#237;culos en la ciudad de Lleida&#44; as&#237; como sus factores asociados&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">M&#233;todos</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para medir el consumo de tabaco de los conductores de veh&#237;culos en la ciudad de Lleida se realiz&#243; un estudio descriptivo de prevalencia&#46; La poblaci&#243;n del estudio fueron los conductores de veh&#237;culos&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Entre abril y mayo de 2011 se seleccion&#243; una muestra aleatoria de 1600 veh&#237;culos en seis cruces regulados por sem&#225;foro&#46; El criterio de inclusi&#243;n fue ser veh&#237;culo privado que se parara en un cruce urbano o interurbano&#46; Se excluyeron veh&#237;culos de transporte p&#250;blico&#44; servicios profesionales y veh&#237;culos de dos ruedas&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se realiz&#243; un estudio piloto de 20 observaciones para estandarizar los m&#233;todos y entrenar a los observadores&#46; Las variables se recogieron mediante observaci&#243;n directa&#44; y el grado de acuerdo de los cuatro observadores respecto al consumo de tabaco fue total&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las variables del estudio fueron la edad del conductor &#40;18-40&#44; 41-60 o &#62;60 a&#241;os&#41;&#44; el sexo&#44; conductor fumador&#44; presencia de acompa&#241;ante &#62;18 a&#241;os&#44; acompa&#241;ante adulto fumador&#44; cruce &#40;urbano e interurbano&#41;&#44; d&#237;a &#40;laborable&#44; de lunes a viernes&#59; festivo&#44; s&#225;bado y domingo&#41;&#44; hora de observaci&#243;n &#40;ma&#241;ana&#44; 12-14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#59; tarde 15-17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41; y fumadores simult&#225;neos &#40;conductor y acompa&#241;ante &#62;18 a&#241;os&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El sistema de muestreo fue aleatorio&#44; sistem&#225;tico &#40;los tres primeros veh&#237;culos detenidos en cada ciclo de sem&#225;foro en rojo&#41; y estratificado por tipo de cruce&#44; d&#237;a y hora&#44; para asegurar la representatividad para estas variables&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La hoja de recogida de datos fue dise&#241;ada para ser rellenada mediante observaci&#243;n directa&#44; constando tambi&#233;n dos variables que se registraron a posteriori &#40;simultaneidad de fumadores y exposici&#243;n al HAT&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El tama&#241;o de la muestra &#40;N<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1600&#41; se calcul&#243; teniendo en cuenta un nivel de confianza del 95&#37; &#40;&#945;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#44; el supuesto m&#225;s desfavorable &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;5&#41; y una precisi&#243;n de e<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;0&#44;024&#46; 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se estimaron ajustadas por el resto de las variables mediante un modelo de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica no condicional&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Debido a que el estudio fue observacional y no se registr&#243; informaci&#243;n nominal&#44; no se requiri&#243; consentimiento informado&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Entre las 1600 observaciones directas se detectaron 96 conductores fumadores&#44; con lo cual la prevalencia de conductores fumadores fue del 6&#37; &#40;IC95&#37;&#58; 4&#44;9-7&#44;3&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De los 96 conductores fumadores&#44; 73 eran hombres y 23 mujeres&#46; La franja de edad con mayor prevalencia de fumadores fue la de 41-60 a&#241;os &#40;6&#44;9&#37;&#41;&#46; El hecho de que el acompa&#241;ante fumase multiplic&#243; por 11 la probabilidad de que fumase el conductor &#40;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#44;1&#59; IC95&#37;&#58; 3&#44;8-31&#44;9&#59; &#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>29&#44;8&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La prevalencia de conductor fumador en d&#237;a laborable fue del 6&#44;8&#37; y en d&#237;a festivo del 4&#44;1&#37; &#40;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;7&#59; IC95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;0-2&#44;8&#59; &#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;040&#41;&#44; y en el an&#225;lisis entre hora del d&#237;a y conductor fumador fue del 7&#44;3&#37; por la ma&#241;ana y del 4&#44;8&#37; por la tarde &#40;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;6&#59; IC95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;0-2&#44;4&#59; &#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#44;43&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;035&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0005">tablas 1 y 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el an&#225;lisis multivariado&#44; las OR ajustadas presentaron un valor similar a las OR crudas&#44; y el d&#237;a laboral &#40;ORa<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;7&#59; IC95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;0-2&#44;8&#41;&#44; la observaci&#243;n por la ma&#241;ana &#40;ORa<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;6&#59; IC95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;0-2&#44;4&#41; e