Elsevier

Virus Research

Volume 226, 2 December 2016, Pages 93-107
Virus Research

Review
Lactogenic immunity and vaccines for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV): Historical and current concepts

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2016.05.016Get rights and content

Highlights

  • Passive Lactogenic Immunity to TGEV and PEDV.

  • Induction of the ‘gut-mammary-sIgA axis’.

  • Homing of IgA plasmablasts from the intestine to the mammary gland in female swine.

  • Correlates of lactogenic immunity in gilts/sows.

  • Maternal Vaccination Strategies to Prevent TGEV and PEDV.

Abstract

Morbidity, mortality, and loss of productivity from enteric diseases in neonatal piglets cost swine producers millions of dollars annually. In 2013–2014, the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) outbreak led to $900 million to $1.8 billion in annual losses to US swine producers. Passive lactogenic immunity remains the most promising and effective way to protect neonatal suckling piglets from enteric diseases like PEDV. Protecting suckling piglets through lactogenic immunity is dependent on trafficking of pathogen-specific IgA plasmablasts to the mammary gland and accumulation of secretory IgA (sIgA) antibodies in milk, defined as the gut-mammary-sIgA axis. Due to an impermeable placenta, piglets are born agammaglobulinic, and are highly susceptible to a plethora of infectious agents. They rely solely on colostrum and milk antibodies for maternal lactogenic immunity. Previous advances in the development of live and attenuated vaccines for another devastating diarrheal virus of pigs, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), provide insights into the mechanisms of maternal immunity and piglet protection. In this chapter, we will review previous research on TGEV-induced lactogenic immunity to provide a historical perspective on current efforts for PEDV control and vaccines in the swine industry. Identifying factors that influence lactogenic immunity and the gut-mammary-sIgA axis may lead to improved vaccine regimens for PEDV and other enteric pathogens in gestating swine and improved overall herd immunity, swine health and industry productivity.

Abbreviations

ASC
antibody secreting cells
CCL
chemokine ligand
CCR
chemokine receptor
M
membrane
MERS-CoV
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus
MAdCAM-1
mucosal addressin cellular adhesion molecule 1
N
nucleocapsid
ORF
open reading frames
OLVE
oral live virus exposure
PNAd
peripheral node addressin
PCD
piglet challenge day
PFU
plaque forming units
pIgR
polymeric immunoglobulin receptor
PEDV
porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
PRCV
porcine respiratory coronavirus
PID
post inoculation day
PPD
post partum day
sIgA
secretory IgA
SARS-CoV
severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus
S
spike
SINDEL
spike insertion deletion
Th
T helper
TGEV
transmissible gastroenteritis virus
VCAM-1
vascular cellular adhesion molecule 1
VEE
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus

Keywords

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus
Lactogenic immunity
Maternal antibodies
Gut-mammary-secretory IgA axis
Swine

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