Originales
Los sistemas de género y/en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud
Gender systems and/in the Spanish National Health Interview Survey
María Teresa Ruiz Canteroa,
, Natalia Papí Gálvezb, Virginia Carbrera Ruiza, Ana Ruiz Martínezc, Carlos Álvarez-Dardet Díaza
Autor para correspondencia
cantero@ua.es
Correspondencia: Dra. M. Teresa Ruiz Cantero. Departamento de Salud Pública. Universidad de Alicante. Apdo. 99. 03080 Alicante. España.
Correspondencia: Dra. M. Teresa Ruiz Cantero. Departamento de Salud Pública. Universidad de Alicante. Apdo. 99. 03080 Alicante. España.
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1010
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"aff1" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor1" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Natalia" "apellidos" => "Papí Gálvez" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff2" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Virginia" "apellidos" => "Carbrera Ruiz" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff1" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Ana" "apellidos" => "Ruiz Martínez" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff3" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Carlos" "apellidos" => "Álvarez-Dardet Díaz" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff1" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Salud Pública, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante. España" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff1" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Sociología II, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, España" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff2" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Instituto de Información Sanitaria. Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, Alicante, España" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff3" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor1" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Correspondencia: Dra. M. Teresa Ruiz Cantero. Departamento de Salud Pública. Universidad de Alicante. Apdo. 99. 03080 Alicante. España." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Gender systems and/in the Spanish National Health Interview Survey" ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2005-07-25" "fechaAceptado" => "2006-03-10" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec646986" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Roles de género" 1 => "Diferencias por sexo" 2 => "Identidad de género" 3 => "Encuestas de salud" ] ] ] "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Key words" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec646987" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Gender roles" 1 => "Sex differences" 2 => "Gender identity" 3 => "Health surveys" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivo</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analizar la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (ENS) desde la perspectiva de géneros, con especial énfasis en la división sexual del trabajo.</p></span> <span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Métodos</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Análisis del contenido de la ENS-2003 desde la perspectiva del género, entendiéndolo como: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a)</span> base de normas sociales: responsabilidades por sexo, riesgos y problemas de salud según los roles masculinos/femeninos; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">b)</span> organizador de la estructura social: división sexual del trabajo, doble carga, segregación horizontal/vertical, dedicación (horas) a tareas según tiempos sociales, acceso a recursos, y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">c)</span> componente de la identidad individual: conflictos por múltiples roles, insatisfacción con la imagen corporal, autoestima, autopercepción, reconocimiento del trabajo, asimilación sexual de género, problemas de salud por diferencias sexuales.</p></span> <span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La ENS gira alrededor del sustentador principal, en masculino. La división sexual del trabajo doméstico se identifica con sólo una pregunta general. Al utilizar el concepto «actividad principal para empleo o trabajo reproductivo », la encuesta induce a valorarla, jerarquizarla y seleccionar una; en consecuencia, se pierde información, lo que dificulta el análisis del impacto de la doble carga en la salud. No se pregunta por horas de trabajo reproductivo y ocio. En una misma pregunta se mezclan agresiones (intencionales) y accidentes (no intencionales) lo que imposibilita el estudio de la violencia de género.</p></span> <span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La ENS recoge la variable sexo, pero su enfoque, más descriptivo que explicativo, limita su perspectiva de género. Se pueden medir situaciones concretas de desigualdad entre hombres y mujeres relativas al trabajo remunerado, pero no es posible determinar completamente otros indicadores de desigualdad social entre ambos sexos, como la situación de las amas de casa y de doble jornada.</p></span>" ] "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objective</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To analyze the Spanish National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) from a gender perspective, with special emphasis on gender division of labor.</p></span> <span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Method</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We analyzed the 2003 Spanish NHIS from the perspective of the levels of gender observation, with gender understood as: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a)</span> the basis of social norms (responsibilities by sex, health risks, and problems related to masculine/feminine roles); <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">b)</span> the organizer of the social structure: gender division of labor, work overload, vertical/horizontal segregation, time spent in activities according to social times, access to resources), and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">c)</span> a component of individual identity (conflicts due to multiple roles, body image dissatisfaction, self-esteem, self-perceived recognition of the work performed, assimilation of the sexual gender role, sex differences in health conditions).</p></span> <span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The Spanish NHIS is centered on the main provider, referred to in masculine grammatical form. Gender division of domestic labor is identified only by a general question. When using the concept of main activity for productive or reproductive work, the survey requires respondents to evaluate them and select only one, thus losing information and hampering analysis of the impact of an overload of work on health. Information on time used for reproductive work and leisure is not solicited. Assaults (intentional) and accidents (non-intentional) are combined in the same question, thus preventing research on gender-related violence.</p></span> <span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The Spanish NHIS includes the variable of sex, but its more descriptive than analytic focus limits gender analysis. 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Información del artículo
ISSN: 02139111Idioma original: Español
DOI:10.1157/13096512
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