ir acompa&#241;ado por un fumador &#40;ORa<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#44;8&#59; IC95&#37;&#58; 3&#44;6-32&#44;5&#41; permanecieron como estad&#237;sticamente significativas en el modelo de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica no condicional &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este trabajo ha permitido estimar que la prevalencia de conductores fumadores en veh&#237;culos en la ciudad de Lleida es considerable &#40;6&#44;0&#37;&#41;&#46; En estudios observacionales similares&#44; la frecuencia de conductores fumadores tambi&#233;n es en general elevada&#46; As&#237;&#44; en un reciente estudio realizado en Barcelona la prevalencia fue del 3&#44;8&#37; en veh&#237;culos privados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; En estudios llevados a cabo mediante encuesta por entrevista los porcentajes son incluso m&#225;s altos&#46; Leatherdale et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> hallaron&#44; como dato preocupante&#44; que un 26&#44;3&#37; de los j&#243;venes hab&#237;a estado expuesto al HAT&#44; como m&#237;nimo una vez&#44; la semana anterior a la realizaci&#243;n de la encuesta&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La probabilidad de que el conductor fume es 11 veces mayor cuando fuma el acompa&#241;ante&#46; Espa&#241;a&#44; seg&#250;n el Eurobar&#243;metro<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#44; es uno de los pa&#237;ses de la Uni&#243;n Europea donde el conductor &#40;sea fumador o no&#41; consiente fumar en mayor proporci&#243;n &#40;46&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El estudio no mostr&#243; diferencias significativas en cuanto a tipo de cruce&#44; al igual que el de Curto et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; un estudio reciente realizado mediante entrevista y determinaci&#243;n de cotinina en saliva en escolares se&#241;ala una mayor prevalencia de exposici&#243;n al tabaco en los ni&#241;os de familias con menor nivel socioecon&#243;mico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La concentraci&#243;n de compuestos t&#243;xicos dentro del coche es un dato ampliamente cuantificado&#46; Sendzik et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> estiman que los niveles de part&#237;culas finas respirables contin&#250;an siendo de riesgo aun con sistemas de ventilaci&#243;n en el coche o con las ventanillas bajadas&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fumar durante la conducci&#243;n tambi&#233;n puede ocasionar accidentes&#46; Seg&#250;n Bu&#241;uel et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#44; los fumadores espa&#241;oles tienen el doble de accidentes que los no fumadores&#46; Estas diferencias tambi&#233;n se han observado en otros pa&#237;ses<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La principal limitaci&#243;n del estudio fue la estrecha ventana temporal utilizada&#46; No pudo valorarse si hab&#237;a consumo de tabaco durante todo el trayecto&#44; y por lo tanto la prevalencia real podr&#237;a estar infravalorada&#46; Sobre el posible sesgo de observaci&#243;n de variables como la edad&#44; el estudio piloto mostr&#243; pleno acuerdo entre los observadores&#44; al igual que otros estudios que validan esta metodolog&#237;a<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El hecho de legislar en zonas privadas no est&#225; exento de pol&#233;mica&#46; El gobierno vasco aprob&#243; en 2010 un anteproyecto de ley&#44; que finalmente se desestim&#243;&#44; donde se prohib&#237;a fumar en &#171;cualquier tipo de transporte privado donde estuvieran presentes los menores de edad&#187;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; en el &#225;mbito internacional se debaten diferentes iniciativas legislativas y algunos estudios documentan que el respaldo de los fumadores a estas leyes es superior al 70&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se recomienda una ley que proh&#237;ba el consumo de tabaco a los usuarios de veh&#237;culos&#44; junto con campa&#241;as de informaci&#243;n y educaci&#243;n sanitaria&#46;<elsevierMultimedia ident="tb0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Contribuciones de autor&#237;a</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Todos los autores participaron en la concepci&#243;n y el dise&#241;o del trabajo&#44; y en la adquisici&#243;n&#44; el an&#225;lisis y la interpretaci&#243;n de los datos&#46; M&#46; Tolosana redact&#243; el manuscrito&#46; Todos los autores realizaron una revisi&#243;n cr&#237;tica con importantes contribuciones intelectuales&#46; Todos los autores aprobaron la versi&#243;n final para su publicaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Financiaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ninguna&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflictos de intereses</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ninguno&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => array:5 [
            0 => "Abstract"
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          "titulo" => "Keywords"
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          "identificador" => "sec0045"
          "titulo" => "Conflictos de intereses"
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          "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
