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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Describir los factores asociados con el consumo de tabaco y la intenci&#243;n de fumar en el futuro en una muestra representativa de escolares de primer curso de educaci&#243;n secundaria en Barcelona&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Sujetos y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se seleccionaron 37 escuelas al azar para participar en la evaluaci&#243;n de un programa europeo de prevenci&#243;n del tabaquismo &#40;European Smoking prevention Frame Approach&#44; proyecto ESFA&#41;&#46; En estas escuelas 1&#46;041 alumnos de primer curso de Ense&#241;anza Secundaria Obligatoria &#40;ESO&#41; contestaron a un cuestionario dise&#241;ado por la Universidad de Maastricht para estudiar las actitudes y conductas relacionadas con diversos comportamientos&#44; incluyendo el consumo de tabaco&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El 9&#44;8&#37; de los chicos y el 12&#44;6&#37; de las chicas manifestaron fumar de forma regular u ocasional&#46; Entre los no fumadores&#44; un 61&#44;4&#37; de los chicos y un 73&#44;3&#37; de las chicas declararon tener intenci&#243;n de fumar en el futuro&#46; En los chicos&#44; los determinantes del consumo son la norma social &#40;odds ratio &#91;OR&#93; &#61; 2&#44;5&#59; intervalo de confianza &#91;IC&#93; del 95&#37;&#44; 1&#44;2&#8211;5&#44;2&#41;&#44; el consumo de tabaco por parte de los hermanos &#40;OR &#61; 2&#44;4&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#44; 1&#44;1&#8211;5&#44;2&#41;&#44; las actitudes contrarias al consumo &#40;OR &#61; 0&#44;3&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#44; 0&#44;1&#8211;0&#44;6&#41;&#44; la pr&#225;ctica de deporte en el tiempo libre &#40;OR &#61; 0&#44;3&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#44; 0&#44;1&#8211;0&#44;7&#41; y el dinero semanal disponible &#40;OR &#61; 3&#44;2&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#44; 1&#44;5&#8211;6&#44;8&#41;&#44; mientras que la intenci&#243;n &#250;nicamente se asoci&#243; de forma significativa a las actitudes contrarias &#40;OR &#61; 0&#44;3&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#44; 0&#44;2&#8211;0&#44;5&#41;&#46; Para las chicas&#44; el consumo se asoci&#243; a la presi&#243;n &#40;OR &#61; 2&#44;5&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#44; 1&#44;2&#8211;5&#44;0&#41; y el consumo &#40;OR &#61; 6&#44;0&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#44; 2&#44;4&#8211;15&#44;4&#41; por parte de los amigos&#44; y las actitudes contrarias &#40;OR &#61; 0&#44;2&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#44; 0&#44;1&#8211;0&#44;4&#41;&#44; mientras que la intenci&#243;n se halla asociada a las actitudes contrarias &#40;OR &#61; 0&#44;4&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#44; 0&#44;2&#8211;0&#44;6&#41; y pasar tiempo libre en la calle &#40;OR &#61; 2&#44;1&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#44; 1&#44;3&#8211;3&#44;5&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los resultados corroboran la necesidad de abordar simult&#225;neamente los distintos factores relacionados con el inicio del tabaquismo&#44; incluyendo las actitudes&#44; la influencia de las personas del entorno inmediato y la utilizacion del tiempo libre&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objective</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To describe the factors asssociated with smoking and intention to smoke among a representative sample of firstgrade pupils of secondary education &#40;12&#8211;13 years old&#41; in Barcelona&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Subjects and methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">37 secondary schools were randomly selected to evaluate the impact of a European-wide smoking prevention program &#40;European Smoking prevention Frame Approach&#44; ESFA project&#41;&#46; In these schools&#44; 1041 pupils of first grade of secondary education responded to a questionnaire designed at the University of Maastricht to study life-style attitudes and behaviours&#44; mainly smoking&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">9&#46;8&#37; of boys and 12&#46;6&#37; of girls declared to smoke either regulary or ocasionally&#46; Among the no-smokers&#44; 61&#46;4&#37; of the boys and 73&#46;3&#37; of the girls reported to have the intention to smoke in the