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"resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introducción</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En España, el grado y las características de la utilización de los servicios sanitarios de atención primaria está siendo objeto de análisis desde, por lo menos, los años ochenta. Uno de los motivos principales es averiguar hasta qué punto dicha utilización se corresponde con unas necesidades de atención sanitaria. De hecho, se ha establecido como prioridad generalmente aceptada un servicio de salud adecuado para los pacientes que más lo necesitan.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Factores condicionantes de la utilización</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La evidencia muestra que las características del individuo, sobre todo su estado de salud, son las que se relacionan principalmente con la utilización de servicios de atención primaria. Otras características personales, como el sexo y la edad, podrían actuar como moduladores de la necesidad de atención. Algunas variables familiares y/o culturales, así como las variables relacionadas con el profesional sanitario y otras institucionales, podrían explicar también parte de la variabilidad observada en la utilización de los servicios de atención primaria. Respecto a las variables socioeconómicas, como la renta, se produce una situación paradójica. De forma añadida, existe una evidencia empírica que demuestra que la renta constituye el principal determinante, tanto de la utilización como del gasto sanitario. Cuando se analizan los datos individuales, sin embargo, dicha variable no está relacionada con la utilización de servicios de atención primaria.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Inconsistencias metodológicas</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La situación es controvertida, con implicaciones no simplemente metodológicas sino, sobre todo, respecto al análisis de la eficiencia en la utilización de los servicios sanitarios de atención primaria. El problema es que, revisando la bibliografía, se pueden apreciar ciertas inconsistencias metodológicas que podrían explicar, al menos en parte, la disparidad de los resultados obtenidos. Entre otras, cabe citar las siguientes: problemas de diseño, errores de medida, errores de especificación y métodos estadísticos inadecuados.</p><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Como vías de solución citaríamos el diseño de cuasi experimentos, la utilización de grandes bases de datos administrativos, así como de fuentes de datos primarios (diseño); la distinción entre distintos tipos de utilización y entre unidades de análisis alternativas a la visita, y la corrección de errores de medida en las variables explicativas (errores de medida); la consideración de variables explicativas relevantes (errores de especificación), y la utilización de modelos multinivel (métodos estadísticos inadecuados).</p>"
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"resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introduction</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In Spain, the degree and characteristics of primary care services utilization have been the subject of analysis since at least the 1980s. One of the main reasons for this interest is to assess the extent to which utilization matches primary care needs. In fact, the provision of an adequate health service for those who most need it is a generally accepted priority.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Factors conditioning use</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The evidence shows that individual characteristics, mainly health status, are the factors most closely related to primary care utilization. Other personal characteristics, such as gender and age, could act as modulators of health care need. Some family and/or cultural variables, as well as factors related to the health care professional and institutions, could explain some of the observed variability in primary care services utilization. Socioeconomic variables, such as income, reveal a paradox. From an aggregate perspective, income is the main determinant of utilization as well as of health care expenditure. When data are analyzed for individuals, however, income is not related to primary health utilization.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Methodological inconsistencies</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The situation is controversial, with methodological implications and, above all, consequences for the assessment of the efficiency in primary care utilization. Review of the literature reveals certain methodological inconsistencies that could at least partly explain the disparity of the empirical results. Among others, the following flaws can be highlighted: design problems, measurement errors, misspecification, and misleading statistical methods.</p><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Some solutions, among others, are quasi-experiments, the use of large administrative databases and of primary data sources (design problems); differentiation between types of utilization and between units of analysis other than consultations, and correction of measurement errors in the explanatory variables (measurement errors); consideration of relevant explanatory variables (misspecification); and the use of multilevel models (statistical methods).</p>"
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