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    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2011-12-30"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2012-06-19"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec12775"
          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "Conductores"
            1 => "Fumadores"
            2 => "Veh&#237;culos"
            3 => "Fumadores pasivos"
            4 => "Estudio de prevalencia"
            5 => "Accidentes"
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec12776"
          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "Drivers"
            1 => "Smokers"
            2 => "Vehicles"
            3 => "Second hand smokers"
            4 => "Prevalence study"
            5 => "Accidents"
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Determinar la prevalencia de conductores fumadores en veh&#237;culos privados en la ciudad de Lleida&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se seleccion&#243; una muestra aleatoria de 1600 veh&#237;culos privados en seis cruces regulados por sem&#225;foros&#46; Las variables estudiadas fueron edad y sexo&#44; conductor fumador&#44; acompa&#241;ante &#62;18 a&#241;os&#44; tipo de cruce &#40;urbano&#47;interurbano&#41;&#44; d&#237;a &#40;laborable&#47;festivo&#41;&#44; hora &#40;ma&#241;ana&#47;tarde&#41; y fumadores simult&#225;neos&#46; Se calcul&#243; la prevalencia de conductores fumadores y las <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">odds ratio</span> ajustadas &#40;ORa&#41;&#44; con su intervalo de confianza del 95&#37; &#40;IC95&#37;&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La prevalencia fue del 6&#44;0&#37; &#40;IC95&#37;&#58; 4&#44;9-7&#44;3&#41;&#44; mayor en los hombres &#40;6&#44;4&#37;&#41;&#44; en el grupo de 41 a 60 a&#241;os &#40;6&#44;9&#37;&#41; y sin acompa&#241;ante &#40;6&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#46; La probabilidad de que el conductor fumara aument&#243; con acompa&#241;ante fumador &#40;ORa<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#44;8&#59; IC95&#37;&#58; 3&#44;6-32&#44;5&#41;&#46; La frecuencia de conductores fumadores fue mayor en los d&#237;as laborables &#40;ORa<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;7&#59; IC95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;0-2&#44;8&#41; y por la ma&#241;ana &#40;ORa<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;6&#59; IC95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;0-2&#44;4&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La prevalencia de conductores fumadores se considera elevada y perjudicial&#46; Se recomienda evitar fumar en los veh&#237;culos&#46;</p>"
      ]
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objective</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To determine the prevalence of smoking among drivers of private vehicles in the city of Lleida &#40;Spain&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A random sample of 1600 cars passing through six intersections regulated by traffic lights were selected&#46; The variables were age&#44; sex&#44; smoking driver&#44; adult passengers&#44; intersection &#40;urban&#47;interurban&#41;&#44; day &#40;working day&#47;weekend&#41;&#44; hour &#40;morning&#47;evening&#41; and simultaneous smokers&#46; We calculated the prevalence of smoking drivers and the corresponding odds ratios &#40;ORs&#41;&#44; adjusted for the potential confounding variables&#44; as well as their 95&#37; confidence intervals &#40;95&#37; CI&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence was 6&#46;0&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 4&#46;9-7&#46;3&#41; and was higher in men &#40;6&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#44; in the group aged 41 to 60 years &#40;6&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#44; and in unaccompanied drivers &#40;6&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#46; The probability of the driver smoking increased if there was a smoking passenger &#40;aOR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#46;8&#59; 95&#37; CI&#58; 3&#46;6-32&#46;5&#41;&#46; The frequency of smoking drivers was higher on working days &#40;aOR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;7&#59; 95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#46;0-2&#46;8&#41; and in the morning &#40;aOR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;6&#59; 95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#46;0-2&#46;4&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of smoking drivers can be considered dangerously high&#46; We recommend avoiding smoking while driving&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">IC95&#37;&#58; intervalo de confianza del 95&#37;&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">Factor&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hombre&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">73&#47;1144&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;3-7&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Edad &#40;a&#241;os&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18-40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">45&#47;796&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acompa&#241;ante</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>S&#237;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acompa&#241;ante