future&#46; Among the boys&#44; factors associated with smoking included social norms &#40;odds ratio &#91;OR&#93; &#61; 2&#46;5&#59; 95&#37; confidence interval &#91;CI&#93;&#58; 1&#46;2&#8211;5&#46;2&#41;&#44; smoking by siblings &#40;OR &#61; 2&#46;4&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 1&#46;1&#8211;5&#46;2&#41;&#44; attitudes against smoking &#40;OR &#61; 0&#46;3&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;1&#8211;0&#46;6&#41;&#44; practicing some sports in the leisure time &#40;OR &#61; 0&#46;3&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;1&#8211;0&#46;7&#41; and having more available pocket money &#40;OR &#61; 3&#46;2&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 1&#46;5&#8211;6&#46;8&#41;&#46; Intention to smoke was only related to attitudes &#40;OR &#61; 0&#46;3&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;2&#8211;0&#46;5&#41;&#46; Among girls&#44; smoking was associated to perceived pressure to smoke &#40;OR &#61; 2&#46;5&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 1&#46;2&#8211;5&#46;0&#41;&#44; consumption by friends &#40;OR &#61; 6&#46;0&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 2&#46;4&#8211;15&#46;4&#41; and attitudes against smoking &#40;OR &#61; 0&#46;2&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;1&#8211;0&#46;4&#41;&#44; while intention was only associated to attitudes &#40;OR &#61; 0&#46;4&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;2&#8211;0&#46;6&#41; and hanging out in the street in the leisure time &#40;OR &#61; 2&#46;2&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;3&#8211;3&#46;5&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The results stress the need to deal simultaneoulsy with the different factors associated to smoking initiation and attitude shaping&#44; including cognitive factors&#44; environmental factors&#44; and patterns of leisure time utilization&#46;</p>"
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Factores asociados con la intención de fumar y el inicio del hábito tabáquico en escolares: resultados del estudio ESFA en Barcelona
Factors associated with smoking and the intention to smoke in secondary school pupils: results of the ESFA project in Barcelona, Spain
M. Nebot
Autor para correspondencia
Mnebot@imsb.bcn.es

Correspondencia: Dr. Manel Nebot. Servicio de Promoción de la Salud. Instituto Municipal de Salud Pública de Barcelona. Pza. Lesseps, 1. 08023 Barcelona.
, Z. Tomás, C. Ariza, S. Valmayor
Institut Municipal de Salut Pública. Barcelona.
A. Muddea
a University of Maastricht. The Netherlands.
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Describir los factores asociados con el consumo de tabaco y la intenci&#243;n de fumar en el futuro en una muestra representativa de escolares de primer curso de educaci&#243;n secundaria en Barcelona&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Sujetos y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se seleccionaron 37 escuelas al azar para participar en la evaluaci&#243;n de un programa europeo de prevenci&#243;n del tabaquismo &#40;European Smoking prevention Frame Approach&#44; proyecto ESFA&#41;&#46; En estas escuelas 1&#46;041 alumnos de primer curso de Ense&#241;anza Secundaria Obligatoria &#40;ESO&#41; contestaron a un cuestionario dise&#241;ado por la Universidad de Maastricht para estudiar las actitudes y conductas relacionadas con diversos comportamientos&#44; incluyendo el consumo de tabaco&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El 9&#44;8&#37; de los chicos y el 12&#44;6&#37; de las chicas manifestaron fumar de forma regular u ocasional&#46; Entre los no fumadores&#44; un 61&#44;4&#37; de los chicos y un 73&#44;3&#37; de las chicas declararon tener intenci&#243;n de fumar en el futuro&#46; En los chicos&#44; los determinantes del consumo son la norma social &#40;odds ratio &#91;OR&#93; &#61; 2&#44;5&#59; intervalo de confianza &#91;IC&#93; del 95&#37;&#44; 1&#44;2&#8211;5&#44;2&#41;&#44; el consumo de tabaco por parte de los hermanos &#40;OR &#61; 2&#44;4&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#44; 1&#44;1&#8211;5&#44;2&#41;&#44; las actitudes contrarias al consumo &#40;OR &#61; 0&#44;3&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#44; 0&#44;1&#8211;0&#44;6&#41;&#44; la pr&#225;ctica de deporte en el tiempo libre &#40;OR &#61; 0&#44;3&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#44; 0&#44;1&#8211;0&#44;7&#41; y el dinero semanal disponible &#40;OR &#61; 3&#44;2&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#44; 1&#44;5&#8211;6&#44;8&#41;&#44; mientras que la intenci&#243;n &#250;nicamente se asoci&#243; de forma significativa a las actitudes contrarias &#40;OR &#61; 0&#44;3&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#44; 0&#44;2&#8211;0&#44;5&#41;&#46; Para las chicas&#44; el consumo se asoci&#243; a la presi&#243;n &#40;OR &#61; 2&#44;5&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#44; 1&#44;2&#8211;5&#44;0&#41; y el consumo &#40;OR &#61; 6&#44;0&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#44; 2&#44;4&#8211;15&#44;4&#41; por parte de los amigos&#44; y las actitudes contrarias &#40;OR &#61; 0&#44;2&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#44; 0&#44;1&#8211;0&#44;4&#41;&#44; mientras que la intenci&#243;n se halla asociada a las actitudes contrarias &#40;OR &#61; 0&#44;4&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#44; 0&#44;2&#8211;0&#44;6&#41; y pasar tiempo libre en la calle &#40;OR &#61; 2&#44;1&#59; IC del 95&#37;&#44; 1&#44;3&#8211;3&#44;5&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los resultados corroboran la necesidad de abordar simult&#225;neamente los distintos factores relacionados con el inicio del tabaquismo&#44; incluyendo las actitudes&#44; la influencia de las personas del entorno inmediato y la utilizacion del tiempo libre&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objective</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To describe the factors asssociated with smoking and intention to smoke among a representative sample of firstgrade pupils of secondary education &#40;12&#8211;13 years old&#41; in Barcelona&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Subjects and methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">37 secondary schools were randomly selected to evaluate the impact of a European-wide smoking prevention program &#40;European Smoking prevention Frame Approach&#44; ESFA project&#41;&#46; In these schools&#44; 1041 pupils of first grade of secondary education responded to a questionnaire designed at the University of Maastricht to study life-style attitudes and behaviours&#44; mainly smoking&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">9&#46;8&#37; of boys and 12&#46;6&#37; of girls declared to smoke either regulary or ocasionally&#46; Among the no-smokers&#44; 61&#46;4&#37; of the boys and 73&#46;3&#37; of the girls reported to have the intention to smoke in the future&#46; Among the boys&#44; factors associated with smoking included social norms &#40;odds ratio &#91;OR&#93; &#61; 2&#46;5&#59; 95&#37; confidence interval &#91;CI&#93;&#58; 1&#46;2&#8211;5&#46;2&#41;&#44; smoking by siblings &#40;OR &#61; 2&#46;4&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 1&#46;1&#8211;5&#46;2&#41;&#44; attitudes against smoking &#40;OR &#61; 0&#46;3&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;1&#8211;0&#46;6&#41;&#44; practicing some sports in the leisure time &#40;OR &#61; 0&#46;3&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;1&#8211;0&#46;7&#41; and having more available pocket money &#40;OR &#61; 3&#46;2&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 1&#46;5&#8211;6&#46;8&#41;&#46; Intention to smoke was only related to attitudes &#40;OR &#61; 0&#46;3&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;2&#8211;0&#46;5&#41;&#46; Among girls&#44; smoking was associated to perceived pressure to smoke &#40;OR &#61; 2&#46;5&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 1&#46;2&#8211;5&#46;0&#41;&#44; consumption by friends &#40;OR &#61; 6&#46;0&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 2&#46;4&#8211;15&#46;4&#41; and attitudes against smoking &#40;OR &#61; 0&#46;2&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;1&#8211;0&#46;4&#41;&#44; while intention was only associated to attitudes &#40;OR &#61; 0&#46;4&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;2&#8211;0&#46;6&#41; and hanging out in the street in the leisure time &#40;OR &#61; 2&#46;2&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;3&#8211;3&#46;5&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The results stress the need to deal simultaneoulsy with the different factors associated to smoking initiation and attitude shaping&#44; including cognitive factors&#44; environmental factors&#44; and patterns of leisure time utilization&#46;</p>"
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