Journal Information
Vol. 18. Issue 4.
Pages 268-274 (July - August 2004)
Vol. 18. Issue 4.
Pages 268-274 (July - August 2004)
Open Access
Estado de salud y capacidad funcional de la población que vive en residencias de mayores en Madrid
Health and functional status among elderly individuals living in nursing homes in Madrid
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Javier Damiána,
Corresponding author
jdamian@isciii.es

Correspondencia: Centro Nacional de Epidemiología. Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Sinesio Delgado, 6. 28029 Madrid. España.
, Emiliana Valderrama-Gamab, Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejoc, José María Martín-Morenod
a Centro Nacional de Epidemiología. Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo. Madrid
b Centro de Salud de General Ricardos. Área 11. IMSALUD. Madrid
c Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Madrid
d Dirección General de Salud Pública. Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo. Madrid. España
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Resumen
Objetivos

Los estudios epidemiológicos sobre muestras probabilísticas de población institucionalizada en España son muy escasos. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir el estado de salud y la capacidad funcional de una población de personas mayores que viven en residencias.

Sujetos y método

Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico transversal. Mediante un muestreo estratificado por conglomerados, se seleccionó a 800 residentes de 19 residencias públicas y 26 privadas de Madrid. Se entrevistó a los residentes, a los cuidadores principales, a los médicos y a las enfermeras. Se valoraron el estado cognitivo, la salud percibida, la depresión, el dolor, la capacidad funcional, las enfermedades crónicas, las úlceras por presión, la incontinencia urinaria y fecal, el consumo de fármacos y los ingresos hospitalarios.

Resultados

El 75% eran mujeres. La edad media ± desviación típica fue de 83,4 ± 7,3 años. El 44% presentó algún grado de deterioro cognitivo. El 46% presentó independencia total o dependencia leve en las actividades básicas de la vida diaria. El 55% declaró una salud percibida muy buena o buena. El 30% presentó síntomas depresivos. El 31% refirió dolor diario en los últimos 7 días. El 3% tenía úlceras por presión. Las enfermedades más prevalentes fueron hipertensión, artrosis, demencias y trastorno de ansiedad (45, 34, 33 y 27%, respectivamente). La prevalencia de demencia de Alzheimer fue del 14%. El 53% tenía incontinencia urinaria y el 26% fecal. El 26% fue trasladado a urgencias en el año anterior.

Conclusiones

Las estimaciones en las principales variables, como estado cognitivo y capacidad funcional, son en general más favorables que en otras poblaciones de residentes en Europa y Norteamérica. Esto se explica en parte por la mayor proporción de personas con baja necesidad de cuidados en las residencias de Madrid.

Palabras clave:
Residencias de ancianos
Personas mayores
Epidemiología
Abstract
Objectives

Epidemiologic studies on probabilistic samples of the institutionalized elderly in Spain are very scarce. The aim of this study was to describe the health and functional status of a population of older people living in nursing homes.

Subjects and method

A cross-sectional epidemiologic study was carried out. A sample of 800 subjects living in 19 public and 26 private nursing homes in Madrid was obtained through a stratified cluster method. Residents, main caregivers, doctors and nurses were interviewed. Cognitive status, perceived health, depression, pain, functional capacity, chronic illnesses, pressure ulcers, urinary and fecal incontinence, drug consumption and hospitalizations were assessed.

Results

Seventy-five percent of the sample were women. The mean age was 83.4 (standard deviation, 7.3) years. Fortyfour percent had some degree of cognitive impairment. Fortysix percent were independent or mildly dependent in basic activities of daily living. Fifty-five percent reported very good or good perceived health. Thirty percent had depressive symptoms. Thirty-one percent had experienced daily pain in the previous 7 days. Three percent had pressure ulcers. The most prevalent illnesses were hypertension (45%), osteoarthritis (34%), dementia (33%) and anxiety (27%). The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease was 14%. Fifty-three percent had urinary incontinence and 26% had fecal incontinence. Twentysix percent had been transferred to an emergency unit in the previous year.

Conclusions

The estimates of the main variables, such as cognitive impairment and functional status, were in general more favorable than those in other populations of nursing home residents in Europe and North America. This is partly explained by the greater proportion of persons with a low need for care in the nursing homes in Madrid.

Key words:
Nursing homes
Aged
Epidemiology
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Este trabajo ha sido financiado por el Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (expediente 96/0201).

Copyright © 2004. Sociedad Española de Salud Pública y Administración Sanitaria
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