fuma</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Urbano&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">46&#47;796&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;5&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Interurbano&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">50&#47;804&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;6&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#44;7-8&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ma&#241;ana&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">58&#47;800&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;7&#44;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#44;6-9&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tarde&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">38&#47;800&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;4&#44;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;4-6&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D&#237;a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Laborable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">&#191;Qu&#233; se sabe sobre el tema&#63;</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La exposici&#243;n al humo ambiental del tabaco est&#225; relacionada con diferentes enfermedades y con el riesgo de accidentes de tr&#225;fico&#46; Los niveles de nicotina y de part&#237;culas respirables que se alcanzan en habit&#225;culos peque&#241;os son muy altos&#46; Es necesario cuantificar la magnitud de la exposici&#243;n en espacios privados&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">&#191;Qu&#233; a&#241;ade el estudio realizado a la literatura&#63;</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La prevalencia estimada de fumadores entre los conductores de veh&#237;culos es considerable&#46; Debido al impacto para la salud&#44; fruto de la exposici&#243;n al humo del tabaco dentro de veh&#237;culos&#44; se recomiendan intervenciones p&#250;blicas para evitar su exposici&#243;n&#46;</p></span></span>"
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                          "etal" => true
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Original breve
Prevalencia de consumo de tabaco en vehículos privados
Prevalence of smoking among drivers of private vehicles
María Tolosanaa,
Autor para correspondencia
mtolosana@coflleida.cat

Autora para correspondencia.
, M.a Teresa Pedrola, M.a Teresa Solera, Meritxell Talóa, Pere Godoya,b,c
a Unidad de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, España
b CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, España
c Departamento de Salud, Generalidad de Cataluña, Lleida, España
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en consecuencia&#44; a&#241;os potenciales de vida perdidos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La exposici&#243;n al HAT en los espacios privados es un fen&#243;meno que preocupa ampliamente a la comunidad cient&#237;fica&#46; Estudios realizados mediante entrevista en diferentes partes del mundo estiman que la exposici&#243;n de los no fumadores al HAT en los veh&#237;culos es muy alta&#46; As&#237;&#44; el estudio multic&#233;ntrico de Hitchman et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> indica que la exposici&#243;n en Australia y Reino Unido es del 29&#37;&#44; en Canad&#225; del 34&#37; y en Estados Unidos del 44&#37;&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue estimar la prevalencia mediante observaci&#243;n directa del consumo de tabaco durante la conducci&#243;n de veh&#237;culos en la ciudad de Lleida&#44; as&#237; como sus factores asociados&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">M&#233;todos</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para medir el consumo de tabaco de los conductores de veh&#237;culos en la ciudad de Lleida se realiz&#243; un estudio descriptivo de prevalencia&#46; La poblaci&#243;n del estudio fueron los conductores de veh&#237;culos&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Entre abril y mayo de 2011 se seleccion&#243; una muestra aleatoria de 1600 veh&#237;culos en seis cruces regulados por sem&#225;foro&#46; El criterio de inclusi&#243;n fue ser veh&#237;culo privado que se parara en un cruce urbano o interurbano&#46; Se excluyeron veh&#237;culos de transporte p&#250;blico&#44; servicios profesionales y veh&#237;culos de dos ruedas&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se realiz&#243; un estudio piloto de 20 observaciones para estandarizar los m&#233;todos y entrenar a los observadores&#46; Las variables se recogieron mediante observaci&#243;n directa&#44; y el grado de acuerdo de los cuatro observadores respecto al consumo de tabaco fue total&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las variables del estudio fueron la edad del conductor &#40;18-40&#44; 41-60 o &#62;60 a&#241;os&#41;&#44; el sexo&#44; conductor fumador&#44; presencia de acompa&#241;ante &#62;18 a&#241;os&#44; acompa&#241;ante adulto fumador&#44; cruce &#40;urbano e interurbano&#41;&#44; d&#237;a &#40;laborable&#44; de lunes a viernes&#59; festivo&#44; s&#225;bado y domingo&#41;&#44; hora de observaci&#243;n &#40;ma&#241;ana&#44; 12-14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#59; tarde 15-17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41; y fumadores simult&#225;neos &#40;conductor y acompa&#241;ante &#62;18 a&#241;os&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El sistema de muestreo fue aleatorio&#44; sistem&#225;tico &#40;los tres primeros veh&#237;culos detenidos en cada ciclo de sem&#225;foro en rojo&#41; y estratificado por tipo de cruce&#44; d&#237;a y hora&#44; para asegurar la representatividad para estas variables&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La hoja de recogida de datos fue dise&#241;ada para ser rellenada mediante observaci&#243;n directa&#44; constando tambi&#233;n dos variables que se registraron a posteriori &#40;simultaneidad de fumadores y exposici&#243;n al HAT&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El tama&#241;o de la muestra &#40;N<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1600&#41; se calcul&#243; teniendo en cuenta un nivel de confianza del 95&#37; &#40;&#945;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41;&#44; el supuesto m&#225;s desfavorable &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;5&#41; y una precisi&#243;n de e<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;0&#44;024&#46; Posteriormente se calcul&#243; el n&#250;mero proporcional de observaciones por cada una de las variables utilizadas en la estratificaci&#243;n&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para calcular la prevalencia de conductores fumadores se utiliz&#243; un intervalo de confianza del 95&#37; &#40;IC95&#37;&#41;&#46; La relaci&#243;n de la variable dependiente &#40;conductor fumador&#41; con el resto de las variables independientes se estudi&#243; con la <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">odds ratio</span> &#40;OR&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> y el IC95&#37;&#46; La existencia de diferencias estad&#237;sticamente significativas se determin&#243; con la prueba de ji al cuadrado &#40;&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; y una significaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica de p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#46; Las OR asociadas a &#171;conductor fumador&#187; se estimaron ajustadas por el resto de las variables mediante un modelo de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica no condicional&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Debido a que el estudio fue observacional y no se registr&#243; informaci&#243;n nominal&#44; no se requiri&#243; consentimiento informado&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Entre las 1600 observaciones directas se detectaron 96 conductores fumadores&#44; con lo cual la prevalencia de conductores fumadores fue del 6&#37; &#40;IC95&#37;&#58; 4&#44;9-7&#44;3&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De los 96 conductores fumadores&#44; 73 eran hombres y 23 mujeres&#46; La franja de edad con mayor prevalencia de fumadores fue la de 41-60 a&#241;os &#40;6&#44;9&#37;&#41;&#46; El hecho de que el acompa&#241;ante fumase multiplic&#243; por 11 la probabilidad de que fumase el conductor &#40;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#44;1&#59; IC95&#37;&#58; 3&#44;8-31&#44;9&#59; &#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>29&#44;8&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La prevalencia de conductor fumador en d&#237;a laborable fue del 6&#44;8&#37; y en d&#237;a festivo del 4&#44;1&#37; &#40;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;7&#59; IC95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;0-2&#44;8&#59; &#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;040&#41;&#44; y en el an&#225;lisis entre hora del d&#237;a y conductor fumador fue del 7&#44;3&#37; por la ma&#241;ana y del 4&#44;8&#37; por la tarde &#40;OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;6&#59; IC95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;0-2&#44;4&#59; &#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#44;43&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;035&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0005">tablas 1 y 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el an&#225;lisis multivariado&#44; las OR ajustadas presentaron un valor similar a las OR crudas&#44; y el d&#237;a laboral &#40;ORa<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;7&#59; IC95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;0-2&#44;8&#41;&#44; la observaci&#243;n por la ma&#241;ana &#40;ORa<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;6&#59; IC95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;0-2&#44;4&#41; e ir acompa&#241;ado por un fumador &#40;ORa<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#44;8&#59; IC95&#37;&#58; 3&#44;6-32&#44;5&#41; permanecieron como estad&#237;sticamente significativas en el modelo de regresi&#243;n log&#237;stica no condicional &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este trabajo ha permitido estimar que la prevalencia de conductores fumadores en veh&#237;culos en la ciudad de Lleida es considerable &#40;6&#44;0&#37;&#41;&#46; En estudios observacionales similares&#44; la frecuencia de conductores fumadores tambi&#233;n es en general elevada&#46; As&#237;&#44; en un reciente estudio realizado en Barcelona la prevalencia fue del 3&#44;8&#37; en veh&#237;culos privados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; En estudios llevados a cabo mediante encuesta por entrevista los porcentajes son incluso m&#225;s altos&#46; Leatherdale et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> hallaron&#44; como dato preocupante&#44; que un 26&#44;3&#37; de los j&#243;venes hab&#237;a estado expuesto al HAT&#44; como m&#237;nimo una vez&#44; la semana anterior a la realizaci&#243;n de la encuesta&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La probabilidad de que el conductor fume es 11 veces mayor cuando fuma el acompa&#241;ante&#46; Espa&#241;a&#44; seg&#250;n el Eurobar&#243;metro<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#44; es uno de los pa&#237;ses de la Uni&#243;n Europea donde el conductor &#40;sea fumador o no&#41; consiente fumar en mayor proporci&#243;n &#40;46&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El estudio no mostr&#243; diferencias significativas en cuanto a tipo de cruce&#44; al igual que el de Curto et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; un estudio reciente realizado mediante entrevista y determinaci&#243;n de cotinina en saliva en escolares se&#241;ala una mayor prevalencia de exposici&#243;n al tabaco en los ni&#241;os de familias con menor nivel socioecon&#243;mico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La concentraci&#243;n de compuestos t&#243;xicos dentro del coche es un dato ampliamente cuantificado&#46; Sendzik et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> estiman que los niveles de part&#237;culas finas respirables contin&#250;an siendo de riesgo aun con sistemas de ventilaci&#243;n en el coche o con las ventanillas bajadas&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fumar durante la conducci&#243;n tambi&#233;n puede ocasionar accidentes&#46; Seg&#250;n Bu&#241;uel et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#44; los fumadores espa&#241;oles tienen el doble de accidentes que los no fumadores&#46; Estas diferencias tambi&#233;n se han observado en otros pa&#237;ses<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La principal limitaci&#243;n del estudio fue la estrecha ventana temporal utilizada&#46; No pudo valorarse si hab&#237;a consumo de tabaco durante todo el trayecto&#44; y por lo tanto la prevalencia real podr&#237;a estar infravalorada&#46; Sobre el posible sesgo de observaci&#243;n de variables como la edad&#44; el estudio piloto mostr&#243; pleno acuerdo entre los observadores&#44; al igual que otros estudios que validan esta metodolog&#237;a<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El hecho de legislar en zonas privadas no est&#225; exento de pol&#233;mica&#46; El gobierno vasco aprob&#243; en 2010 un anteproyecto de ley&#44; que finalmente se desestim&#243;&#44; donde se prohib&#237;a fumar en &#171;cualquier tipo de transporte privado donde estuvieran presentes los menores de edad&#187;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46; Sin embargo&#44; en el &#225;mbito internacional se debaten diferentes iniciativas legislativas y algunos estudios documentan que el respaldo de los fumadores a estas leyes es superior al 70&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se recomienda una ley que proh&#237;ba el consumo de tabaco a los usuarios de veh&#237;culos&#44; junto con campa&#241;as de informaci&#243;n y educaci&#243;n sanitaria&#46;<elsevierMultimedia ident="tb0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Contribuciones de autor&#237;a</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Todos los autores participaron en la concepci&#243;n y el dise&#241;o del trabajo&#44; y en la adquisici&#243;n&#44; el an&#225;lisis y la interpretaci&#243;n de los datos&#46; M&#46; Tolosana redact&#243; el manuscrito&#46; Todos los autores realizaron una revisi&#243;n cr&#237;tica con importantes contribuciones intelectuales&#46; Todos los autores aprobaron la versi&#243;n final para su publicaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Financiaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ninguna&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflictos de intereses</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ninguno&#46;</p></span></span>"
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    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2011-12-30"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2012-06-19"
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          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "Conductores"
            1 => "Fumadores"
            2 => "Veh&#237;culos"
            3 => "Fumadores pasivos"
            4 => "Estudio de prevalencia"
            5 => "Accidentes"
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          "clase" => "keyword"
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            0 => "Drivers"
            1 => "Smokers"
            2 => "Vehicles"
            3 => "Second hand smokers"
            4 => "Prevalence study"
            5 => "Accidents"
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Determinar la prevalencia de conductores fumadores en veh&#237;culos privados en la ciudad de Lleida&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se seleccion&#243; una muestra aleatoria de 1600 veh&#237;culos privados en seis cruces regulados por sem&#225;foros&#46; Las variables estudiadas fueron edad y sexo&#44; conductor fumador&#44; acompa&#241;ante &#62;18 a&#241;os&#44; tipo de cruce &#40;urbano&#47;interurbano&#41;&#44; d&#237;a &#40;laborable&#47;festivo&#41;&#44; hora &#40;ma&#241;ana&#47;tarde&#41; y fumadores simult&#225;neos&#46; Se calcul&#243; la prevalencia de conductores fumadores y las <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">odds ratio</span> ajustadas &#40;ORa&#41;&#44; con su intervalo de confianza del 95&#37; &#40;IC95&#37;&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La prevalencia fue del 6&#44;0&#37; &#40;IC95&#37;&#58; 4&#44;9-7&#44;3&#41;&#44; mayor en los hombres &#40;6&#44;4&#37;&#41;&#44; en el grupo de 41 a 60 a&#241;os &#40;6&#44;9&#37;&#41; y sin acompa&#241;ante &#40;6&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#46; La probabilidad de que el conductor fumara aument&#243; con acompa&#241;ante fumador &#40;ORa<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#44;8&#59; IC95&#37;&#58; 3&#44;6-32&#44;5&#41;&#46; La frecuencia de conductores fumadores fue mayor en los d&#237;as laborables &#40;ORa<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;7&#59; IC95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;0-2&#44;8&#41; y por la ma&#241;ana &#40;ORa<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;6&#59; IC95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;0-2&#44;4&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La prevalencia de conductores fumadores se considera elevada y perjudicial&#46; Se recomienda evitar fumar en los veh&#237;culos&#46;</p>"
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      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objective</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To determine the prevalence of smoking among drivers of private vehicles in the city of Lleida &#40;Spain&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A random sample of 1600 cars passing through six intersections regulated by traffic lights were selected&#46; The variables were age&#44; sex&#44; smoking driver&#44; adult passengers&#44; intersection &#40;urban&#47;interurban&#41;&#44; day &#40;working day&#47;weekend&#41;&#44; hour &#40;morning&#47;evening&#41; and simultaneous smokers&#46; We calculated the prevalence of smoking drivers and the corresponding odds ratios &#40;ORs&#41;&#44; adjusted for the potential confounding variables&#44; as well as their 95&#37; confidence intervals &#40;95&#37; CI&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence was 6&#46;0&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 4&#46;9-7&#46;3&#41; and was higher in men &#40;6&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#44; in the group aged 41 to 60 years &#40;6&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#44; and in unaccompanied drivers &#40;6&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#46; The probability of the driver smoking increased if there was a smoking passenger &#40;aOR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#46;8&#59; 95&#37; CI&#58; 3&#46;6-32&#46;5&#41;&#46; The frequency of smoking drivers was higher on working days &#40;aOR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;7&#59; 95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#46;0-2&#46;8&#41; and in the morning &#40;aOR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;6&#59; 95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#46;0-2&#46;4&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of smoking drivers can be considered dangerously high&#46; We recommend avoiding smoking while driving&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hombre&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mujer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Urbano&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">46&#47;796&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Interurbano&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">50&#47;804&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;6&#44;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#44;7-8&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hora</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ma&#241;ana&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Factores asociados al consumo de tabaco en veh&#237;culos privados en la ciudad de Lleida &#40;2011&#41;</p>"
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          "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">&#191;Qu&#233; se sabe sobre el tema&#63;</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La exposici&#243;n al humo ambiental del tabaco est&#225; relacionada con diferentes enfermedades y con el riesgo de accidentes de tr&#225;fico&#46; Los niveles de nicotina y de part&#237;culas respirables que se alcanzan en habit&#225;culos peque&#241;os son muy altos&#46; Es necesario cuantificar la magnitud de la exposici&#243;n en espacios privados&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">&#191;Qu&#233; a&#241;ade el estudio realizado a la literatura&#63;</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La prevalencia estimada de fumadores entre los conductores de veh&#237;culos es considerable&#46; Debido al impacto para la salud&#44; fruto de la exposici&#243;n al humo del tabaco dentro de veh&#237;culos&#44; se recomiendan intervenciones p&#250;blicas para evitar su exposici&#243;n&#46;</p></span></span>"
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ISSN: 02139111
Idioma original: Español
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